• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.166-171
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• 1984

가. 해충과 거미에 대한 반치사약량및 상대독성 조사 (1) BPMC와 MIPC는 벼멸구와 황산적거미에 대한 상대독성치가 각각 $18.4\~29.6,\;8.0\~10.3$으로 비교적 높은 선택독성을 보였다. (2) 이화명충과 황산적거미에서는 thiocyclam, chlorpyrifos-methyl이 각각 727, 14의 상대독성치를 보였으며 벼밤나방에서는 thiocyclam이 189.3으로 선택독성이 높았다. (3) 끝동매미충과 황산적거미에 대해서도 BPMC의 상대독성치가 8.2로 양호하였다. 나. 약제형성 및 처리회구가 해충 및 천적밀도에 미치는 영향(폿트시험) (1) 이화명충 방제약제중 cartap이 이화명충 방제효과도 높고, 거미밀도도 높았으며, 제형간에서는 유제가 분제보다 거미에 미치는 영향이 적었다. (2) MIPC 처리구에서 끝동매미충 방제효과가 높고 거미 밀도에 미치는 영향도 적었다. (3) pyridaphenthion 1회 처리구가 2회 처리구에 비하여 거미밀도에 미치는 영향이 적었으나 혹명나방 방제효과는 비슷하였다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2007

북방수염하늘소(M. saltuarius) 성충 장(gut)내에 존재하는 소화액에 대한 에스테라제(esterase)의 활성 변화를 in vitro에서 조사하였다. ${\alpha}$-naphthyl acetate와 ${\alpha}$-naphthyl butyrate 기질을 이용한 실험에서는 4개의 밴드가 관찰되었다. Carbofuran과 methomyl을 비교 처리한 결과 methomyl에서 강한 효소활성 저해가 관찰되었다. 특히 Est1은 carbofuran과 methomyl에 의해 모두 저해되는 것으로 나타났다. Chlorpyrifos, methidation, phenthoate를 비교 처리한 결과 chlorpyrifos에 의해 모든 밴드들이 저해되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 특히 Est1은 chlorpyrifos에 의해 효소활성이 완전히 저해되었고, methidation 처리시 약 70% 정도의 효소활성이 저해 되었다. Eserine을 처리한 결과 Est1은 약 70% 정도의 활성 저해를, Est2, Est3, Est4에서는 미미한 효소활성 저해가 나타났다. ${\alpha}$-pinene에서는 뚜렷한 효소활성 저해는 관찰할 수 없었으나 bornyl acetate와 camphor에서는 미미한 효소활성 저해가 관찰되었다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2023

The human reproductive system can be affected by occupational exposure to many physical and chemical risk factors. This study was carried out to review the studies conducted on the issue of the pathophysiological effects of occupational physical and chemical risk factors on the reproductive system of females and males. In this systematic review, the databases such as "Google Scholar," "Pub-Med," "Scopus," and "Web of Science" were used. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020), the studies included in our study were published between 2000 and 2021. In order to extract the required data, all sections of the articles were reviewed. Out of 57 articles we reviewed, 34 articles were related to field studies and 23 articles to clinical studies. Among them, 43 studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of chemical agents, six studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of physical factors, and 8 studies dealt with the pathophysiological effects of physicochemical factors on the human reproductive system. Physical (noise, heat, and radiofrequency radiation) and chemical (such as carbamate and organophosphate pesticides, benzene, toluene, xylene, formaldehyde, NO2, CS2, manganese, lead, nickel, and n-hexane) risk factors had pathophysiological effects on the human reproductive system. The presence of these risk factors in the workplace caused damage to the human reproductive system. The rate of these negative pathophysiological effects can be reduced by performing appropriate managerial, technical, and engineering measures in work environments.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.941-952
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• 2023

The metabolites of agrichemicals, such as organophosphorus pesticides, are known to be more hazardous than their parent pesticides. 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) is a major degradation product of chlorpyrifos, one of the organophosphate insecticides widely used in agriculture. In vivo or in vitro exposure to chlorpyrifos has been known to interfere with male reproductive functions, leading to reduced fertility in mammals. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the changes in the fertilization competence of boar spermatozoa exposed to TCP. Sperm samples were subjected to varying concentrations of TCP (10, 50, 100, 200 µM) and different periods of incubation. Sperm motility, motion kinematics, viability, acrosome integrity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and gene expression levels (ODf2, ZPBP2, AKAP3 and AKAP4) were evaluated after exposure of the sperm to TCP. A significant dose-dependent reduction in motility was observed in sperm samples incubated with TCP compared to the controls after both incubation periods. Sperm viability was significantly decreased in samples incubated with 50, 100, and 200 µM TCP in both incubation periods. A significantly lower percentage of normal acrosomes and gene expression levels were observed in sperm samples exposed to 50, 100, and 200 µM TCP after both incubation periods, compared to the controls. There was a significant increase in the ROS production in spermatozoa incubated with 100 - 200 µM TCP after both incubation periods. Consequently, the direct exposure of boar spermatozoa to TCP interferes with sperm functions and leads to decreased fertilization. In order to identify and address the various causes of reproductive decline, the impact of chemical metabolites needs to be discussed in depth.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2015

Environmental pesticides used for insect control can be transferred from plants to animals even to livestock animals through food chain. Human beings also can be exposed to pesticides by consuming polluted dairy products, including meats, eggs and other milk products. Therefore, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) established Standard for Pesticide Residue Limits in dairy products. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) methods for detecting residual pesticides are relatively well established for fruits and vegetables, however, the methods for meat have not been appropriately studied yet. In the present work, pyraclofos was used as an organophosphate pesticide to examine its tissue residue in experimental animals by QuEChERS methods. For this, pyraclofos (150 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to male rats once a day for 2 days. After 6, 12, and 24 hr of the treatment, the tissue residues in liver and femoral muscle of the rats were determined using QuEChERS methods followed by HPLC analyses. In preliminary studies, the recovery rates of spiking samples of pyraclofos demonstrated approximately 109~110% from the tissues. In previous study, pyraclofos tissue residues were observed with significantly high levels in livers and muscles at 6 hr of oral treatment. Then, they were almost completely disappeared after 24 hr of the administration, indicating the orally exposed pyraclofos is rapidly absorbed and distributed to body organs, then quickly excreted from the body with a negligible level of tissue residue. The alterations in blood chemistry as well as the histopathology of heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney have also been investigated in the experimental animals for assessing acute toxic effects of pyraclofos. The obtained blood chemistry indexes (ALT and AST) showed maximum peak values at 12 hr after the oral administration and decreased to the normal levels at 24 hr of the treatment. Histopathologic observation exhibited acute hepatic damages at 24 hr of the treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that QuEChERS method can be adequately optimized for the analysis of pyraclofos residues in animal tissues.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.187-198
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• 2002

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide and one of the most commonly and widely used insecticide. However, a little known about the dermal risk of chlorpyrifos on human being. Therefore, this study was conducted for the dermal risk assessment after exposure to chlorpyrifos in Korean farmers. First, skin irritation by chlorpyrifos (10 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 50 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 100 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 250 mg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in acetone) was determined in rabbits for 5 days considering the usage of chlorpyrifos short term highly exposure. The index of skin irritation by chlorpyrifos was increased in each dose and length of exposure dependent manners. Next, using benchmark dose (BMD$_{5}$) approach, the dose-response relationship was assessed to calculate the reference dose (RfD). The value of RfD was 2.84 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day from 142.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day BMD5 value divided uncertainty factor 50. Finally, we assessed human dermal risk of chlorpyrifos with exposure level and RfD. Skin absorbed levels were assumed with several exposure scenarios encounting the circumstances of exposure that application method, protection equipment and cloth, exposure time and exposure frequency during chlorpyrifos spraying. By the comparison of skin absorbed dose with the reference dose, it was identified that risk values (risk index) to skin chlorpyrifos exposure were 0.958 from the point of above results and it was recommended that the occurrence of hazard effect (skin irritation toxicity) of chlorpyrifos would not be expected. Risk index was smaller than 1 in the case of spraying vehicle mounted application, 1hour exposure time and wearing protective cloth exposure. Whereas, risk index was above 1 in the case of hand-held application, 2hour exposure time and wearing common cloth. Comparing two kinds of application method, total risk index of the hand held application (1.67) was higher than vehicle mounted (0.27). Therefore, chlorpyrifos skin exposure was mainly affected by application equipment and applied form. The results of risk assessment on the human dermal toxicity of chlorpyrifos should be required to control in keeping safety rules, skin surface area available for contact, spraying time ,and spraying frequency.y.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.23-33
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• 1994

It is well known that dichlorvos (DDVP), an organophosphate insecticide in common use, is so easily and rapidly hydrolyzed and excreted that it has usually little toxic effect on human body. In these days, however, it is widely used as an industrial and domestic insecticide and as an anthelmintic agent for animals, so that the accident of chemical poisoning occurs frequently. DDVP acts as a powerful inhibitor of carboxylic esterase, which can cause accumulation of acetylcholine at the synapses so paralysis of muscle and the transmission failure in cholinergic synapses dueing to desensitization of acetylcholin receptor may occure. Moreover accumulation of the acetylcholine brings about the elevation of the cyclic-AMP, which alters the cellular metabolisms of nucleic acid, carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Present study has undertaken to investigate the cardiotoxic effect of DDVP by electron microscopic study. A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley strain rats, weighing about 250gm were used as experimental animals. 2mg/kg/day of DDVP is intraperitonealy injected 3 times with intervals of every other day. On 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days and 14 days after drug administration, the animals were sacrified by cervical dislocation. Left ventricular cardiac muscles were resected and sliced into $1mm^3$. The specimens were embedded with Epon 812 and prepared by routine methods for electron microscopical observation. All preparations were stained with lead citrate and uranyl acetate and then observed with Hitachi-600 transmission electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In the cardiac muscle of DDVP treated rats, mitochondria with disorganized double membrane and mitochondrial crista, and vacuole formation in mitochondrial matrix were observed. But structures of mitochondria were recovered to normal in 14 days group. 2. In the cardiac muscle of DDVP treated rats, cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum were dilated and sacculated. But these changes were recovered to normal in 14 days group. 3. In the cardiac muscle of DDVP treated rats, glycogen particles around damaged myofibrils were decreased. But amount of glycogen particles were restored in 14 days group. 4. In the cardiac muscle of DDVP treated rats, disruption and discontinuation of myofilaments and disorganization of Z-disc were observed. But the structures of myofibrils were recovered to normal in 14 days group. It is consequently suggested that DDVP would induce the reversible degenerative changes on the ultrastructures in cardiac muscle of rat.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.10.1-10.11
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• 2017

Background: Transfer of pesticides from environment to animal products is inevitable, so the purpose of the present work was to evaluate phosalone consumption via feeding with or without sodium bentonite (SB) on performance, blood metabolites and its transition to milk of Iranian Baluchi sheep. Methods: Twenty Baluchi ewes were divided into four treatments (P1 as control, P2, P3, and P4) of five animals in which phosalone, an organophosphate pesticide, was given via diet (only for P2 and P3) at a dose of 280 mg/sheep/day for 63 consecutive days. The SB (32 g/sheep/day; for P3 and P4) was also evaluated for its ability to reduce deleterious effects of phosalone in the sheep diets. The control group (P1) did not receive any phosalone and SB during the experiment. Sampling was conducted in two periods of time including weeks 5 and 9. Results: Phosalone residues were observed in the milk samples of P2 and P3 groups during two sampling periods. During period 1, the transfer rate of phosalone from feed to milk was 0.23 and 0.02%, respectively for the contaminated diets (P2 and P3), which is relatively similar to period 2 (0.22 and 0.02%). Only 0.34 (period 1) and 0. 36% (period 2) of phosalone residue are excreted in the feces of P2 group following its daily consumption. Transfer of phosalone from feed to milk was affected (P < 0.05) by the dietary inclusion of a commercial SB, as it (SB) decreased excretion of phosalone via milk (P3). The phosalone and SB alone or together had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight (BW) gain, but feed efficiency, milk production, milk fat, dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), albumin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) affected by the treatments in period 1 or 2 (P < 0.05). The Hb, RBC, and MCHC were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by about 9.72, 20.77, and 9.71%, respectively in the group P2 as compared to those of the control group during period 1. The AChE inhibitory activity (period 1 and 2) significantly increased when phosalone administered via the diet (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Although there were no adverse effects on the performance of sheep following the intake of phosalone alone (P2 vs. P1), but other research on the long and short times to the phosalone in high and low doses with more animals is suggested. Overall, compared to the control group, addition of SB in the diet of sheep improved nutrient digestibility, animal performance, and milk health.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2003

본 실험에서는 acetylcholinesterase(AChE, EC 3.1.1.7)를 이용한 간이 잔류농약 검사법에 필요한, 유기인계 및 카바메이트계 살충제에 대한 감수성이 증가된 AChE(MAChE)를 baculovirus를 이용하여 대량으로 생산하는 시스템을 구축하고 생산된 효소의 특성을 관찰하였다. 한라산에서 채취한 초파리에서 AChE의 cDNA를 합성한 후 PCR을 이용하여 AChE의 lipid anchor부분을 제거하고 site directed mutagenesis에 의해 E107Y, F368L, L408E의 염기서열을 변화시켜 재조합된 MAChE cDNA를 합성하였고 baculovirus vector에 삽입하여 대량생산을 시도하였다. 대량 증식에 필요한 조건으로 감염횟수가 네 번일 때, 그리고 세포수가 $2{\times}10^6$ cell/ml일 때 세포의 증식과 효소의 활성이 극대화됨을 알 수 있었다. His tag을 붙여 Ni-NTA affinity column을 이용하여 MAChE를 정제하였으며, 정제된 효소는 실험조건하에서는 pH(3-10)와 온도$(20-50^{\circ}C)$의 변화에 영향을 받지 않았다. 농약 추출액으로 methanol을 사용했을 때가 ethanol을 사용할 때 보다 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 대표적인 유기인계와 카바메이트계 농약에 대한 저해율을 조사한 결과 재조합된 MAChE는 대만의 집파리 및 변형되지 않은 AChE에 비하여 전반적으로 농약에 대한 감수성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2008

Chlorpyrifos(CPF)는 유기인계 농약으로 널리 사용되고 있는 물질과 사육 및 관리가 쉽고 계대사육이 가능하며 국내 및 미국 EPA와 OECD 등에서 환경독성시험용 공시 어종인 송사리, Oryzias latipes를 이용해 CPF가 수서생물에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 간접적으로 평가하여 어독성에 대한 기초 자료를 제시하고 송사리 성어의 간과 생식소를 대상으로 조직학적 병변현상을 검토하고자 실험을 실시하였다. CPF에 노출 농도는 control(대조구 I), solvent control (대조구 II), 20, 40, 80, $160{\mu}g/L$로 설정하였으며, 실험기간은 성어기 4주 실험을 실시하였고, 난 실험은 성어에서 산란된 난을 가지고 계속 같은 환경에서 수정 후부터 부화종료 7일 후까지 실험을 실시하였다. 성어의 생존율은 대조구 I, 대조구 II, 20, $40{\mu}g/L$에 비해 80과 $160{\mu}g/L$에서 생존율이 감소하였고, 섭이율에 있어서도 $40{\mu}g/L$ 이상에 노출되었을 때 대조구보다 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성어에서 산란된 총 난 생산량은 대조구에 비해 CPF에 노출된 처리구에서 적었으며, 비정상 난은 20과 $40{\mu}g/L$ 처리구에서 높게 나왔다. 또한 간과 생식소에서 40, 80 그리고 $160{\mu}g/L$에서 조직학적 변화를 관찰한 수 있었다. 본 결과로부터 CPF가 $20{\mu}g/L$부터 환경에 지속적으로 CPF에 노출되었을 때 영향이 있을 것으로 사료된다.