• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

In this paper, we present a real-time algorithm for recognizing the vehicle color from the indoor and outdoor vehicle images based on GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) acceleration. In the preprocessing step, we construct feature victors from the sample vehicle images with different colors. Then, we combine the feature vectors for each color and store them as a reference texture that would be used in the GPU. Given an input vehicle image, the CPU constructs its feature Hector, and then the GPU compares it with the sample feature vectors in the reference texture. The similarities between the input feature vector and the sample feature vectors for each color are measured, and then the result is transferred to the CPU to recognize the vehicle color. The output colors are categorized into seven colors that include three achromatic colors: black, silver, and white and four chromatic colors: red, yellow, blue, and green. We construct feature vectors by using the histograms which consist of hue-saturation pairs and hue-intensity pairs. The weight factor is given to the saturation values. Our algorithm shows 94.67% of successful color recognition rate, by using a large number of sample images captured in various environments, by generating feature vectors that distinguish different colors, and by utilizing an appropriate likelihood function. We also accelerate the speed of color recognition by utilizing the parallel computation functionality in the GPU. In the experiments, we constructed a reference texture from 7,168 sample images, where 1,024 images were used for each color. The average time for generating a feature vector is 0.509ms for the $150{\times}113$ resolution image. After the feature vector is constructed, the execution time for GPU-based color recognition is 2.316ms in average, and this is 5.47 times faster than the case when the algorithm is executed in the CPU. Our experiments were limited to the vehicle images only, but our algorithm can be extended to the input images of the general objects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.10-20
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• 2014

This study was carried out for the purpose of analysis correlations between street furniture design elements and preference of street furniture. This research analyzed the various street furniture set on Ilsan new town street, which are rest, hygiene, light, information, sale, traffic, and landscape. This study has processed by analysing street furniture literature investigation and consideration of theory. First, for analysed effect of street furniture element, has been appear as element 'relaxation facilities', 'information facilities', landscape facilities' mainly effect on street. Specially, 'rest', 'landscape', 'information' in order had a major influence on scenery. Each kind of 'chair elements' in rest facilities, 'sign board' in information facilities, 'sculpture', 'fountain' in 'landscape facilities' has analyzed as the main elements in the landscape affinity property affecting factor. Second, the results of analyzed landscape elements (shape, colour, texture, scale) affect to the affinity of street furniture. chair which are included in rest facilities affect "texture", "form", "scale", "color" in the order of preference of the molding design elements that influence landscape. Particularly, showed statistically significant on 'colour' element affecting the landscape preference than the other three elements. It means as the chair element which is rest facilities mainly affect on preferences, rather than texture, form, scale, colour. Monument in the landscape associated with a preference 'colour', 'shape', 'texture' 'scale' and appears to be in order of impact so we could get the consequence like chair and rest facilities show different aspects of the respectively. It means, visual element which are colour and shape significantly impact on landscape preferences. Third, information facilities such as signboard formative elements of landscape design preferences and correlation with negative showed that the correlation. That mean if the sign board is very negative influence on landscape preferences and the correlations of the design formative elements appear in order of 'scale', 'colour', 'texture'. It also means that the 'scale' namely the size of advertising material and colour are adversely affected in terms of landscape. As these results, when design street furniture as the street scenery, facilities according to the kind of the shape element and need to focus on relative shape element according to the kind of facilities difference. Finally, so far as to clarify the street furniture, mainly 'function' and 'system' classification shows undesirable in outdoor scape. Thus, performed studies in relationship with landscape, classify 'kind of facilities' is more desirable than 'system'.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.6B
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• pp.565-575
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the expression of both multi-metric qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) and biological integrity index (IBI) for artificial structures eco-artificial fish reef (EAFR) for fishes asylum and habitat. Especially, both experimental evaluation and biological verification were performed in Water and Environmental Center's outdoor test-bed of Korea Institute of Construction Technology located in Andong-city, Gyeongsangbuk-do. The experimental conditions reflecting the situation of domestic river include the flow rate (e.g., $0.0{\sim}1.5m\;s^{-1}$), the width (e.g., 1.0~3.0 m), the depth (e.g., 0.05~0.70 m), and variable bed materials. Both QHEI and IBI were monitored for 8 months from May to December 2010. Whereas QHEI values were highest at experimental points of the E~F with an average of 83.1, those were lowest at B~C with an average of 78.1. However, QHEI values inside EAFR were more than 98.9, regardelss of space and time, and indicated more than the highest good of the state (Good) in the habitat. Overally, IBI values showed similar trend with QHEI, but were 44.2 in the winter dry season, compared to 32.8 of QHEI values. IBI values Also, IBI values inside EAFR were greater than those at the experimental channel by 5.7 to 11.4% and 18.7 to 34.8% in flow and stagnant conditions, respectively, indicating that EAFR can secure asylum and habitat for fish during the dry season. For comprehensive aquatic ecosystem assessment, the experimental channel showed generally fair conditions (Fair~Good), whereas EAFR showed good conditions (Good), suggesting that EAFR can be applied to aquatic ecosystem restoration and improvement.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.761-769
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• 2011

Daily minimum temperature and freezing data of the Seoul weather station ($37^{\circ}$34'N, $126^{\circ}$57'E, Songwol-dong Jongno-gu Seoul, hereinafter Songwol) and freezing data of the Han River station ($37^{\circ}$30'N, $126^{\circ}$57'E, hereinafter Han River) were used to study the long-term variation of the freezing climate for Seoul, Korea, for the period of 100 years from 1907 to 2006. 'Freezing' of Songwol is defined that the water in outdoor fields is frozen, and 'freezing' of the Han River located 6 km away from Songwol is defined as the region 100 meters upstream of the second and fourth piers in the south end of the Han River Bridge is fully frozen. The mean first freezing date for Songwol was October 28, and one for Han River was December 28; these showed a late tendency, with the rate of 0.78 days $decade^{-1}$ and 3.47 days $decade^{-1}$, respectively. The mean annual freezing days was 159.06 days for Songwol and 50.33 days for Han River; each showed a $decade^{-1}$shorter tendency, with rates of 2.01 days $decade^{-1}$ and 5.24 days $decade^{-1}$, respectively. All the seven no-freezing years (1960, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1988, 1991, and 2006) for Han River came after 1950. The mean daily minimum temperatures of the first freezing dates for Songwol and Han River were $0.55^{\circ}C$ and $-12.22^{\circ}C$. The first freezing occurred after 6.43 days for Songwol and after 8.94 days for Han River with daily minimum temperature below $0^{\circ}C$. The annual minimum temperatures of Songwol and Han River exhibited positive correlations with the first freezing date and negative correlations with freezing days. The result shows that the freezing climate change is relevant to temperature change and is a part of overall climate change. By conducting additional studies with various methods and wider region, we will be able to monitor the freezing climate.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.293-301
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the pesticide residue pattern among different leafy vegetables applied with foliar spraying under greenhouse and to check extrapolating from some residue trial data to other minor crops. Leafy vegetables used in this study were: Mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.), Kale (Brassica oleracea L.), Dacheongchae (a kind of pak-choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis L.)), Leaf broccoli (Brassica oleracea var alboglabra), Perilla leaf (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. Frutescens), Leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) and Red leaf chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi). These are cultivated all year under indoor or outdoor and cut the leaf from plant continuously during harvest time. The amounts of pesticide deposit in/on the continuous harvesting leafy vegetables were affected by the ratios of leaf area to weight. Ratio of perilla leaf was the largest among crops as 58 $cm^2/g$. The residue levels of 7 pesticides in/on perilla leaf were the highest than those of other crops through the statistical analysis from zero day to fifth day after last application. The representative crop in 8 crops was perilla leaf selected based on the amounts of daily consumption and the high residues. This study suggest that the continuous harvesting leafy greens should be separated from the one time harvesting leafy vegetables for the pesticide recommendations because of different harvesting habits and pre-harvest intervals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.80-89
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• 2014

This study of the school's outdoor space for relaxing and activity of the two most numerous students, high heat and low heat with a green space, playground targets of thermal comfort indicators UTCI, PMV, WBGT using the thermal comfort students feeling compare the analyzed. The destination of this study, school facilities of Nam-gu, Namdong- gu, Incheon were studied and the investigation period was conducted from July to August. List of measurement, in the case of thermal comfort indicators, UTCI, PMV, WBGT was measured in the case of green, ratio of green coverage and GVZ was measured. GVZ analysis were as follows: A school ($4.71m^3/m^2$) B school ($3.34m^3/m^2$) C school ($0.38m^3/m^2$). Comparative analysis of the results of thermal comfort indicators by schools, UTCI was Green space $26.15{\sim}31.38^{\circ}C$ and playground $40.66{\sim}42.94^{\circ}C$, PMV values were 1.76 to 2.66 as a green space. WBGT was Green space $26.15{\sim}31.38^{\circ}C$, playground $31.67{\sim}34.53^{\circ}C$. Comparative analysis of the results of thermal comfort indicators UTCI, PMV, WBGT all A school, B school, C school, on the green space was comfortable levels more than playground. The results of the school type thermal comfort and green correlation analysis of thermal comfort UTCI, PMV, WBGT all solar radiation, globe temperature, and a positive correlation shown solar radiation, globe temperature is not comfortable, the higher was considered. UTCI, PMV, WBGT of thermal comfort indicator all ratio of green coverage, GVZ and negative correlation appears ratio of green coverage, GVZ was increased due to the lowering of the value of thermal comfort indicators was considered to be comfortable.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 1997

To study the ecological characteristics of the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari Hope, Mulberry branches with egg-laid scar were regionally collected from ten mulberry fields during the hibernation. It showed that its distribution was highest in Kyunggi province with 3.05% and lowest in Kyungnam province with 0.28%. The number of the egg-laid scar per branch was single with 87.7% of high frequency and its average size was 2.38 L$\times$1.45 W$\times$0.34D cm. The average diameter of scarred branch was 1.7 cm, ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 cm. the shape of egg was long elliptical with width of $2.32\pm$0.33 mm and with length of $6.606.60\pm$0.55 mm. the weight of egg was $16.6\pm$2.94 mg and the color of the just-oviposited egg was milky white, changing into thick brown with time. The weight and length of the just-hatched larva was $16.6\pm$2.4 mg and $6.36\pm$0.66 mm. respectively. Most of the larvae moved downward inside the branch, showing that 94.2% of larvae for outdoor rearing and 87.9% of larvae for indoor rearing moved downward in the branch. As a result, it was found that it hibernated at egg stage with a higher rate than at larval stage by two or three folds in Kyunggi and Kyungbuk province and contrarily at larval stage with higher rate than at egg stage in Chunbuk, Chunnam and Kyungnam provinces. The survival rate for the egg after hibernation was significantly low with 6.6% and contrarily for the larva after hibernation remarkably high with 91.2%. Although the survival rate of the egg in this survey was relatively low, the result indicated that there were two types of hibernation of A. germari in Korea; egg and larval stage.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.327-340
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• 2017

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2016. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of flow, heat and mass transfer, the reduction of pollutant exhaust gas, cooling and heating, the renewable energy system and the flow around buildings. CFD schemes were used more for all research areas. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results of the long-term performance variation of the plate-type enthalpy exchange element made of paper, design optimization of an extruded-type cooling structure for reducing the weight of LED street lights, and hot plate welding of thermoplastic elastomer packing. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, the heat transfer characteristics of a finned-tube heat exchanger in a PCM (phase change material) thermal energy storage system, influence of flow boiling heat transfer on fouling phenomenon in nanofluids, and PCM at the simultaneous charging and discharging condition were studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, one-dimensional flow network model and porous-media model, and R245fa in a plate-shell heat exchanger were studied. (3) Various studies were published in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration/energy system, system control. In the refrigeration cycle category, subjects include mobile cold storage heat exchanger, compressor reliability, indirect refrigeration system with $CO_2$ as secondary fluid, heat pump for fuel-cell vehicle, heat recovery from hybrid drier and heat exchangers with two-port and flat tubes. In the alternative refrigeration/energy system category, subjects include membrane module for dehumidification refrigeration, desiccant-assisted low-temperature drying, regenerative evaporative cooler and ejector-assisted multi-stage evaporation. In the system control category, subjects include multi-refrigeration system control, emergency cooling of data center and variable-speed compressor control. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, fifteenth studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energies, etc. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which could be help for improving the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the analyses of indoor thermal environments controlled by portable cooler, the effects of outdoor wind pressure in airflow at high-rise buildings, window air tightness related to the filling piece shapes, stack effect in core type's office building and the development of a movable drawer-type light shelf with adjustable depth of the reflector. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy consumption analysis in office building, the prediction of exit air temperature of horizontal geothermal heat exchanger, LS-SVM based modeling of hot water supply load for district heating system, the energy saving effect of ERV system using night purge control method and the effect of strengthened insulation level to the building heating and cooling load.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.100-110
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• 2015

With the trend for the construction of barrier-free living environments in accordance with the ever-increasing external activity of the aging population, multi-culture families and socially disadvantaged, there is also a demand for the facilities improvement at parks for their convenience of use. This study analyzed the possibility of Barrier-Free Certification of an existing open space and defined its prototype renovation plan. This study is intended to help develop Borame Park into a barrier-free park by securing a barrier-free line of movement linking the major facilities sites within the park, improving park facilities lest there should be inconvenience in the use of the major facilities, and a guidance system convenient for use by physically and mentally impaired people. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it diagnosed the possibility of the BF Certification of existing urban parks and established a barrier-free park, which is easy for anyone to use. In the course of doing research on this, this study was able to discover the limitations of the BF Certification system, and its related tasks to be solved in the future as follows: The first thing this study shows is that there is a lack of understanding and awareness of the BF Certification system. Basically, there is a need for giving consideration to the development of a barrier-free living environment from the planning and design phase of a park, but in actuality, an examination of the certification is undertaken at the time of the completion of design and construction, which causes a large loss both time-wise and economically. Second, as evaluative items for the BF Certification of a park, applied are detailed evaluation items that fail to reflect the characteristics of an outdoor space whose natural constraints are large, such as geographical highs and lows and existing trees, plants, etc. Third, guidelines for establishment of a barrier-free park must be created in the light of the locational conditions of the park, followed by improvements of its BF Certification evaluation items.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2020

Streamflow discharge as a fundamental riverine quantity plays a crucial role in water resources management, thereby requiring accurate in-situ measurement. Recent advances in instrumentations for the streamflow discharge measurement has complemented or substituted classical devices and methods. Among various potential methods, surface current meter using microwave has increasingly begun to be applied not only for flood but also normal flow discharge measurement, remotely and safely enabling practitioners to measure flow velocity postulating indirect contact. With minimized field preparedness, this method facilitated and eased flood discharge measurement in the difficult in-situ conditions such as extreme flood in active ways emitting 24.125 GHz microwave without relying on natural lights. In South Korea, a rectangular shaped instrument named with Microwave Water Surface Current Meter (MWSCM) has been developed and commercially released around 2010, in which domestic agencies charging on streamflow observation shed lights on this approach regarding it as a potential substitute. Considering this brand-new device highlighted for efficient flow measurement, however, there has been few noticeable efforts in systematic and comprehensive evaluation of its performance in various measurement and riverine conditions that lead to lack in imminent and widely spreading usages in practices. This study attempted to evaluate the MWSCM in terms of instrumen's monitoring configuration particularly regarding tilt and yaw angle. In the middle of pointing the measurement spot in a given cross-section, the observation campaign inevitably poses accuracy issues related with different tilt and yaw angles of the instrument, which can be a conventionally major source of errors for this type of instrument. Focusing on the perspective of instrument configuration, the instrument was tested in a controlled outdoor river channel located in KICT River Experiment Center with a fixed flow condition of around 1 m/s flow speed with steady flow supply, 6 m of channel width, and less than 1 m of shallow flow depth, where the detailed velocity measurements with SonTek micro-ADV was used for validation. As results, less than 15 degree in tilting angle generated much higher deviation, and higher yawing angle proportionally increased coefficient of variance. Yaw angles affected accuracy in terms of measurement area.