• Title/Summary/Keyword: organic matter decomposition

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A study on comparison and decomposition of organic matter in Nakdong river basin (낙동강 수계 유기물 비교 및 분해에 관한 연구)

  • Han, Gyuseong;Lee, Jaesoon;Kwon, Bomin;Choi, Kwangsoon
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2018.05a
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    • pp.487-487
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구에서는 2017년 5월부터 12월까지 주단위로 낙동강 수계 5개 보 구간(칠곡보~창녕함안보)에서 본류와 유입지천의 유기물(BOD, $COD_{Mn}$, TOC) 분석 및 상관관계 조사하였으며, 강정고령보~창녕함안보의 대표지점에 대해서는 용존유기물(DOC)의 분해특성을 조사하였다. 본류의 유기물 농도는 BOD $2.7mgO_2/L$($2.3{\sim}3.1mgO_2/L$), $COD_{Mn}$ $5.6mgO_2/L$($5.0{\sim}6.2mgO_2/L$), TOC 4.7 mgC/L($4.2{\sim}5.2mgO_2/L$), 유입지천은 BOD $3.4mgO_2/L$($1.1{\sim}5.6mgO_2/L$), $COD_{Mn}$ $7.1mgO_2/L$($2.5{\sim}10.9mgO_2/L$), TOC $5.7mgO_2/L$(2.3~8.7 mgC/L)로 각각 나타났다. 유기물간 상관성 분석결과 본류의 BOD와 COD, TOC 상관계수(r)은 각각 0.97, 0.98, COD와 TOC는 0.91, 유입지천의 BOD와 COD, TOC는 각각 0.81, 076, COD와 TOC는 0.99로 나타났다. 본류 구간에서 탄소로 환산된 BOD-C/TOC 산화율은 21.5%(20.4~22.5%), COD-C/TOC 45.7%(44.3~48.0%), 유입지천의 BOD-C/TOC 산화율은 23.6%(13.1~31.0%), COD-C/TOC 48.0%(41.3~53.3%)로 각각 나타났다. 강정고령보~창녕함안보 대표지점의 DOC 분해특성은 DOC 중 R-DOC가 86.9%(74.5~94.3%), L-DOC 13.0%(5.7~25.5%)로 나타났다. L-DOC의 분해속도(k)는 0.21 /day(0.11~0.38 /day)로 계산되었으며, 보별 평균 분해속도는 합천창녕보(0.25 /day) > 강정고령보(0.22 /day) > 창녕함안보(0.21 /day) > 달성보(0.18 /day)순으로 나타났다. 유기물 농도는 본류에서는 하류로 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 유입지천은 지점별로 다양하게 나타났다. 유기물간 상관성은 유입지천보다 본류구간이 상관계수가 높게 나타났다. TOC에 대한 BOD와 $COD_{Mn}$산화율은 본류구간 보다 유입지천에서 큰 변동을 보였으며, 실제 유기물 총량 대비 BOD와 $COD_{Mn}$은 각각 77.0%, 52.7% 낮게 나타났다. DOC 중 난분해성 유기물이 대부분을 차지하였으며, 타 보 대비 달성보 내에 난분해성 유기물이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

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Effect of Forest Fire on the Microbial Community Activity of Forest Soil according to the Difference between Geology and Soil Depth (산불이 지질과 토심의 차이에 따른 산림토양 미생물 군집 활성도에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구)

  • Ji Seul Kim;Jun Ho Kim;Hyeong Chul Jeong;Eun Young Lee
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.15-25
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    • 2023
  • The effects of forest fires on the activity of microbial communities in topsoil and subsoil were investigated. Samples were collected from Korean forest soils comprising mainly igneous and sedimentary rocks. Analysis of beta-glucosidase, found higher microbial activity in sedimentary rocks than in igneous rocks. Enzyme activity was not observed immediately after fire, but was restored over time. The enzyme activity of subsoil was inhibited by 33~46% compared with that in the topsoil, regardless of soil damage. The effect of fire on the availability of microbial substrate was investigated using EcoPlate. The percentages of average well color development values of damaged and normal topsoil were 52.7~56.8% and 62.3~83.6%, respectively. Forest fires appear to affect the diversity and substrate availability of the subsoil microbial community by accelerating the decomposition of soil organic matter. The Shanon index, representing microbial biodiversity, was high in the topsoil of all samples; it was higher for soil microorganisms in sedimentary rocks than in igneous rocks, and higher in topsoil than in subsoil.

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Pseudomonas sp. SH-26 from Peat Soil (이탄 토양으로부터 식물생육촉진세균 Pseudomonas sp. SH-26의 분리 및 특성)

  • Ho-Young Shin;Da-Son Kim;Chang-Ho Lee;Dong-Soek Lee;Song-Ih Han
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.199-207
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    • 2024
  • We conducted to investigate both plant growth-promoting and plant disease-controlling activities of bacterial strains isolated from soil. Among the 48 isolated strains, SH-23, SH-26, SH-29, and SH-33 were identified as excellent strains for the production of β-glucosidase, cellulase, amylase, and protease. These 4 strains exhibited antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum acutatum). Strain SH-26, which exhibited excellent organic matter decomposition and antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi, was selected as the final superior strain. Upon determining the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the selected SH-26 strain, it exhibited 100% similarity with Pseudomonas knackmussii HG322950 B13T, Pseudomonas citronellolis BCZY01000096 NBRC 103043T, and Pseudomonas delhiensis jgi.1118306 RLD-1T. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the Pseudomonas sp. SH-26 exhibited siderophore production, nitrogen fixation ability, and the production of Indole-3-acetic acid.

Occurrence and Variation of Oxygen Deficient Water Mass in the Namdae Stream Estuary, Yangyang, Korea (양양 남대천 하구의 빈산소 수괴 출현과 변동)

  • Kwon, Kee-Young;Lee, Yong-Hwa;Shim, Jeong-Min;Lee, Pil-Yong
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.115-123
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    • 2010
  • The occurrence and variation of oxygen deficient water mass (ODW) in Namdae stream estuary, Yangyang were studied. Field observations for water properties and sediment environments were conducted at 5 stations of the estuary from April 2008 to November 2008. The coastal sandbar is developed at the estuary mouth, and there is a pool between the estuary mouth and about 2.3 km upstream of the estuary. The pool is relatively deep and narrow compared to riverbed of the estuary. The ODW was observed continuously in the pool from May to October. The ODW extends vertically up to 2 m depth in August, and maximum length of the ODW were about 2.3 km. Mean concentration of ignition loss (IL) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) of sediment was 7.5~9.0%, $0.282{\sim}1.106\;mg/g{\cdot}dry$ wt, respectively. Ammonium concentration in the bottom layer during formation period of the halocline and the ODW was 4~23 times higher than that of surface layer. ODW was initiated by the introduction of seawater into bottom of the estuary pool to make a strong halocline, and then decomposition of organic matter within sediment accelerated the formation of the ODW.

Lithologic and Structural Controls and Geochemistry of Uranium Deposition in the Ogcheon Black-Slate Formation (옥천대(沃川帶) 우라늄광층(鑛層)의 구조규제(構造規制) 및 지구화학적(地球化學的) 특성연구(特性硏究))

  • Lee, Dai Sung;Yun, Suckew;Lee, Jong Hyeog;Kim, Jeong Taeg
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.19 no.spc
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    • pp.19-41
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    • 1986
  • Structural, radioactive, petrological, petrochemical, mineralogical and stable isotopic study as well as the review of previous studies of the uranium-bearing slates in the Ogcheon sequence were carried out to examine the lithological and structural controls, and geochemical environment in the uranium deposition in the sequence. And the study was extended to the coal-bearing formation (Jangseong Series-Permian) to compare the geochemical and sedimentologic aspects of uranium chemistry between Ogcheon and Hambaegsan areas. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The uranium mineralization occurs in the carbonaceous black slates of the middle to lower Guryongsan formation and its equivalents in the Ogcheon sequence. In general, two or three uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds are found with about 1 to 1.5km stratigraphic interval and they extend from Chungju to Jinsan for 90km in distance, with intermittent igneous intrusions and structural Jisturbances. Average thickness of the beds ranges from 20 to 1,500m. 2. These carbonaceous slate beds were folded by a strong $F_1$-fold and were refolded by subsequent $F_1$-fold, nearly co-axial with the $F_1$, resulting in a repeated occurrence of similar slate. The carbonaceous beds were swelled in hing zones and were shrinked or thined out in limb by the these foldings. Minor faulting and brecciation of the carbonaceous beds were followed causing metamorphism of these beds and secondary migration and alteration of uranium minerals and their close associations. 3. Uranium-rich zones with high radioactive anomalies are found in Chungju, Deogpyong-Yongyuri, MiwonBoun, Daejeon-Geumsan areas in the range of 500~3,700 cps (corresponds to 0.017~0.087%U). These zones continue along strike of the beds for several tens to a few hundred meters but also discontinue with swelling and pinches at places that should be analogously developed toward underground in their vertical extentions. The drilling surveyings in those area, more than 120 holes, indicate that the depth-frequency to uranium rich bed ranging 40~160 meter is greater. 4. The features that higher radioactive anomalies occur particularly from the carbonaceous beds among the argillaceous lithologic units, are well demonstrated on the cross sections of the lithology and radioactive values of the major uranium deposits in the Ogcheon zone. However, one anomalous radioactive zone is found in a l:ornfels bed in Samgoe, near Daejeon city. This is interpreted as a thermal metamorphic effect by which original uranium contents in the underlying black slate were migrated into the hornfels bed. 5. Principal minerals of the uranium-bearing black slates are quartz, sericite, biotite and chlorite, and as to chemical composition of the black slates, $Al_2O_3$ contents appear to be much lower than the average values by its clarke suggesting that the Changri basin has rather proximal to its source area. 6. The uranium-bearing carbonaceous beds contain minor amounts of phosphorite minerals, pyrite, pyrrhotite and other sulfides but not contain iron oxides. Vanadium. Molybdenum, Barium, Nickel, Zirconium, Lead, Cromium and fixed Carbon, and some other heavy metals appear to be positive by correlative with uranium in their concentrations, suggesting a possibility of their genetic relationships. The estimated pH and Eh of the slate suggests an euxenic marine to organic-rich saline water environment during uranium was deposited in the middle part of Ogcheon zone. 7. The Carboniferous shale of Jangseong Series(Sadong Series) of Permian in Hambaegsan area having low radioactivity and in fluvial to beach deposits is entirely different in geochemical property and depositional environment from the middle part of Ogcheon zone, so-called "Pibanryong-Type Ogcheon Zone". 8. Synthesizing various data obtained by several aspects of research on uranium mineralization in the studied sequence, it is concluded that the processes of uranium deposition were incorporated with rich organic precipitation by which soluble uranyl ions, $U{_2}^{+{+}}$ were organochemically complexed and carried down to the pre-Ogcheon sea bottoms formed in transitional environment, from Red Sea type basin to Black Sea type basin. Decomposition of the organic matter under reducing conditions to hydrogen sulfide, which reduced the $UO{_2}^{+2}$ ions to the insoluble uranium dioxide($UO_2$), on the other side the heavy metals are precipitated as sulfides. 9. The EPMA study on the identification of uraninite and others and the genetic interpretation of uranium bearing slates by isotopic values of this work are given separately by Yun, S. in 1984.

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Innovative Technology of Landfill Stabilization Combining Leachate Recirculation with Shortcut Biological Nitrogen Removal Technology (침출수 재순환과 생물학적 단축질소제거공정을 병합한 매립지 조기안정화 기술 연구)

  • Shin, Eon-Bin;Chung, Jin-Wook;Bae, Woo-Keun;Kim, Seung-Jin;Baek, Seung-Cheon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.29 no.9
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    • pp.1035-1043
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    • 2007
  • A leachate containing an elevated concentration of organic and inorganic compounds has the potential to contaminate adjacent soils and groundwater as well as downgradient areas of the watershed. Moreover high-strength ammonium concentrations in leachate can be toxic to aquatic ecological systems as well as consuming dissolved oxygen, due to ammonium oxidation, and thereby causing eutrophication of the watershed. In response to these concerns landfill stabilization and leachate treatment are required to reduce contaminant loading sand minimize effects on the environment. Compared with other treatment technologies, leachate recirculation technology is most effective for the pre-treatment of leachate and the acceleration of waste stabilization processes in a landfill. However, leachate recirculation that accelerates the decomposition of readily degradable organic matter might also be generating high-strength ammonium in the leachate. Since most landfill leachate having high concentrations of nitrogen also contain insufficient quantities of the organic carbon required for complete denitrification, we combined a shortcut biological nitrogen removal (SBNR) technology in order to solve the problem associated with the inability to denitrify the oxidized ammonium due to the lack of carbon sources. The accumulation of nitrite was successfully achieved at a 0.8 ratio of $NO_2^{-}-N/NO_x-N$ in an on-site reactor of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) type that had operated for six hours in an aeration phase. The $NO_x$-N ratio in leachate produced following SBR treatment was reduced in the landfill and the denitrification mechanism is implied sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification and/or heterotrophic denitrification. The combined leachate recirculation with SBNR proved an effective technology for landfill stabilization and nitrogen removal in leachate.

A Study on the Lime Stabilization of Livestock Waste (축산폐기물의 안정화 처리에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Hyun-Chul;Choi, Yong-Su
    • Analytical Science and Technology
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.91-99
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    • 1995
  • One of alternative conventional technologies used for treatment of livestock wastes is composting process, and recently some mechanical composting processes are being practiced. It is, however, recognized the composting process also has its own limitations such as longer time requirement, and difficulties to estimate the degree of decomposition, etc. The incomplete compost contains potentially harmful materials to crops and public health due to instabilized organic contents and pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this investigation is to develop an innovative system whereby anxious livestock wastes are thoroughly stabilized and disinfected. Thus the overall management scheme should meet the following requirements. 1. A system should be in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner. 2. Sludges must be chemically stabilized and bacteriologically safe. 3. Odor-free by product should be applied to crop land. 4. Sludges are sources of fertilizer nutrients and/or soil amendments to enhance crop production. 5. And they can be used as potential pH adjusting agent of the acidified soils. Overall effectiveness of the developed system is experimentally tested to satisfy the preset criteria and requirements. Major experiments are divided into four categories: they are 1. chemical stability test, 2. optimal condition test of stabilization process, 3. bacteriological examination and disinfection tests, and 4. deodorization tests The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and the drying process. Stabilized wastes is dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and drying process. Stabilized wastes are dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about 300g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. In the stabilization reaction process, the pH of wastes is lowered from initial values of 12.3 to 8.6. High pH prevents odor production and kills pathogenic organisms. Organic matter contents in the stabilized wastes are about 50% and the sum of contents of fertilizer elements such as total nitrogen, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ are about 5.3%. The livestock wastes that are stabilized chemically and hygienically can be used as a good soil conditioner and/or organic fertilizer.

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Studies on Reaction Parameters for Composting of Paper Mill Sludge in a Small-Scale Reactor and Static Piles (제지슬럿지의 퇴비화를 위한 반응변수 연구)

  • Han, Shin Ho;Chung, Young Ryun;Cho, Cheon Hee;Kang, Moon Hee;Oh, Say Kyun
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.19-29
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    • 1994
  • A large volume of paper mill sludge(PMS) is produced every day from paper industries after treatments of waste water and it costs too much to dispose of the sludge. Since PMS consists mostly of biodegradable organic matter, cellulose, it is desirable to recycle it by proper treatments such as composting. In this study, experiments were conducted using a small scale reactor(12l) to establish optimum conditions for efficient composting of PMS of which initial pH, C/N ratio, and moisture content were 7.1, 28~30, and 60~65%, respectively. No heavy metals such as mercury, cadmimum, and lead were not detected in the PMS. Various levels of forced aeration, 1 minute aeration per every 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 minutes were applied and 1 minute aeration per 60 and 120 minutes found to be proper for composting of 8l PMS in this system. Relationship between $CO_2$ production and temperatures was positively correlated with r> 0.82 suggesting that the normal decomposition of PMS by microorganisms occurred. However, under the condition of aeration interval over than 240 minutes, a negative relationship between two parameters was found indicating the occurrence of abnormal(maybe anaerobic) degradation. The amount of added nitrogen also affected composting of PMS resulting in the increase of $CO_2$ production and temperature. Semi-field tests using 100kg PMS in a static pile sysem showed that PMS could be composted efficiently under optimal environmental conditions. The parameters determining efficiency of composting such as C/N ratio, aeration, moisture content, and pH need to be monitored.

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Effects of Various Biodegradable Mulching Films on Growth, Yield, and Soil Environment in Soybean Cultivation (콩 재배지에서 다양한 생분해성 멀칭필름 종류별 작물 생육, 수량 및 토양환경에 미치는 영향)

  • Ye-Guon Kim;Yeon-Hu Woo;Hyun-Hwa Park;Do-Jin Lee;Yong-In Kuk
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.69 no.1
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    • pp.34-48
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    • 2024
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of biodegradable mulching films in soybean (Glycine max) cultivation by measuring their effects on crop growth and yield, film decomposition and soil chemical and physical properties. In 2022 and 2023, plant height, branch number, chlorophyll contents, yield components, and yield of soybean did not vary significantly in areas using PE films and biodegradable mulching films. The light transmission rate of the biodegradable mulching films ranged from 6.4 to 15.8% when measured 112 days after soybean transplanting, and was higher, on average, in 2023 than in 2022. In both years, degradation of the biodegradable mulching films began 20 days after soybean transplantation and increased over time. In addition, remains of biodegradable mulching films were present in fields at soybean harvest and remained until 50 days after harvest. Decomposition rates of the biodegradable mulching films at 112 days after soybean transplanting ranged from 9.8 to 26.7% in 2022 and 13 to 36% in 2023. Although soil pH and EC varied based on the year and timing of measurements, there was no significant difference between areas that used biodegradable mulching films and PE films. Soil organic matter, nitrate and exchangeable cation contents such as Ca, Mg, and K were not significantly different in areas that used both PE films and biodegradable films. However, significantly higher levels of available phosphoric acid content were measured in areas that used biodegradable mulch films E, S, and T. Regardless of which films were used, there were no significant differences in the soil's physical properties. In 2022 and 2023, there was no difference between areas that used biodegradable mulch films and PE films. However, soil temperature in mulched areas was 2℃ higher and soil moisture was 5-15% higher than in non-mulched areas. Barley growth was not affected by being planted in soil that had been used for soybean cultivation with biodegradable films. Therefore, the biodegradable mulch films used in this study can be used without negatively affecting the growth, yield, and soil environment of soybeans.

Capping Treatment for the Reduction of Phosphorus Release from Contaminated Sediments of Lakes (호소퇴적물로부터 인 용출 저감을 위한 Capping 처리)

  • Kim, Seog-Ku;Lee, Mi-Kyung;Ahn, Jae-Hwan;Yun, Sang-Leen;Kim, So-Jung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.438-446
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    • 2006
  • A lab-scale batch test was conducted to develop capping materials to reduce the sediment phosphorus in the stagnant water zone of Gyeongancheon in Paldang Lake. The mean grain size(Mz) of sediment in the investigated area was 7.7 ${\phi}$, which is very fine, and the contents of organic carbon($C_{org}$) was 2.4%, which is very high. For the phosphorous release experiment to select the optimal capping material, sand layer, powder-gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), granule-gypsum, complex layer(gypsum+sand) and the control were compared and evaluated in the 150 L reactor for 45 days. In case of the capping with the sand, it was found that the phosphorous from the sediment could be reduced by around 50%. However, it was found that this caused the reduction of the dissolved oxygen in the water column(by less than 3 mg/L) due to the resuspension of sediment and the organic matter decomposition that comes from the generation of $CH_4$ gas in the 1 cm of the sand layer. Therefore, it is likely that the sand layer has to be thickener in case of the sand capping. Powder-gypsum and granule-Gypsum reduced phosphorous release by more than 80%. However, the concentration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ in the water column increased, making it difficult to apply it to the drinking water protection zone. We developed Fe-Gypsum and $SiO_2$-gypsum materials to reduce the solubility of ${SO_4}^{2-}$. Powder-Gypsum creates the interception film that does not have any aperture on the sediment layer when it is combined with the water. However phosphorous release caused by the generation of $CH_4$ gas may happen at a time when the gypsum layer has the crack. Capping through the complex layer(granule-Gypsum+sand(1 cm)) found to be suitable for the drinking water protection zone because it was effective to prevent phosphorus release. Moreover, this leads to the lower solubility from the concentration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ into the water column than the powder-Gypsum and granule-Gypsum. The addition of gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$) into the sediment can reduce the progress of methanogensis because fast early diagenesis and sufficient supply of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ to the sediment, stimulate the SRB(sulfate reducing bacteria) highly.