• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.342-355
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• 2014

Organizational dedication to corporate social responsibility (CSR) is set off by a number of driving forces, such as enhancing corporate financial performance, concern for the environment, regulatory compliance, and social equity. This article aims to ascertain the uptake of CSR among firms in the Philippines and Thailand leading to the attainment of sustainable development. The results revealed that CSR is carried out by the companies primarily to enhance their competitive advantage and legal compliance, which are deemed essential to the firms' existence. This study seeks to contribute to understanding how companies undertake their operations based on socially responsible practices so that the theoretical conceptualizations of sustainability can be developed. By determining what prods companies to pursue CSR, it will shed light on the mechanism that promotes the existence of sustainable organizations, linking it with CSR and the companies' objectives and strategies.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.277-300
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• 2006

In the initial stage of a national economic development of China, the family business takes enterprise's organizational form ruling position. The private enterprise of China is mainly family business; the family makes the mainly proprietorship in other words. Even in the private enterprise after developing, 70 percents are managed as a family This paper start to study the Transferring Power Patterns in family business using the Company's Life Circle Theory and some other correlative theories. Based on the Transporting Power Model, the paper gives a comprehensive explanation for the choice of transferring power pattern in the family business of China.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2021

Purpose: This article aims to provide a balanced understanding of the structural conditions and social processes involved in the creation and diffusion of innovation. Research design, data and methodology: Drawing on organizational and economic sociology and strategic management literature, this article offers a conceptual framework that highlights the two dimensions of network structures: the vertical dimension focusing on power and legitimacy vs. the horizontal dimension highlighting information value. By organizing the literature on the functions and consequences of network, this paper advances a theoretical perspective in understanding the vast array of empirical studies on innovation involving network analysis. Results: Using the proposed framework, this article explains how the mechanisms of power, legitimacy, and information value work together with social structural factors, thus enriching our understanding of innovation. This study reveals that the information mechanism (horizontal dimension) has been most important in innovation creation and diffusion, and that trust, credibility, and legitimacy are operative in innovation diffusion. Conclusions: This paper contributes to the literature by responding to calls to extend existing frameworks to better account for the dynamics between innovation and network. In addition, this article highlights how conceptualizing innovation within the horizontal-vertical dimensions of network structures, creates new opportunities for future research.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-21
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• 2021

At a time when the e-commerce market is experiencing accelerated growth, with advancements in information and communications technology (ICT), the problems of distribution of counterfeit products and consumer confusion caused by non-face-to-face purchases have increased. Hence, amid intensifying competition, it has become important for e-commerce companies deliver product information more efficiently, provide differentiated services, and secure credibility for consumers by reducing consumer damage from buying counterfeit products. However, even though consumer confusion and the inadvertent purchase of counterfeit products are intensifying in such a market scenario, there are no services that aim to solve such problems. This study examines the conventional e-commerce industry in South Korea through a political, economic, social, and technological (PEST) analysis, based on in-depth interviews with consumers, to derive the pain and gain points of the industry. As a result, the inherent problems of the e-commerce industry were revealed. Through a service value network perspective, services aimed at resolving such issues were derived, and the e-commerce business ecosystem needed to solve this problem was deduced. The findings revealed that the artificial intelligence-based service support platform has become a major driving force within the e-commerce innovation ecosystem by enabling a new way to create and secure value using ICT. This entails a new exchange mechanism and transaction architecture and a new organizational structure that breaks the barriers between industries.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-90
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• 2012

Although it has been studied for a long time in various disciplines, most of control theories remain being developed by analyzing relatively simple tasks. Even recent research on control of information systems development explains only a small part of control phenomena observed in the real world projects. This research focuses on identifying and analyzing the concepts and structures in order to make them useful for understanding and explaining control of information systems development comprehensively This investigation utilizes the complementary relationship between views on control from organizational and economic perspectives. A conceptual framework developed by integrating previous research on control allows us to analyze the development of information systems for control purposes. The results of discussion about control mechanisms and network can be used as guidelines for designing control systems in real projects. Analysis of control networks shows that control of development projects requires quite complex networks intertwining a variety of controllers and controlees. The results of this research are expected to contribute to correcting the unbalanced status of IS research which has emphasized too heavily on planning and implementation, and deepening and widening our understanding about controlling development projects. Practitioners can use the results as guidelines for designing control mechanisms and networks, and get alerted by them about the agency risks inherent in outsourced developments.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.175-204
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• 2017

The existing innovation policies and strategies mainly focused on the influencing factors for improvement of innovation outcome. However, these strategies were not always successful in driving innovative activities that make technology innovation disseminated. In this regard, innovation ecosystems approach has recently been coming to the force to establish a successful innovation strategy. The innovation ecosystems concept describes that innovation processes are evolved through collaborative networks of economic actors. In an innovation ecosystem, different organizations collaborate for technology development and its use. They interact for value co-creation by sharing mutual resources. The organizational networks are re-organized by dynamic changes of actors' interactions, which drive innovation mechanism of the networks. Recent studies on innovation ecosystems mostly have paid attention on developing theoretical frameworks to describe dynamics of an innovation ecosystem. There have hardly been empirical tests on the theoretical ecosystem models. In this vein, we investigated dynamics of an innovation ecosystem by analyzing structural characteristics of a collaborative network among organizations which are involved in the use of innovative technologies. Particularly, we examined the longitudinal changes of the interaction patterns among the organizations. This test was performed by an analysis of structural equivalence on the network dataset transformed from the organizational interactions. This result provides a guideline for an organization in developing an innovation strategy under a systemic perspective.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.442-458
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• 2008

This paper aims to examine the ways in which project-based organizations (PBOs) are embedded in social networks and geographical clustering in the case of TV drama industry. PBOs refer to a variety of temporary organizational forms for the performance of tasks as to integrate diverse and specialized intellectual resources. PEOs as a flexible and innovative mode of organizing knowledge resources are becoming increasingly worthy of attention in emerging the creative economy. Evidence from interviews with core persons of PEOs like producers, directors, and writers reveals that the key operational mechanism of the project form of organization is based on the highly socialized networks via individual's reputation and past experiences. In other words, the project activity in TV drama is embedded in networks which are socially constructed. Also the geographical clustering plays an important role in PBOs and project practices in TV drama are constructed around a high degree of spatial clustering. PBOs are clustering in Kang-nam and Yeouido, where are located in independent production companies and broadcasting stations. It means that the project formation in TV drama requires geographically-clustered networks of human resources, and socially, culturally and geographically embedded latent networks of interpersonal relationships are a necessary condition of POBs in the TV drama industry.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12spc
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• pp.459-462
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• 2021

The article examines the main problems of land market formation in Ukraine. The article is devoted to the study of problems and prospects of land market introduction after the abolition of the ban on alienation. The advantages and disadvantages of lifting the moratorium on the purchase and sale of agricultural land are highlighted. The experience of such European countries as France, Germany, Latvia, Romania and Poland in regulating the market of agricultural lands is analyzed. The historical stages of market formation, features of state policy in this area are considered. The authors found that in these countries the market for agricultural land is well developed and works effectively, which has positive consequences for the economy of these countries. After analyzing the experience, we identified common elements of an effective mechanism for regulating the land market in European countries, which can be implemented in Ukraine. It is emphasized that after the opening of the land market it is necessary to prevent the concentration of a large number of agricultural lands in the hands of one person or close persons and it is necessary to create an effective supervisory body, whose main functions will be supervising sales prevention of speculation in the land market. Emphasis is placed on the need to improve legislation in the field of land, organizational and informational conditions for land reform. The Law of Ukraine "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Circulation of Agricultural Land" was analyzed, the adoption of which put an end to the systematic extension of the moratorium on the sale of agricultural land. The positive aspects of such reservations are noted, such as the gradual introduction of the land market, quantitative restrictions, the lower limit of the value equivalent, which can not be less than the normative monetary value. At the same time, the problem is that the lack of an imperative norm on termination of the lease agreement in case of refusal of the lessee to purchase such land at a price not lower than expert assessment, will negatively affect its price formation and actually make the landlord hostage.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.61-118
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to construct research framework for international franchising based on existing literature and to identify research components in the framework. Franchise can be defined as management styles that allow franchisee use various management assets of franchisor in order to make or sell product or service. It can be divided into product distribution franchise that is designed to sell products and business format franchise that is designed for running it as business whatever its form is. International franchising can be defined as a way of internationalization of franchisor to foreign country by providing its business format or package to franchisee of host country. International franchising is growing fast for last four decades but academic research on this is quite limited. Especially in Korea, research about international franchising is carried out on by case study format with single case or empirical study format with survey based on domestic franchise theory. Therefore, this paper tries to review existing literature on international franchising research, providing research framework, and then stimulating new research on this field. International franchising research components include motives and environmental factors for decision of expanding to international franchising, entrance modes and development plan for international franchising, contracts and management strategy of international franchising, and various performance measures from different perspectives. First, motives of international franchising are fee collection from franchisee. Also it provides easier way to expanding to foreign country. The other motives including increase total sales volume, occupying better strategic position, getting quality resources, and improving efficiency. Environmental factors that facilitating international franchising encompasses economic condition, trend, and legal or political factors in host and/or home countries. In addition, control power and risk management capability of franchisor plays critical role in successful franchising contract. Final decision to enter foreign country via franchising is determined by numerous factors like history, size, growth, competitiveness, management system, bonding capability, industry characteristics of franchisor. After deciding to enter into foreign country, franchisor needs to set entrance modes of international franchising. Within contractual mode, there are master franchising and area developing franchising, licensing, direct franchising, and joint venture. Theories about entrance mode selection contain concepts of efficiency, knowledge-based approach, competence-based approach, agent theory, and governance cost. The next step after entrance decision is operation strategy. Operation strategy starts with selecting a target city and a target country for franchising. In order to finding, screening targets, franchisor needs to collect information about candidates. Critical information includes brand patent, commercial laws, regulations, market conditions, country risk, and industry analysis. After selecting a target city in target country, franchisor needs to select franchisee, in other word, partner. The first important criteria for selecting partners are financial credibility and capability, possession of real estate. And cultural similarity and knowledge about franchisor and/or home country are also recognized as critical criteria. The most important element in operating strategy is legal document between franchisor and franchisee with home and host countries. Terms and conditions in legal documents give objective information about characteristics of franchising agreement for academic research. Legal documents have definitions of terminology, territory and exclusivity, agreement of term, initial fee, continuing fees, clearing currency, and rights about sub-franchising. Also, legal documents could have terms about softer elements like training program and operation manual. And harder elements like law competent court and terms of expiration. Next element in operating strategy is about product and service. Especially for business format franchising, product/service deliverable, benefit communicators, system identifiers (architectural features), and format facilitators are listed for product/service strategic elements. Another important decision on product/service is standardization vs. customization. The rationale behind standardization is cost reduction, efficiency, consistency, image congruence, brand awareness, and competitiveness on price. Also standardization enables large scale R&D and innovative change in management style. Another element in operating strategy is control management. The simple way to control franchise contract is relying on legal terms, contractual control system. There are other control systems, administrative control system and ethical control system. Contractual control system is a coercive source of power, but franchisor usually doesn't want to use legal power since it doesn't help to build up positive relationship. Instead, self-regulation is widely used. Administrative control system uses control mechanism from ordinary work relationship. Its main component is supporting activities to franchisee and communication method. For example, franchisor provides advertising, training, manual, and delivery, then franchisee follows franchisor's direction. Another component is building franchisor's brand power. The last research element is performance factor of international franchising. Performance elements can be divided into franchisor's performance and franchisee's performance. The conceptual performance measures of franchisor are simple but not easy to obtain objectively. They are profit, sale, cost, experience, and brand power. The performance measures of franchisee are mostly about benefits of host country. They contain small business development, promotion of employment, introduction of new business model, and level up technology status. There are indirect benefits, like increase of tax, refinement of corporate citizenship, regional economic clustering, and improvement of international balance. In addition to those, host country gets socio-cultural change other than economic effects. It includes demographic change, social trend, customer value change, social communication, and social globalization. Sometimes it is called as westernization or McDonaldization of society. In addition, the paper reviews on theories that have been frequently applied to international franchising research, such as agent theory, resource-based view, transaction cost theory, organizational learning theory, and international expansion theories. Resource based theory is used in strategic decision based on resources, like decision about entrance and cooperation depending on resources of franchisee and franchisor. Transaction cost theory can be applied in determination of mutual trust or satisfaction of franchising players. Agent theory tries to explain strategic decision for reducing problem caused by utilizing agent, for example research on control system in franchising agreements. Organizational Learning theory is relatively new in franchising research. It assumes organization tries to maximize performance and learning of organization. In addition, Internalization theory advocates strategic decision of direct investment for removing inefficiency of market transaction and is applied in research on terms of contract. And oligopolistic competition theory is used to explain various entry modes for international expansion. Competency theory support strategic decision of utilizing key competitive advantage. Furthermore, research methodologies including qualitative and quantitative methodologies are suggested for more rigorous international franchising research. Quantitative research needs more real data other than survey data which is usually respondent's judgment. In order to verify theory more rigorously, research based on real data is essential. However, real quantitative data is quite hard to get. The qualitative research other than single case study is also highly recommended. Since international franchising has limited number of applications, scientific research based on grounded theory and ethnography study can be used. Scientific case study is differentiated with single case study on its data collection method and analysis method. The key concept is triangulation in measurement, logical coding and comparison. Finally, it provides overall research direction for international franchising after summarizing research trend in Korea. International franchising research in Korea has two different types, one is for studying Korean franchisor going overseas and the other is for Korean franchisee of foreign franchisor. Among research on Korean franchisor, two common patterns are observed. First of all, they usually deal with success story of one franchisor. The other common pattern is that they focus on same industry and country. Therefore, international franchise research needs to extend their focus to broader subjects with scientific research methodology as well as development of new theory.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.105-137
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• 2012

After relationship marketing emerged as a new approach in the marketing field in the 1980s, it has been widely studied in the United States, Europe and Asia. Rapid environmental changes and global competition has made it inevitable for companies to consider their relationships with the environment more closely. Under these circumstances, relationship marketing has held a position as a pivotal paradigm in the field of strategy as well as in marketing. In addition, relationship marketing has overcome the limitations of a traditional marketing research while providing richer implications in company's marketing activities. The paradigm shift to relationship marketing has brought fundamental changes in a marketing point of view. First, in philosophical aspects, unlike past research which focused solely on customer satisfaction, organizational relationship parameters which focuses on trust and commitment has become key elements of successful relationship marketing while shifts in thoughts naturally take place from adaptive marketing to strategic marketing. Second, in structural aspects, the relational mechanism of governance such as network structure with a variety of relational partners has emerged as a new marketing organization from the previous simple structure focusing on the micro-economic, marketbased trading between seller and customer. Third, in behavioral aspects, it proposed the strategic course of the action of gaining an advantage over the competition on the individual firm level by focusing on building long-term relationships and considering partnership with the components in the entire marketing system, rather than with one-time transaction-centric action between a seller and a customer. Fourth, in the aspects of marketing performance, marketing performance was sought through the long-term and cooperative relationship with various stakeholders, including customers in the marketing system, focusing on the overall competitive advantage based on relationship rather than individual performance of individual companies' marketing activities, such as market share and customer satisfaction. However, studies of relationship marketing were mostly centered in interorganizational relationships focusing on the relational structure and properties of commercial sector in the marketing system. Paradoxically, the circumstance of the consumer's side that must be considered is evolving again in relationship marketing. In structural aspects, a community, as the new relationship governance structure in the digital environment, and in behavioral aspects, the changing role of consumer participation demanding big changes in the digital environment engaged in the marketing system. The possibility of building a relationship marketing community for common value creation is presented in terms of organization of consumers with the focus on changing marketing environment and marketing system according to the new realities of the 21st century- the popularity of digital environments and the diffusion of customer participation. Therefore, future research of relationship marketing must seek for a truly integrated model including all of the existing structure and properties of the research oriented relationship from both the commercial and consumer sector.