• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.165-182
• /
• 2016

This study examines the competitiveness and cooperativeness among the container ports in East Asia by analyzing their monthly dynamics in eight years (2008-2015). Time series data on container throughput divided into origin and destination (O/D), such as the top six Chinese ports and the transshipment (T/S) ports such as Hong Kong, Busan, and Singapore, are computed with two methods based on the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The first Granger causality test results show that Busan T/S has significant bilateral relations with three Chinese O/D ports; and significant unidirectional relations with three other O/D ports. Shenzhen port has significant bilateral relations with Singapore, and has a significant unidirectional relation with Hong Kong port. Co-integrating test results showed that Busan holds negative co-integration with all Chinese O/D ports. Impulse response function (IRF) results show an opposite direction between paired ports. The ratios of the impulse from T/S ports are significantly high to one another in the short-run, but its power declines as time passes. The ratio of the impulse from the Chinese ports to T/S ports is less significant in the short-run period, however, it becomes more significant as time passes. The significance of most shocks was high in the second period, but was diluted after the sixth period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2011

The free-stereo mosaics image without GPS/INS and ground control data can be generated by using relative orientation parameters on the 3D model coordinate system. Its origin is located in one reference frame image. A 3D coordinate calculated by conjugate points on the free-stereo mosaic images is represented on the 3D model coordinate system. For determining 3D coordinate on the 3D absolute coordinate system utilizing conjugate points on the free-stereo mosaic images, transformation methodology is required for transforming 3D model coordinate into 3D absolute coordinate. Generally, the 3D similarity transformation is used for transforming each other 3D coordinates. Error of 3D model coordinates used in the free-stereo mosaic images is non-linearly increased according to distance from 3D model coordinate and origin point. For this reason, 3D model coordinates used in the free-stereo mosaic images are difficult to transform into 3D absolute coordinates by using linear transformation. Therefore, methodology for transforming nonlinear 3D model coordinate into 3D absolute coordinate is needed. Also methodology for resampling the free-stereo mosaic image to the geo-stereo mosaic image is needed for overlapping digital map on absolute coordinate and stereo mosaic images. In this paper, we propose a 3D non-linear transformation for converting 3D model coordinate in the free-stereo mosaic image to 3D absolute coordinate, and a 2D non-linear transformation based on 3D non-linear transformation converting the free-stereo mosaic image to the geo-stereo mosaic image.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.105-115
• /
• 2001

The relation of endocrine in the western medicine and zangfu-organ functions in Korean medicine, related to growth disturbance, was studied and derived the following results. 1. The hormone most related to growth disturbance is, directly secreted from the anterior pituitary or is stimulated and secreted in the target grands, growth hormone, thyroid, adrenocortical hormone, gonadial hormone and is insulin secreted from $\beta$ cell of langerhans' slands of pancreas. 2. the pituitary has the most close relation with the kidney in the five zang-organ. Because the kidney is innate origin(先天之本) and promotes qi and blood(生化氣血), stores the essence of life(藏精), dominates the bones(主骨) and promotes the marrow(生骨髓). Especially it is connected with brain(通於腦). 3. In the children growth, the endocrine action in the pituitary has the most close relation with the kidney, As in the reports of the brain and spinal cord, bone, store essence of life, sexual maturation and decline(kidney-qi, sexual functions of both sexes(天癸)) etc, and cause of cretinism, dwarf in the main subject. 4. Somatomedin is the most important factor of the growth factors, IGF in another word. The unification of IGF and secretion is controlled firstly according to growth hormone, however is very closely related to the nutrition status in the non-hormonic causes. Also, it is affected very much by the insulin. 5. Insulin is one of the important hormone related to the growth and is secreted from the pancreas. Pancreas belongs to the functional system of spleen in oriental medicine, thus the growth disturbance, occurred due to error in insulin secretion and nutrition(in another words, the lack of postnatal essential substance from food-stuff(水穀精氣)), is closely related to the spleen. 6. From the results driven above, the hormone action of endocrine and problem in secretion, related to the growth disturbance, must be focused on the differentiation of symptoms and signs of the kidney and the spleen in oriental medicine.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.32 no.7
• /
• pp.2418-2422
• /
• 2011

The enantiomeric separation of lactic acid for its absolute configuration has become important task for understanding its biological origin and metabolic process involved in the formation of lactic acid. It involves the conversion of enantiomers as diastereomeric O-pentafluoropropionylated (S)-(+)-3-methyl-2-butyl ester and the direct separation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on a achiral capillary column. The (R)- and (S)-lactic acids were completely separated with a high resolution of 1.9. The newly developed method showed good linearity (r ${\geq}$ 0.999), precision (% relative standard deviation = 3.4-6.2), and accuracy (% relative error = -7.7-1.4) with the detection limit of 0.011 ${\mu}g/mL$. When the method was applied to determine the absolute configuration of lactic acid in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis 304 (LAB 304), the composition (%) of (R)-lactic acid in the cell pellet and in the culture medium were $89.0{\pm}0.1$ and $78.2{\pm}0.4$, respectively. Thus, it was verified that the present method is useful for the identification and composition test of lactic enantiomers in microorganisms.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
• /
• 2009.05a
• /
• pp.1183-1188
• /
• 2009

Estimating project costs during the early stage of conceptual planning is very important when deciding whether to approve the project and allocate an appropriate budget. However, due to greater uncertainties involved in a project, it is challenging to estimate costs during this initial stage within a reasonable tolerance. This paper attempts to develop a cost-estimate model for public road projects under these circumstances and limitations. In the conceptual planning stage of a road project, there is only limited information for cost estimation, for example, such input data as total length of the route, origin and destination, number of lanes, general geographic characteristics of the route, and other basic attributes. This implies that the model should individuate suitable but restricted information without considering detailed features such as quantity of earthwork and a detailed route of a given condition. With these limited facts, this paper applies a case-based reasoning (CBR) method to solve a new problem by deriving similar past problems, which in turn is used to estimate the cost of a given project based on best-fitted previous cases. To develop a CBR cost-estimate model, the authors classified 8 representative variables, including project type, the number of lanes, total length, road design grades, etc. Then, we developed the CBR model, primarily by using 180 actual cases of public road projects, procured over the last decade. With the CBR model, it was found that the degree of error in estimation can be reasonably reduced, to below approximately 30% compared to the final costs estimated upon the completion of detailed design.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2013

Objectives : A precise and simple system of nomenclature was required to avoid error, ambiguity or confusion. Although medicinal plants must be produced or distributed based on a pharmacopoeia described origin including scientific name, the Korean Pharmacopoeia tenth edition (KP 10) had many names against the nomenclature. Therefore, this study aimed at searching correct scientific names for 241 plants in KP 10. Methods : Authoritative databases - The Plant List, International Plant Name Index, YList, Tropicos, eFloras, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, The Global Compositae Checklist, The International Legume Database and Information Service, et al. - and previously performed researches, floras were cross-checked. Results : The arrangement of this list was designed for four cases, errors including illegitimate, nomenclatural synonyms, recommended names and decision reserved names. Consideration about the scientific names produced nine correct names for ten misspellings and illegitimate, and thirty-six correct names for forty-one nomenclatural synonyms. These results should be reflected in the next of KP 10. Separately, ten recommended names were also suggested for taxonomic synonyms which had been used indiscriminately due to diverse taxonomic opinions. In addition to those, decision reserved names were suggested for thirteen species which had been corridor of uncertainty. Then again, there was need to study about authorship, because KP 10 did not keep recommendations for author citations. Conclusions : Correction of scientific names for some medicinal plants which violated the International Code of Nomenclature would be useful to improve the accuracy of a Pharmacopoeia as the criterional materials.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
• /
• 2010.06a
• /
• pp.2166-2178
• /
• 2010

The Korea Transportation Database (KTDB) is used to obtain data on the origin and destination (OD) of inter-city travel, which are currently used in railroad planning when estimating traffic demand. The KTDB employs the trip assignment method, whereby the total traffic volume researched for inter-city travel in Korea is divided into road, rail and air traffic, etc. However, as regards rail travel, the railroad stations are not identical to the existing zones or the connector has not been established because there are several stations in one zone as such, certain problems with the applicable methods have been identified. Therefore, estimates of the volume of railroad traffic using the KTDB display low reliability compared to other modes of transportation. In this study, these problems are reviewed and analyzed, and use of the aggregate model method to estimate the direct demand for rail travel is proposed in order to improve the reliability of estimation. In addition, a method of minimizing error in traffic demand estimation for the railroad field is proposed via an analysis of the relationship between the aggregate model and various social-economic indicators including population, distances, numbers of industrial employees, numbers of automobiles, and the extension of roads between cities.

• School Mathematics
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.537-555
• /
• 2008

The study aims to analyze elementary school students' understanding of the concept of equality sign in contexts, to reflect the types of contexts for equality sign which mathematics textbook series for $1{\sim}4$ grades on natural numbers and its operation provide, and to invetigate the effects of teaching methods of the concept of equality sign suggested in this research. In order to achieve these purposes, the origin, concept, and contexts of equality sign were theoretically reviewed and organized. Also the error types in using equality sign were reflected. Modelling, discussing truth or falsity of equations, identifying relations between numbers and their operation, conjecturing basic properties of numbers and their operations, experiencing diverse contexts for equality sign, and creating contexts for equality sign are set up as teaching methods for better understanding the concept of equality sign. The conclusions are as follows. Firstly, elementary school students' under-standing of the concept of equality sign varied by context and was generally far from satisfactory. In particular, they had difficulties in understanding the concept of the equal sign in contexts with operations on both sides. The most frequently witnessed error was to recognize equality sign as a result of operations. Secondly, student' lack of understanding of the concept of equality sign came from the fact that elementary textbooks failed to provide diverse contexts for equality sign. According to the textbook analysis, contexts with operations on the left side of the equal sign in the form of $a{\pm}b=c$ were provided excessively, with the other contexts hardly seen. Thirdly, teaching methods provided in the study were found to be effective for enhancing understanding the concept of equality sign. In other words, these methods enabled students to focus on relational understanding of concept of equality sign rather than operational one.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.1833-1839
• /
• 2014

In this paper, a systematic demapping algorithm for three-dimensional (3-D) lattice signal constellations is presented. The algorithm consists of decision of an octant, computation of a distance from the origin, and determination of the coordinates of a symbol. Since the algorithm can be extended systematically, it is applicable to the larger lattice constellations. To verify the algorithm, 3-D signal transmission systems with field programmable gate array (FPGA) and $Matlab^{(R)}$ are implemented. And they are exploited to carry out computer simulation. As a result, both hardware and software based systems produce almost the same symbol error rates (SERs) in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) environment. In addition, the hardware based system implemented with an FPGA generates waveforms of 3-D signals and recovers the original binary sequences perfectly. Those results confirm that the algorithm and the implemented 3-D transmission system operate correctly.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.56 no.2
• /
• pp.201-212
• /
• 2023

The inscription of Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido (天象列次分野之圖) has the sun's locations at the equinoxes, which must have been copied from the astronomical treatises in Chinese historical annals, Songshu (宋書) and Jinshu (晉書). According to the treatises, an astronomer Wang Fan (王蕃, 228-266 CE) referred those values from a calendrical system called Qianxiangli (乾象曆, 223 CE), from which it is confirmed that it adopted the sun's location at the winter solstice of the $(21{\frac{1}{4}})^{th}$ du of the 8th lunar lodge Dou (斗) as the reference direction for equatorial lodge angles. This indicates that the sun's locations at equinoxes and solstices in the calendrical system are the same as those in Jingchuli (景初曆, 237 CE). Hence, we propose that the sun's location at the autumnal equinox in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido should be corrected from 'wu du shao ruo' (五度少弱), meaning the $(5{\frac{1}{6}})^{th}$ du, to 'wu du ruo' (五度弱), meaning the $(4{\frac{11}{12}})^{th}$ du, of the first lunar lodge Jiao (角), as seen in Jingchuli. We reconstruct the polar coordinate system used in circular star charts, assuming that the mean motion rule was applied and its reference direction was the sun's location at the winter solstice. Considering the precession, we determined the observational epoch of the sun's location at the winter solstice to be t_o = -18.3 ± 43.0 adopting the observational error of the so-called archaic determinatives (古度). It is noteworthy that the sun's locations at equinoxes inscribed in Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido originated from Houhan Sifenli (後漢 四分曆) of the Latter Han dynasty (85 CE), while the coordinate origin in the star chart is related to Taichuli (太初曆) of the Former Han dynasty (104 BCE).