• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2005

To assess the effect of anaesthetic on stress response in cultured sweetfish (Plecoglossus altivelis) during transportation, the levels of plasma cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Cl^-$, osmolality and survival were determined. The transportation was performed in square boxes where liquefied oxygen was saturated in polyethylene bags. Fish transportation was carried by car for 2 hours after anaesthesis with lidocaine-HCl/1,000 ppm $NaHCO_3$ in experiment. Mean plasma cortisol concentration before transportation was 170.7ng/ml. After transportation, the levels of plasma cortisol increased to 518.5ng/ml (Control), 461.9ng/ml (Sham control), 369.4ng/ml (20ppm anaesthetic), 304.0ng/ml (40 ppm anaesthetic), 405.7ng/ml (80 ppm anaesthetic) and 499.1ng/ml (160ppm anaesthetic) in each experimental groups, respectively (p<0.05). However levels of glucose, lactic acid, $Na^+,\;Cl^-$ and osmolality in 40ppm anaesthetic group did not show significant differences in this before and after transportation (P>0.05). These result reveal an anaesthetic lidocaine HCl/1,000ppm $NaHCO_3$ is effective as sedative for transportation mixture in this species. This research provides baseline data on cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Cl^-$, osmolality and survival for anaesthetic transportation.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2001

수온(5~2$0^{\circ}C$)과 염분(12~32$\textperthousand$)의 변화에 따른 대게 암수의 생존내성과, 삼투질, 이온 및 글루코스 농도 변화 등에 대한 생리적 반응을 연구하였다. 14, 16, 18$^{\circ}C$에서 50% 폐사시간은 암컷의 경우 각각 24.3일(수컷 11.3일), 10.7일(수컷 3.3일), 1.8일(수컷 0.6일)로 나타나, 수온의 증가에 따라 50% 폐사시간이 빨라지는 경향을 나타냈으며, 암수 각각 16$^{\circ}C$와 14$^{\circ}C$를 기점으로 폐사시간이 급격히 빨라졌다. 염분의 변화에 대해 암수 모두 24$\textperthousand$이상에서는 실험기간동안 50% 이하의 폐사율을 나타냈으며, 21$\textperthousand$에서 50% 폐사시간이 암컷 20.3시간(수컷 17시간), 12$\textperthousand$에서는 암컷 2.2시간(수컷 3시간)으로 나타났다 수온에 따른 삼투질 및 이온 농도의 변화에서, 수컷은 14$^{\circ}C$에서 급격한 감소경향 을 나타냈으나, 암컷은 뚜렷한 변화경향이 없었다. 염분의 변화에 대해, 암컷은 삼투질 및 이온 농도가 순응하는 경향을 나타냈으나, 수컷은 다소 불안정한 경향을 나타냈다. 또, 수온의 증가와 염분의 저하에 따라, 암수 모두 글루코스 농도가 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.238-241
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• 1999

숭어 정액의 종묘생산시 인공수정과 정액의 냉장 및 냉동보존에 대한 적합한 희석액을 찾고자 정액의 성상과 정자의 운동활성을 조사하였다. 숭어 정자의 농도는 $1,11 \pm0.36\times10^{10}/ml$, spermatocrit는 96.7$\pm$2.6이었고, 정 장의 삼투질농도는 370$\pm$6 mOsm/kg, pH는 7.8$\pm$0.1이었다. 정액과 인공해수의 희석비율이 1 : 10일 때 정자의 운동성이 높았으나 20분 후에는 낮아졌으며, 정장의 삼투질농도 보다 약간 높은 인공해수 (482 mOsm/kg)에서 정자의 운동성이 오랫동안 높게 지속되었다. 또한 정장의 pH 값과 비슷한 pH 7$\~$9에서 정자는 활발하게 움직였다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.441-449
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• 2022

In this study, we investigate the physiological response of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and Japanese croaker, Nibea japonica, on a series of rising water temperatures (WT). At 1, 9, and 17 days, WT increased from 23℃ (control) to 26, 29 and 32℃ within 6 hours, respectively, and then maintained for 96 hours. At 5, 13, and 21 days, WT decreased from each WT to 23℃ within 6 hours and was maintained at 23℃ for 96 hours. Blood were collected at 0, 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, and 60 days. In both species, hematocrit, red blood cell and hemoglobin of stressed groups were lower than non-stressed group at 13 days. The osmolality of stressed group was lower than non-stressed group at 21 and 60 days. In olive flounder, hemoglobin of stressed groups was lower than non-stressed group at 21 and 60 days, respectively, but osmolality of stressed group was higher than non-stressed group at 9 days. In Japanese croaker, hematocrit, red blood cell and hemoglobin of stressed groups were higher than non-stressed group at 21 and 60 days, respectively, and osmolality of stressed group was higher than that of non-stressed group at 1 day. At 1, 17, and 21 days, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of stressed group were higher than non-stressed group in olive flounder. In Japanese croaker, AST and ALT of stressed group was lower than non-stressed group at 17, 21, and 60 days. The cortisol of olive flounder increased with increasing WT, but those of Japanese croaker increased with decreasing WT. In both species, the glucose increased with increasing WT. After changing WT, lactic acid of olive flounder and Japanese croaker were not significantly different. The physiological response of olive flounder increased directly to the increase in WT, and Japanese croaker contrasted with olive flounder.

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2003년도 추계학술발표대회 논문요약집
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• pp.105-106
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• 2003

Physiological responses (cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, osmolality and hematology) of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to stressors associated with confinement and subsequent transport were investigated. Specimens were subjected to confinement stress for 3 h, prior to transport for 15 h. Two different size cohorts of the fish, large (839.6$\pm$162.7 g) and small (98.2$\pm$14.8 g), were used. Experimental cohorts of the fish were divided into 3 groups for blood sampling: group A, sampled at the beginning of confinement and 3 h before transport (BT, -3 h), after confinement and at the beginning of transport (BT, 0 h), 3 h after transport had begun (AT, 3 h), and after 15 h transport (AT, 15 h); group B, sampled at BT, 0 h, at AT, 3 h, and at AT, 15 h; and, group C, sampled at AT, 3 h, and at AT, 15 h. In the cohort of large fish, plasma cortisol levels of the A group were increased over time, from 4.2 ng/ml (BT, -3 h), to 92.0 ng/ml (BT, 0 h), 118.5 ng/ml (AT, 3 h) and 105.5 ng/ml (AT, 15 h). A similar pattern was evident in the B group, in which cortisol increased from 47.5 ng/ml (BT, 0 h) to 53.5 ng/ml (AT, 15 h); and, for the C group, in which cortisol increased from 43.5 ng/ml (AT, 3 h) to 71.5 ng/ml (AT, 15 h). Glucose levels of the A group also were significantly increased, from 39.5 mg/dl (BT, -3 h), to 121.0 mg/dl (BT, 0 h), 298.0 mg/dl (AT, 3 h) and 260.5 mg/dl (AT, 15 h). Lactic acid levels increased markedly during transport, from less than 1 mmol/L (BT, 0 h) to 12.0 mmol/L (AT, 15 h). Plasma osmolality increased from 405.5 mOsm/kg (BT, -3 h, for group A) to values near 500 mOsm/kg subsequent to confinement and transport. In the small-size cohort, plasma cortisol, glucose, lactic acid and osmolality levels showed similar but less pronounced trends than those observed for the large-size cohort. This research provides baseline data on cortisol, glucose, lactic acid, osmolality and hematological responses to confinement and transport, which should be useful to aquaculturists working with olive flounder and to scientists studying other flatfish species.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1721-1727
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• 2008

Four experiments were conducted to study the following: i) the influence of different concentrations of sucrose (0.15, 0.3 and 0.5 M with osmolality of 308, 500 and 760 mOsm/kg, respectively) in diluents and control diluent (370 mOsm/kg) on intensity of motility and progressive motility of goat sperm without rehydration and freezing step in four incubation periods (0, 0.5, 2 and 4 h after dilution); ii) the influence of gradual dilution (in 3 steps) on improvements in ascertained results of the first experiment; iii) cryoprotective effects of different concentrations of sucrose (0.15, 0.22, 0.29 and 0.37 M with osmolality of 450, 560, 740 and 920 mOsm/kg, respectively) plus 7% glycerol and 20% egg yolk in basic diluent (Tris-Citric acid-Fructose) and iv) the effect of two concentrations of sucrose (0.15 and 0.22 M) with and without glycerol (7%). In experiment 1, we obtained better results for control diluent, 0.15 and 0.3 M sucrose supplemented diluents with 0 and 0.5 h incubation periods. In experiment 2, apart from a slight improvement, similar tendencies to experiment 1 were observed. In experiment 3, we obtained the best result for diluent with 0.22 M sucrose with regard to intensity of motility, progressive motility, live sperm and normal acrosomes ($40{\pm}4%$, $3.1{\pm}0.2$, $37{\pm}4%$ and $37{\pm}4%$, repectively). In experiment 4, we obtained the best result for diluent with 0.22 M sucrose plus 7% glycerol in regard to intensity of motility, progressive motility and live sperm ($39{\pm}3%$, $3.6{\pm}0.4$ and $41{\pm}4%$, respectively). The characteristic normal acrosomes in diluents without glycerol, i.e. diluents with 0.15 and 0.22 M sucrose showed better results ($39{\pm}8$ and $42{\pm}6%$ respectively). With regard to the release of hyaluronidase enzyme there were no significant differences between diluents (p>0.05). The results of the diluents with 0.15 and 0.22 M sucrose without glycerol were slightly lower than those with glycerol ($69{\pm}11$ and $70{\pm}11$ vs. $72{\pm}11$ and $70{\pm}11{\times}120{\times}10^6$ units $ml^{-1}$, respectively). In conclusion, the use of concentrated sucrose solutions showed that goat sperm can tolerate osmolality up to 560 mOsm (0.22 M) in the freezing period. In addition, glycerol proved to be a necessary cryoprotective agent in the cryopreservation of goat sperm, particularly for intensity of motility, progressive motility and live sperm.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2011

The effect of allelochemicals on growth, root nodule nitrogen fixation activity, and ion patterns of soybeans were investigated. We prepared 50 g/L (T50), 100 g/L (T100), and 200 g/L (T200) extract concentrations by soaking fresh red pine needles in a nutrient solution. Adding needles to the nutrient solution increased the content of total phenolic acids, osmolality, and total ions. The total phenolic content in the T50, T100, and T200 extracts were $206{\pm}12.61$, $335{\pm}24.16$, and $603{\pm}12.30$ mg gallic acid equivalents, respectively. The $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $PO_4^{3-}$ content increased by adding needles to the nutrient solutions, whereas $SO_4^{2-}$ content decreased. The growth inhibition of soybeans was proportional to the needle extract concentrations, and the T100 and T200 concentrations resulted in remarkable growth inhibition. On day 20 after treatment, dry weight and nitrogen fixation activity of the root nodules were reduced by the T100 and T200 treatments, whereas the T50 treatment was not difference from the control. After day 10, total ion content in all treatment groups was not different in comparison with the control. However, total ionic content in all treatment groups decreased significantly compared with that in the control after day 20. The lowest total ion value was found for the T200 concentration. The T200 treatment also resulted in significantly reduced $SO_4^{2-}$ content. The amounts of $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$ were higher than those of the control for the T50 treatment on day 10 and for T100 on day 20 after treatment. A significant increase in osmolality was observed in the T200 treatment on day 10 and in the T100 treatment on day 20. These results suggest that under severe allelochemical stress conditions, a remarkable reduction in nodule formation, nitrogen fixation activity, and ion uptake eventually resulted in a decrease in leaf production. Furthermore, increased $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, and osmolality in soybeans exposed to lower concentrations of allelochemicals than the critical stress level helped overcome the stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.502-514
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• 2012

When ruminants consume dry forage, they also drink large volumes of water. The objective of this study was to clarify which factor produced when feed boluses enter the rumen is mainly responsible for the marked increase in water intake in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period in large-type goats fed on dry forage for 2 h twice daily. Six large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 2 to 6 years, weighing $85.1{\pm}4.89kg$) were used in two experiments. In experiment 1, the water deprivation (WD) control and the water availability (WA) treatment were conducted to compare changes in water intake during and after dry forage feeding. In experiment 2, a normal feeding conditions (NFC) control and a feed bolus removal (FBR) treatment were carried out to investigate whether decrease in circulating plasma volume or increase in plasma osmolality is mainly responsible for the marked increase in water intake in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. The results of experiment 1 showed that in the WA treatment, small amounts of water were consumed during the first hour of feeding while the majority of water intake was observed during the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. Therefore, the amounts of water consumed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period accounted for 82.8% of the total water intake. The results of experiment 2 indicated that in comparison with the NFC control, decrease in plasma volume in the FBR treatment, which was indicated by increase in hematocrit and plasma total protein concentrations, was higher (p<0.05) in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. However, plasma osmolality in the FBR treatment was lower (p<0.05) than compared to the NFC control from 30 min after the start of feeding. Therefore, thirst level in the FBR treatment was 82.7% less (p<0.01) compared with that in the NFC control upon conclusion of the 30 min drinking period. The results of the study indicate that the increased plasma osmolality in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period is the main physiological stimulating factor of water intake during and after dry forage feeding in large-type goats.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2007

Higher plants can be categorized as C3, C4 or CAM according to their photosynthetic pathways, and some succulent plants are known to shift their patterns of photosynthesis from C3 to CAM in response to environmental stresses such as salt treatment or water deficiency. To investigate fundamental photosynthetic patterns and the induction of pattern shifts (C3, CAM, C3-CAM etc.) as a result of environmental stresses, we measured the water content, diurnal changes in pH, net $CO_2$ exchange, transpiration rate, total ionic contents, and osmolality of Kalancoe daigremontiana, Sedum kamschaticum and Sedum sarmentosum which belong to Crassulaceae known as representative CAM plant, after 10 days of drought treatment. S. kamschaticum and S. sarmentosum did not show a significant difference in diurnal pH variation in the treatment and control conditions. However, the pH of drought-treated Kalancoe was low at night and high in the daytime, with a pH value between 4 and 5. Typical CAM plants display a net $CO_2$ exchange that increases at night and decreases in the daytime. Kalancoe displayed the predicted pattern. However, S. kamschaticum and S. sarmentosum showed a photosynthetic pattern more typical of C3 plants, and did not show changes in photosynthetic pattern under drought stress. Kalancoe also showed a transpiration rate typical for CAM pho-tosynthesis, whereas the transpiration rates of S. kamschaticum and S. sarmentosum were in the typical range for C3 photosynthesis. Kalancoe had high total ionic contents during the night, which decreased somewhat during the daytime, whereas S. kamschaticum and S. sarmentosum displayed the opposite pattern. This result is similar to the diurnal patterns of changes in pH in the three plant species, which suggests a relationship between pH and ionic contents. S. sarmentosum showed lower osmolality under drought stress than in the control condition, whereas the osmolality of Kalancoe and S. kamschaticum did not differ between conditions. S. sarmentosum may have maintained internal water content by lowering its osmolality and raising its total ionic contents. In conclusion, Kalancoe displayed the characteristic responses of a typical CAM plant, whereas S. kamschaticum and S. sarmentosum displayed aspects of the C3 photosynthetic pattern under drought conditions. These results suggest that S. kamschaticum and S. sarmentosum (Crassulacea) in Korea overcome drought stress by increasing solute and ionic contents internally rather than changing their photosynthetic pattern from C3 to CAM under drought stress.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.131-135
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• 2018

Hyponatremia is defined as a plasma sodium concentration of <135 mEq/L. It is a common electrolyte imbalance in newborns. We report the case of a term neonate with cleft lip, cleft palate, imperforate anus, normal male karyotype, and chronic hyponatremia. On the 4th day of life, he showed hyponatremia (plasma sodium concentration 130 mEq/L) with low serum osmolality (275 mOsm/kg), high urine sodium (116.7 mEq/L), and high urine osmolality (412 mOsm/kg). His thyroid and adrenal functions were normal. Despite intravenous and oral sodium supplementation and hydrocortisone treatment, hyponatremia persisted. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed normal results. He was diagnosed as having reset osmostat, a rare subtype of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone characterized by a subnormal threshold for antidiuretic hormone secretion, with hypotonic hyponatremia.