• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.373-383
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• 2016

Cheonsu Bay, one of the most important in Korea as a coastal fishery is a semi-enclosed bay that is surrounded by large farmlands and industrial areas. This coastal environment has been affected by anthropogenic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution of PCBs and OCPs in sediment, Manila clams, and mussels from Cheonsu Bay; the accumulation pattern of these chemicals in these bivalves in relation to seasonal changes; and the ecological risk from sediments and the risk to the Korean population from the consumption of these bivalves. The levels of ${\Sigma}PCBs$, ${\Sigma}DDT$, and ${\Sigma}HCHs$ were 69.3-109, 40.3-49.3 and 6.25-17.8 ng/g lipid in Manila clams, and 70.6-159, 38.6-102 and 9.00-13.5 ng/g lipid in Mussels. Significant seasonal variations in PCBs and OCPs concentrations were observed in the two bivalves, suggesting that the accumulation of PCBs and OCPs in these species is related to their spawning times. The dietary intake of these two bivalves and the resulting lifetime cancer risk (LCR) and non-cancer risk were calculated for the human population. The consumption of these bivalves seemed to be safe in relation to human health with negligible LCR and non-cancer risk.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2004

Concern that some chemicals in our environment may affect human health by disrupt-ing normal endocrine function has prompted a research on interactions of environmental contaminants with steroid hormone receptor. Toxaphene and chlordane are among the 12 persistent organic pollutants identified by the United Nations Environment Programme as requiring urgent attention. We compared the estrogenic activity of two organochlorine pesticides, toxaphene and chlordane, at estrogen receptor a (ER$\alpha$) and estrogen receptor $\beta$ (ER$\beta$). Human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were transiently transfected with rat ER$\alpha$ or ER$\beta$ plus an estrogen-responsive complement C3-luciferase (C3-Luc) reporter gene. After transfection, cells were treated with various concentrations of toxaphene and chlordane to investigate agonism or antagonism of these chemicals. Both toxaphene and chlordane were potent agonists in HepG2 cells for ER$\alpha$. In contrast, these chemicals had a minimal agonist activity with ER$\beta$ and almost abolished 17$\beta$-estradiol-induced ER$\beta$-mediated activity. Therefore, toxaphene and chlordane behaved as an ER$\alpha$ agonist and an ER$\beta$ antagonist with estrogen-responsive reporter plasmid C3-Luc, and exposure to these organochlorine pesticides could have a crictical effect on normal endocrine function.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The analysis for the concentration and enantiomeric ratio of OCPs have been performed to confirm the distribution and to emonstrate the pollution characteristics of chiral OCPs in ambient air. METHODS AND RESULTS: In ambient air at coastal and inland sites, concentrations and enantiomer fractions (EFs) of heptachlor (HEPT), eptachlor epoxide (HEPX), trans-chlordane (TC), cis-chlordane (CC), xychlordane (OXY), 2,4'-DDT, 2,4'-DDD with HRGC/HRMS were investigated to understand source and distribution of chiral organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in ambient air. The mean concentrations of OCPs in ambient air were at the range of 0.027(heptachlor)~1.279 (4,4'-DDT) pg/m3 and 0.0005 (heptachlor)~0.1043 ng/g d.w. (TC), respectively. The mean EFs of OCPs in ambient air were at the range of 0.73 (HEPX)~0.45 (CC). Both preferential depletions of (+) and (-) enantiomer were observed for CC, indicated by EFs either <0.5 or >0.5, while preferential depletions of (-) enantiomer which mean EFs <0.5 were observed for chiral OCPs except TC and MC-5. CONCLUSION: OCPs in ambient air have been distributed from soil, but some of them such as chlordane, DDT etc. might have been introduced by long-range atmospheric transport, considering EFs by chiral analysis and trajectory analysis.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.442-453
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• 2014

Objectives: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are known to be the detrimental chemicals in the body, even at low levels, and are stored in adipose tissue. Recently, POPs have been reported to be associated with chronic diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease, and aging and obesity are reported as common factors in chronic disease. However, there have been only a few studies on the associations of POPs with age and body mass index (BMI) in Korea. Therefore, we analyzed the associations of serum POPs levels with age and BMI in Korea. Methods: This cross-sectional study includes 444 subjects (253 men and 191 women) from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (2004-2011). Serum levels of 33 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured by a gas chromatographer (Agilent 6890) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometer (JEOL JMS-800D). Results: Concentrations of PCB 153 (men: 12.26 ng/g lipid, women: 10.50 ng/g lipid) and p,p'-DDE (men: 94.66 ng/g lipid, women: 96.66 ng/g lipid) were the highest among serum PCBs and OCPs, respectively. PCBs and OCPs were significantly positively correlated with age in both sexes. After adjustment for age, non-dioxin like PCBs were significantly negatively correlated with body mass in women. However, cis-heptachlor epoxide was significantly positively correlated with body mass index in both sexes. When analyzed by sex, stronger associations were shown between POPs and age in men and POPs and BMI in women. Conclusion: These results may provide baseline data for the study of POPs and for the health management field in Korea.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.446-456
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• 2001

2000년 7월부터 2000년 10월까지 경기도 지역에 유통중인 17종의 농산물 397건에 대해 안전성을 확보하고 보건위생상 위해를 예방하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 유기염소계 13종을 GC/ECD와 GC/MSD에 의하여 분석한 결과. 농산물 397건 중 endosulfan이 31건(7.8%) 검출되었으며 chlorothalonil이 4건(1.0%) 검출되었다. 농약의 검출범위는 endosulfan 의 경우 상추는 3.7437~0.0488ppm, 시금치 2.1902~0.1423ppm, 아욱 2.4909~0.0786ppm과 겨자잎에서 3.2333~0.3997ppm이었다. Chlorothalonil은 상추에서 5.8097ppm과 시금치에서 0.8962ppm이었다. 잔류허용 기준을 초과하는 농산물은 endosulfan이 5건(1.8%)이었으며 chlorothalonil은 1건(0.3%)이었다. Endosulfan은 산화물 형태인 endosulfan sulfate(45.9%)가 $\alpha$-endosulfan(28.5%) , $\beta$-endosulfan(23.9%)보다 높게 나타나, 농약이 식물체 표면에 부착되어 있는 양보다 식물체 내에 흡수되어 있는 양이 더 많이 잔재할 수 있다는 것이 입증되었다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.319-325
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 참외, 풋고추 및 상추 시설재배지 토양 및 작물 중 스톡홀름협약에서 대부분 잔류성유기오염물질(POPs)로 지정된 잔류성유기염소계 농약의 잔류량을 조사하였다. 토양 및 작물 중 잔류성유기염소계 농약 분석을 위한 추출 및 정제는 QuEChERS 방법을 다소 개선한 방법으로 수행되었다. 시설재배지 토양, 참외, 풋고추 및 상추 중 잔류성유기염소계 농약의 회수율은 각각 78.2-110.6, 85.2-94.2, 78.3-92.4 및 73.3-92.6% 이었으며, 토양과 3개 작물에서의 검출한계는 각각 0.01-0.08과 $0.11-0.17{\mu}g/kg$ 수준이었고, 상대표준편차는 토양 및 3개 작물에서 각각 1.0-4.1, 1.9-3.9, 2.8-4.8 및 2.5-5.8%로 20% 미만으로 적합한 범위이었다. 참외, 풋고추 및 상추 시설재배지 토양에서 dieldirn, ${\beta}-endosulfan$ 및 endosulfan sulfate 3 성분이 각각 1.4-72.5, 0.1-78.7 및 $0.0-214.1{\mu}g/kg$ 수준으로 검출되었으나 참외, 풋고추 및 참외의 모든 시료에서는 검출되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 참외, 풋고추 및 상추 시설재배지 토양이 농산물 안전성을 위협할 정도로 잔류성유기염소계 농약으로 오염되지 않았음을 나타냈다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2007

포식성 무당벌레(Harmonia axyridis)의 난(卵)을 대상으로 저독성 약제를 선발하기 위해 농약 처리 후 esterase 활성에 대해 조사하였다. 무당벌레의 난에는 3개의 esterase bands가 존재하였고 esterase의 활성에 영향을 주는 살충제(Methidation, Chlorpyrifos, Phenthoate)는 유기인계인 것으로 나타났다. 살균제로는 트리아졸계 계통의 Hexaconazole과 Triflumizole 그리고 피리미딘계의 Nuarimol에서 esterase의 활성 저해가 관찰되었다. 선발된 농약을 바탕으로 무당벌레의 산란율과 부화율을 조사하였다. Esterase에 강한 활성저해를 보였던 농약에서는 산란율과 부화율도 낮게 나타났으며, esterase에 약하게 혹은 전혀 영향을 주지 않았던 농약에서도 정도 차이는 있으나 산란율과 부화율에 영향을 주는 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.211-216
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• 2017

BACKGROUND:This study was conducted to investigate residual organochlorine pesticides (ROCPs) in agricultural soils and crops. Agricultural soil samples and crop samples were collected from 93 cities and counties. METHODS AND RESULTS: Extraction and clean-up for the quantitative analysis of ROCPs were conducted by the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method. Recovery and limit of detection (LOD) of ROCPs in agriculturalsoils and crops were 76.5-103.0 and 75.2-93.2%, 0.01-0.08 and $0.10-0.15{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. Detected ROCPs in agricultural soils were ${\alpha}$-endosulfan, ${\beta}$-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate, the residue were 2.0-12.0, 1.2-53.1, and $2.2-329.8{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. But these pesticides in all green perilla leaf and green pepper samples were not detected. CONCLUSION: These results showed that ROCPs residues in agricultural soils were not as high as crop safety threatening.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 1983

우리나라 주요(主要) 하천수(河川水)에 대(對)한 농약잔유실태(農藥殘留實態)를 파악(把握)하여 농약안전사용(農藥安全使用)의 기초자료(基礎資料)로 활용(活用)코자 5대강(大江) 본류(本流)를 중심(中心)으로 주요(主要) 지류유입지점(支流流入地點)을 강별(江別)로 5개소(個所)를 선정(選定), 갈수기(渴水期)(4월(月))와 성수기(盛水期)(8월)에 동일(同一) 지점(地點)에서 시과(試科)를 채취(採取)하여 하천수중(河川水中) 농약잔유량(農藥殘留量)을 조사(調査)하였다. 조사대상지역(調査對象地域)이나 조사시기(調査時期)와는 무관(無關)하게 하천수중농약잔유량(河川水中農藥殘留量)은 극미량(極微量)으로 검출(檢出)되었다. 대체(大體)로 성수기(盛水期)가 갈수기(渴水期)에 비(比)해 다소(多少) 높은 수준(水準)으로 검출(檢出)되었는데, IBP와 diazinon의 경우는 그러한 현상(現象)이 더욱 현저하였다. 유기인계농약(有機燐系農藥)은 IBP와 diazinon만이 검출(檢出)되었으며, fenthion, fenitrothion, chlorpyriphos, chlorpyriphos-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, phenthoate, 및 edifenphos는 어느 시료(試料)에서도 검출(檢出)되지 않았다. IBP와 diazinon의 조사최고치(調査最高値)는 각각(各各) 1.53과 0.39ppb이었다. 유기염소농약(有機鹽素農藥)은 조사시기(調査時期)에 따른 차리(差異)가 거의 없었다. Aldrin은 어느 시료(試料)에서도 검출(檢出)되지 않았으며, dieldrin과 p.p`-DDT는 극(極)히 일부(一部) 시료(試料)에서만 극미량(極微量)으로 검출(檢出)된 반면(反面), BHC와 heptachlor및 ${\alpha}-endosulfan$의 검출빈도(檢出頻度)는 다소(多少) 높은 편(便)이나 그들의 잔류수준(殘留水準)은 매우 낮았다.

• 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.744-753
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• 2018

The Stockholm Convention, which was adopted in Sweden in 2001 to protect human health and the environment, includes regulations for Persistent Organic Pollutant Rotors such as toxic and bioaccumulatives. Currently, there are 28 types of materials. This prohibits and limits the production, use, and manufacture of products. Korea is a member of the Convention, and it is necessary to prepare management and treatment plans to address the POP trends. Thus, we experimentally investigate whether the environmentally stable incineration is achieved when the sample is thermally treated using the Lab-scale (1 kg/hr). The target samples is pesticides in liquid phase and solid phase. In this study, organic chlorinated pesticides and their thermal characteristics were analyzed. We calculated the theoretical air volume based on the element analysis results. Because the interior of the reactor is small, more than 10 times of the air ratio was injected. The retention time was set to at least 4 seconds using a margin. The incineration temperature was $850^{\circ}C$ and $1100^{\circ}C$. Thus, we experimentally investigated whether the environmentally stable incineration was achieved when the sample was thermally treated using the Lab-scale (1 kg/hr). We analyzed five types of exhaust gas; the 02 concentration was high, but the CO amount decreased. Complete combustion is difficult because of the small size of the furnace due to the nature of Lab-scale. The organic chlorine-containing pesticide had an average decomposition rate of 99.9935%. Considering the decomposition rates of organic chlorine-containing pesticide in this study, the incineration treatment at over 2 ton/hour, which is typical for a conventional incinerator, is possible. Considering the occurrence of dioxins and unintentional persistent organic pollutants, it can operate at more than $1,100^{\circ}C$.