• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.218-227
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• 1986

Studies were conducted to determine the extent of oxidation and same of the mechanical property changes of Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding after it was exposed to hot steam environment. The purpose of these tests was to provide some informations on the embrittlement behavior of CANDU type fuel cladding, which could be experienced under the loss-of-coolant accident conditions. The Zircaloy fuel cladding tubes were exposed in a steam environment at the temperature of 90$0^{\circ}C$, 1,00$0^{\circ}C$. The growth of the ZrO$_2$ layer combined with an oxygen rich $\alpha$-phase layer into the Zircaloy tube material was found as a function of time t and temperature of steam exposure, E=1.1√Dt+0.002 where D is a temperature dependent diffusion coefficient. The tensile strength of the specimens exposed for a short period increased but decreased continuously with further exposure. The circumferential elongation was drastically changed with the exposure time while the hoop strength did't decrease greatly. The X-ray measurement of preferred orientation of the Zircaloy tube material indicated that grains in the as received tube were oriented such that the poles of the basal (0001) planes were predominantly radial, while the poles of the basal plane in the tube materials heattreated at 1,00$0^{\circ}C$ were oriented tangentially. It appears that this reoriented texture may contribute to lessening the decrease of the hoop strength of the heat treated Zircaloy tube material.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.425-434
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• 2013

Observers usually experience visual fatigue when they watch contents displayed on 3D display. There has been various research on visual fatigue incurred in stereoscopic displays that use 3D glasses, but relatively less studies have been done in the area of autostereoscopic displays. i3D system refers to interactive 3D system that makes it possible for users to interact with contents using their hands. Current research measured visual fatigue that users experience from i3D under various visual environments. We examined the effects of viewing distance, disparities and visual orientation on visual fatigue in i3D. The results indicated that visual fatigue decreased with longer distance and smaller disparity. Visual fatigue increased with angle when 3D fusion was unstable. In addition, there was an interaction effect between angle and distance in which visual fatigue increased with distance under stable 3D fusion but there was no difference in visual fatigue as a function of distance when 3D fusion was unstable. These results would be importantly used to develop autostereoscopic displays that minimize visual fatigue.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.293-322
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• 2005

The culpability of a person, as determined by due process of law, for any of his actions that are defined as criminal. Determination of such responsibility is a legal function, not a psychiatric one, although a psychiatrist may be called upon to present evidence to the court in order to aid the judge or jury in reaching a decision as to responsibility. Determination of responsibility varies with the laws of the state in which the accused is being tried, but in general all states base their laws on three famous judicial decisions concerning criminal responsibility. 1. the M'Naghten(McNaughton) rule(a. to establish such a defense the accused, at the time the act was committed, must be shown to have been laboring under such defect of reason as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, b. if he did know it, he did or know that what he was doing was wrong). 2. the irresistible impulse test. 3. the Durham decision. Under the Durham test, however, the psychiatrist may give any relevant testmony concerning the mental illness at issue. The psychological and behavioral appearance of a person, in clinical psychiatry this term is commonly used to refer to the results of the mental examination of a patient. The written report of the mental status usually contains specific references to the following areas: I. Attitude and General Behavior (1)General health and appearance. (2)General habits of dress. (3)Personal habits. (4)General mood. (5)Use of leisure time. (6)Degree of sociability. (7)Speech. II. Attitude and Behavior during interview (1)Co-operativeness. (2)Poise. (3)Facial expression. (4)Motor activity. (5)Mental activity. (6)Emotional reactions. (7)Trend of thought. III. Sensorium, mental grasp, and capacity (1)Orientation. (2)Memory and retention. (3)Estimate of intelligence. (4)Abstraction ability. (5)Tests of absurdity, interpretation of proverbs. (6)Judgment.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.9-23
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• 1994

Epitaxial $CoSi_2$ layer has been grown on NaCl(100) substrate at low deposition temperature($200^{\circ}C$) by multitarget bias cosputter deposition(MBCD). The phase sequence and crystallinity of deposited silicide as a function of deposition temperature and substrate bias voltage were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) analysis. Crystalline Si was grown at $200^{\circ}C$ by metal induced crystallization(M1C) and self bias effect. In addition to, the MIC was analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The observed phase sequence was $Co_2Si \to CoSi \to Cosi_2$ and was in good agreement with that predicted by effective heat of formation rule. The phase sequence, the CoSi(l11) preferred orientation, and the crystallinity had stronger dependence on the substrate bias voltage than the deposition temperature due to the collisional cascade mixing, the in-situ cleaning, and the increase in the number of nucleation sites by ion bombardment of growing surface. Grain growth induced by ion bombardment was observed with increasing substrate bias voltage at $200^{\circ}C$ and was interpreted with ion bombardment dissociation model. The parameters of $E_{Ar}\;and \alpha(V_s)$ were chosen to properly quantify the ion bombardment effect on the variation in crystallinty at $200^{\circ}C$ with increasing substrate bias voltage using Langmuir probe.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2008

In general, polyimides (PIs) are used in alignment layers in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). The rubbing alignment technique has been widely used to align the LC molecules on the PI layer. Although this method is suitable for mass production of LCDs because of its simple process and high productivity, it has certain limitations. A rubbed PI surface includes debris left by the cloth, and the generation of electrostatic charges during the rubbing induces local defects, streaks, and a grating-like wavy surface due to nonuniform microgrooves that degrade the display resolution of computer displays and digital television. Additional washing and drying to remove the debris, and overwriting for multi-domain formation to improve the electro-optical characteristics such as the wide viewing angle, reduce the cost-effectiveness of the process. Therefore, an alternative to non-rubbing techniques without changing the LC alignment layer (i.e, PI) is proposed. The surface of LC alignment layers as a function of the ion beam (IE) energy was modified. Various pretilt angles were created on the IB-irradiated PI surfaces. After IB irradiation, the Ar ions did not change the morphology of the PI surface, indicating that the pretilt angle was not due to microgrooves. To verify the compositional behavior for the LC alignment, the chemical bonding states of the ill-irradiated PI surfaces were analyzed in detail by XPS. The chemical structure analysis showed that ability of LCs to align was due to the preferential orientation of the carbon network, which was caused by the breaking of C=O double bonds in the imide ring, parallel to the incident 18 direction. The potential of non-rubbing technology for fabricating display devices was further conformed by achieving the superior electro-optical characteristics, compared to rubbed PI.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.10 s.269
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• pp.742-748
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• 2004

Isopropanol of low boiling point was used as a solvent to prepare Al-doped ZnO(AZO) thin films. A homogeneous and stable sol was made from Zn acetate a solute whose mole concentration was 0.7mol/$\iota$ and Al chloride as a dopant. Al-doped ZnO thin films were prepared by sol-gel method as a function of post-heating temperature from 500 to $700^{\circ}C$ and the optical and electrical properties were investigated. The c-axis orientation along (002) plane was enhanced with the increasing of post-heating temperature and the surface morphology of the films showed a homogeneous and nano-sized microstructure. The optical transmittance of the films post-heated below $650^{\circ}C$ was over $86\%$, but decreased at $700^{\circ}C$. The electrical resistivity of the thin films decreased from 73 to 22 $\Omega$-cm as the post-heating temperature increased up to $650^{\circ}C$, but increased greatly to 580 $\Omega$-cm at $700^{\circ}C$. XPS analysis indicated that the deterioration of electrical and optical properties was attributed to the precipitation of $Al_2O_3$ phase on the surface of AZO thin film. This result suggests that the optimum post-heating temperature to improve electrical and optical properties is $600^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.88-92
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• 2011

We grew $Zn_{0.4}Fe_{2.6}O_4$ thin films using Pulsed Laser Deposition and studied their crystal structure and magnetical characteristics as a function of growth temperature ($T_g$). For the film with $T_g=300^{\circ}C$, X-ray reflections from ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ and ZnO were observed. However, when $T_g$ was increased from 300 to $500^{\circ}C$, crystal structure of inverse spinel was stabilized with the crystal orientation of $Zn_{0.4}Fe_{2.6}O_4(111)/Al_2O_3(0001)$ without any detection of ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$ and ZnO phases. The surface morphology shows flattening behavior with increasing $T_g$ from 300 to $500^{\circ}C$. These observations indicate that Zn is substituted into tetrahedron A-site of the inverse-spinel $Fe_3O_4$. M-H curves exhibit clear ferromagnetism for the sample with $T_g=500^{\circ}C$ whereas no ferromagnetism is observed for the film with $T_g=300^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.20-28
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• 2016

A Ubiquitous City (U-city, Smart City) is one that ties information communications technologies (ICT) into many facets of city construction, thereby implicitly intending to function as a smart city that aims to be efficiently managed as well as provide an enhanced standard of living for its residents. Laws related to the construction of such ubiquitous cities point to integrated city management centers, intelligent facilities, and U-City infrastructure, among others, as central components of U-Cities, but do not provide a standard for these structures. Consequently, building of U-Cities by local governments are based on arbitrary judgments constrained the myriad of practical limitations that they face. Such ambiguity brings to light the need to find ways to improve the quality of these efforts. The first and second stages of this research examine the status of the components of a U-City -ubiquitous planning, technology, infrastructure, and services - and undertakes a comprehensive review thereof, with evaluation criteria formulated on the characteristics of stability, connectivity, goal-orientation, and development potential. In the research's third stage, a realistic and detailed evaluation index by which U-Cities can be renewed, demonstrated, and applied (???) is introduced in a step-by-step fashion, which will allow for local governments to properly assess the standard of their U-City in relation to the realities of the locality. Through the research result, it is expected that the index will become a part of the continued development and advancement of the "smart" character of an autonomous U-City at the local scale, and contribute to the overall revitalization of the U-City.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.84-91
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• 2009

This paper presents an online partial 3D modeling methodology that uses a mobile augmented reality system and aerial photographs, and a tracking methodology that compares the 3D model with a video image. Instead of relying on models which are created in advance, the system generates a 3D model for a real building on the fly by combining frontal and aerial views. A user's initial pose is estimated using an aerial photograph, which is retrieved from a database according to the user's GPS coordinates, and an inertial sensor which measures pitch. We detect edges of the rooftop based on Graph cut, and find edges and a corner of the bottom by minimizing the proposed cost function. To track the user's position and orientation in real-time, feature-based tracking is carried out based on salient points on the edges and the sides of a building the user is keeping in view. We implemented camera pose estimators using both a least squares estimator and an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). We evaluated the speed and accuracy of both approaches, and we demonstrated the usefulness of our computations as important building blocks for an Anywhere Augmentation scenario.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.47 no.8
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

We report on the electrical properties of Ti/Al/Ni/Au (20 nm/ 150 nm/ 30 nm/ 100 nm) Ohmic contacts and the anisotropic conductivity of n-type ${\alpha}$-plane ([11-20]) GaN grown on $\gamma$-plane ([1-102]) sapphire substrates. The Ti/Al/Ni/Au Ohmic contacts and their sheet resistances are characterized by using the transfer length method (TLM) as a function of azimuthal angles. It is found that the specific contact resistance does not depend on the axis orientation and there are significant electrical anisotropy in ${\alpha}$-plane GaN films on $\gamma$-plane sapphire substrates, and the sheet resistance varies with azimuthal angles. The sheet resistance values in the direction parallel to m-axis [1-100] are 25% ~ 75% lower than those parallel to c-axis [0001] directions. Thus, Basal stacking faults (BSFs) are offered as a feasible source of the anisotropic mobility in defected m-axis direction because the band-edge discontinuities owing to the differential band gap structure.