• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.629-647
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the economic value of organic rice production using gelatin chitin microorganisms in eco-friendly complex, Gongsan, Naju city. The soil condition of experiment paddy field was Jeonbuk series and silt loam with a slightly poor drainage. Except for the high effective silicate, the chemical characteristics of soils used were included in the optimum range of paddy soils in Korea. In growth, plant length, tiller number, ear number, and ear length were observed to be higher in conventional paddy fields than organic paddy fields. However, number of grain per panicle and grain filling ratio (%) were higher in organic paddy fields than conventional paddy fields. Incidences of diseases and insect pests were slightly higher in the organic paddy fields. Water weevil, sheath blight, rice leaf roller and rice blast were more occurred in organic paddy field. On the other hand, false smut was higher occurred in conventional paddy field. There was a significant negative correlation between rice sheath blight and rice leaf roller, and rice yield. In the milled rice quality, the quality of organically cultivated milled rices was lower by the increase of broken rice than that of conventionally cultivated milled rices. The quality and palatability of rice were higher in organic cultivation with decreasing of protein content. Net income of conventionally and organically cultivated rice was 360,000 won/10a and 610,000 won/10a, respectively. Premium net income of the organically cultivated rice was 68%.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, physical properties and sensory evaluation of rice using three different varieties of rice (Odae rice-Chulwon, Chuncheong rice-Yeoju, Hwayoung rice-Sanchung) produced by organic and ordinary farming. Amylose content was higher in Chucheong rice and protein content was higher in Hwayoung rice in comparison to others. However, there was no difference in amylose and protein contents between organically grown and ordinarily grown rice. The electron donating activities and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of methanol extracts from organically grown rice were higher than those of ordinarily grown rice. There was no difference in amylographic characteristics between the differently cultured rices. The organically grown rice had a high springness, cohesiveness and was gummy in rheometer evaluation. However, the ordinarily grown rice had a good score for taste in sensory evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2008

To assess the relationship between Cd fraction in paddy soils and Cd in polished rice, soils and rice were analyzed at the 3 Cd contaminated paddy fields near closed mines. Major Cd fractions of A field were organically bound (62.6%) and Fe-Mn oxide bound (25.3%) forms. In case of B field, major Cd fractions of B1 field were carbonate bound (46.3%) and Fe-Mn oxide bound (31.6%) form whereas B2 field were residual (54.3%) and carbonate bound (21.8%) form, respectively. It showed a huge difference of Cd fraction each other. 0.1M HCl extractable Cd in soil was positively correlated with Cd in rice. Specially, the ratios of 0.1M HCl extractable Cd against total Cd content in soils were 13.7%, 2.6%, and 0.45% in A, B1, and B2 fields, respectively. These ratio were largely affected with Cd uptake to rice grain. Also, exchangable, Fe-Mn oxide bound, and carbonate bound form, which are partially bioavailable Cd fraction to the plant, were positively correlated with Cd in rice while organically bound and residual form was not correlated. Multiple regression equation was developed with Rice Cd = -0.02861 + 0.07456 FR 1(exchangeable) + 0.00252 FR 2(carbonate bound) + 0.001075 FR 3(Fe Mn oxide bound) - 0.00095 FR 4(organically bound) - 0.00348 FR 5(residual) ($R^2=0.7893^{***}$) considering Cd fraction in soils.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2015

This study was conducted to control ginger rhizome rot treated with the combined treatment, the hairy vetch, carbonized rice husk and eggshell calcium in organic ginger farm. Early symptoms of leaf yellowing and plant wilt began in the chemical fertilizer treatment on July 1. Ginger rhizome rot was more progressed on October 2, and stem browning and dead plant showed a high disease incidence with from 36.7% to 43.0%. On the other hand, the combined treatment did not occur at all until July 1 and delayed the disease incidence to October 2. It showed a low disease incidence of 1.3% to 1.7%. In the combined treatment, the content of soil Na, Fe, Cu was decreased and organic matter was increased twice with 31.6% than previous. Population density of Pythium sp. is lower in the combined treatment ($0.3-2.0{\times}10^3cfu/g$ than the chemical fertilizer treatments ($12.0-12.3{\times}10^3cfu/g$). The combined treatment, hairy vetch, carbonized rice husk and the eggshell calcium is able to control the ginger rhizome rot in organically cultivated ginger field.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.334-342
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• 2017

The content of bioactive substances and antioxidative activity in conventionally grown brown rice (CGBR) and organically grown brown rice (OGBR) were compared. Minerals (mg/100 g) such as magnesium (OGBR, $168.59{\pm}2.62$; CGBR, $121.43{\pm}2.22$), copper (OGBR, $0.50{\pm}0.06$; CGBR, $0.41{\pm}0.05$), and manganese (OGBR, $4.70{\pm}0.04$; CGBR, $2.49{\pm}0.02$) were higher in OGBR than in CGBR (p<0.05). In addition, levels of (${\mu}g/100g$) vitamins B2 (OGBR, $27.22{\pm}2.56$; CGBR, $22.12{\pm}2.24$) and B6 (OGBR, $46.32{\pm}2.66$; CGBR, $39.91{\pm}3.32$) were higher in OGBR than in CGBR (p<0.05). The contents (mg/100 g) of ${\beta}$-sitosterol (OGBR, $27.40{\pm}2.79$; CGBR, $24.75{\pm}1.06$), total phenolic (OGBR, $6.72{\pm}0.02$; CGBR, $6.64{\pm}0.02$), and ferulic acid (OGBR, $1.75{\pm}0.45$; CGBR, $1.11{\pm}0.14$) as well as the antioxidative activity (OGBR, $53.09{\pm}1.90%$; CGBR, $48.29{\pm}3.38%$) evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay were higher in OGBR than in CGBR, although no significant differences between samples were observed. In comparison to the control group, brown rice samples significantly inhibited cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide formation in rat plasma subjected to copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation. The inhibitory effect of OGBR was higher than that of CGBR. These results indicate that OGBR showed higher levels of bioactive substances and enhanced antioxidative activity than CGBR, although the differences were not statistically significant.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.94-107
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• 1997

Producing organic farm products is one of the high-payoff farming practices considering the rapid increase of consumer's purchasing power. The purpose of this study is to identify the optimal organic farming system in relation to farm income. To cope with the above objectives, present farming conditions and profitability of 15 farmers producing organic products including rice and leaf vegetables as lettuse and cabbage were surveyed in Hongsung and Ahsan Gun, Chungnam Province. Based on the surveyed data, maximization of organic farm income were analyzed under the constrained conditions such as limited monthly labour inputs and competitive use of land by Linear Programming Model. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. In the profitability analysis of 15 farmers producing organic products, rice farmers could earn their farm income more than that of conventional farmers by 50%. On the other hand, the controlled lettuce farmers could get more about 100% than that of it. But the controlled cabbage farm could get more about 40% of it. These organic farm products were saled at high prices comparing with the prices of conventional farm products by 170% ~ 230% even though the crop yields produced by organic materials had decreased. 2. According to the labor requirement of the organically produced crops, rice cultivation was needed more labour inputs than the conventional farming method by 130%. On the other hand lettuce and cabbage could saved labour requirement by 40% and 80% of those respectively. Especially for the rice cultivation concern, higher labor requirement was due to the activities as organic fertilization, soil preparation and pest and weed controll, etc. 3. With the surveyed data from farmers who produced farm commodities, L.P. analysis was implemented to find out the optimul farming system and the maximum income. According to the results of L.P. analysis, 58% of total farm income could get more than the conventional farming system In the case of rice cultivation, one ha of paddy was recommendable to save more labour inputs than the controlled leaf vegetables such as lettuse and cabbage. However, in the controlled leaf vegatables, only 73% of total upland equivalent to 0.3 ha should be cultivated under the condition of labor shortage as the restricted 4 workers. And increasing the size of hogs raising should be recommened to achieve self-sufficiency of organic fertilizer. As pointed out the possibility of organic farming, present farmers producing organic farm products could be able to maximize their income by expanding organic farm size with regard to all conditions of our organic industry. Of course, there are many difficulties in the course of developing organic agriculture. So Government should effort to support the development of our organic agriculture considering the various aspects of production, marketing, Quality certification of organic produces.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.138-148
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• 1991

The object of this stduy was to investigate the pollution by Pb in rice plants which were cultivated in paddy field soils located near roadside areas and to discover the relationship between lead content in rice plants and soils. Samples of soils and rice plants were collected directly from paddy fields at various distances from highways and expressways located in Kyungpook province. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The average content of Pb in each part of the rice plant was 12.8ppm in roots, 4.8ppm in leaves, 4.3ppm in stems, and 0.4ppm in brown rice. 2. The content of Pb in roots showed highly positive correlation with the Pb content of the soil. 3. The Pb content in stems, leaves, and brown rice showed positive correlation with the Pb content in roots. 4. The content of organically bounded, carbonate, and sulfide Pb in soils showed highly positive correlation with the Pb content in roots. 5. The absorption ratio showed positive correlation with soil pH and negative correlation with the content of Fe in soils.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.176-184
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• 2019

The rice variety Chucheongbyeo is mostly cultivated for organic farming in the central region of Korea. This variety is more delicate than the recently developed varieties in rice yield, quality, and pest resistance, and is therefore, not suitable for organic farming. This study was conducted to select suitable varieties for organic rice farming in the central plain area of Korea. We tested 15 different varieties in the organic paddy field of Cheongju city from 2011 to 2013. As the experimental field had good fertility because it had been organically managed for many years, culm length and number of panicles developed better than the varietal characteristics. Daebo, Chinnong and Hyeonpum had slightly lower ripened grain ratio than Chucheongbyeo. The milled rice yield of Samkwang, Sukwang, Haiami, Cheonghaejinmi and Daebo increased by 9-18% compared to that of Chucheongbyeo. The protein content was under 7% for Cheongnam, Sukwang, Daebo, Samkwang, Hyeonpum, Chinnong, Chilbo, Hopyung, Hwangkeumnuri, Suryeojinmi and Jinsumi and under 6% for Sukwang and Samkwang. The whiteness was over 40 in Sukwang, Daebo, Samkwang and Jinsumi. The palatability grade and head rice ratio were good in Daebo, Sukwang, Samkwang and Jinsumi. Therefore, this study recommended Samkwang, Daebo, and Jinsumi as the optimal varieties for organic rice farming in the central plain area of Korea. These varieties could replace Chucheongbyeo, which is inferior to the recently developed varieties in terms of disease and pest resistance and yielding performance.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.619-630
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• 2012

Miscellaneous grain crops has been appeared as a well-being food and the demand of them are increasing recently. It is urgent to study especially about the functional materials of foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum. This experiment was conducted to evaluation and comparison several functional materials of fatty acids, anthocyanin content, total phenol content and DPPH assay of rice, and foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum produced organically so that these results would provide as a basic information for developing functional products by using miscellaneous grain crops. Total content of fatty acids was in order of foxtail millet (0.649%) and common millet (0.33%), sorghum (0.172%) and rice (0.111%) respectively. The content of unsaturated fatty acid was also in order of foxtail millet (0.511%) and common millet (0.269%), sorghum (0.122%) and rice (0.069%) respectively. Although there was no detection of anthocyanin content in rice, foxtail millet and common millet, sorghum showed high content of anthocyanin content. Sorghum of Mongdangsusu showed the highest anthocyanin content (137.5mg/g). In the total phenol content of rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, rice of Chucheongbyeo had high content ($13.70{\mu}g/g$) whereas Daeanbyeo was the lowest content ($10.07{\mu}g/g$). Foxtail millet of Hinchajo, common millet of Byeorukgijang and sorghum of Chalsusu showed the highest total phenol content of $25.8{\mu}g/g$, $69.4{\mu}g/g$ and $682.2{\mu}g/g$ respectively. In the average of total phenol content among rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum showed $12.25{\mu}g/g$, $16.95{\mu}g/g$, $51.01{\mu}g/g$ and $447.4{\mu}g/g$ of total phenol content respectively. The average of total phenol content of sorghum was $26.3{\mu}g/g$. It is 36.3 and 26.3 times higher compared with rice and foxtail millet respectively. In the antioxidant activity of seeds by DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay for rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, rice of Chucheongbyeo, foxtail millet of Ganghywajo and common millet of Geumeungijang showed the highest antioxidant activity with 3.6%, 4.78% and 13.4% respectively. Antioxidant activity of sorghum ranged from 88.47 to 90.11%. The average of antioxidant activity among four crops, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from sorghum (89.50%) and the next was common millet (6.13%), foxtail millet (2.43%), and rice (1.60%) in their order of antioxidant activity. The average of antioxidant activity of sorghum showed 55.9, 37.0 and 15times higher compared with rice, common millet and foxtail millet respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.872-878
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• 2014

This study aimed to enhance storage and freshness of strawberry fruits and foliage vegetables by spray treatment with Chlorella vulgaris as a bio-fertilizer. The tested strain, C. vulgaris CHK0008, was isolated from an organically cultivated rice paddy and identified as C. vulgaris by its morphology and 18S rDNA and 23S rDNA sequence homology. We successfully cultured C. vulgaris CHK0008 in BG11 modified medium (BG11MM) and adjusted $2.15{\times}10^6cell/mL$ C. vulgaris CHK0008 to one OD value by measuring the optical density at 680 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The soluble solid content of 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits treated by spray application with C. vulgaris CHK0008 was enhanced by 22.2% and 11.5% respectively, compared to untreated controls. Additionally, the decay rates of treated 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits decreased 63.8% and 74.4% respectively, compared to untreated control. Surface color changes and chlorosis of leaves in leaf vegetables such as lettuce, kale, red ornamental kale, white ornamental kale and beet were observed in samples treated with water spray for 10 days after cold storage. However, the decay rate of leafy vegetables treated with foliar application of 25% C. vulgaris CHK0008 liquid culture was significantly decreased compared to that of the untreated control during storage at $4^{\circ}C$.