• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: With increasing public awareness to environment-friendly agriculture, many efforts have been run to develop organic farming technologies in Korea as of late 90s. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different organic farming practices on soil chemical properties and water quality in paddy fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were monitored for a two-year period (2006 to 2007) from the study organic paddy fields located in Wan-ju, Jeonbuk Province in Korea. TN and TP of organic paddy water were gradually increased for 2~3 weeks after organic manure application and then gradually decreased afterward. The overall variation of TP in the paddy fields was much greater than that of TN. The phosphorus content in organic paddy field appeared to increase with the organic farming period. CONCLUSION(s): This indicates that long-term organic farming is likely to cause phosphorus accumulation in soils and increase vulnerability to rainfall runoff. Thus, appropriate phosphorus management needs to be implemented, particularly, to reduce excessive phosphorus supply owing to nitrogen-based determination of organic manure application amount.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.98-102
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• 2012

Organic farming has rapidly increased in Gangwon province, but there is a concern about nutrient accumulation and nutrient imbalance in the soil of organic farming. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of continuous application of organic amendments on growth and yield of red pepper and soil characteristics compared with chemical fertilizers application for four years. Treatments of organic amendments including oil cake, rice straw compost, amino acid compost, rice bran compost, and mushroom media (spent substrate) compost resulted in comparable growth and yield of pepper to chemical fertilizers. Organic amendments improved soil physical and chemical characteristics. Especially, rice bran compost and oil cake significantly increased soil organic matter compared with chemical fertilizer application and mushroom media compost and rice straw compost significantly improved soil aggregate stability. On the other hand, available phosphate level in the soil amended with rice bran compost or mushroom media compost was relatively high compared with the other treatments due to relatively high phosphate levels in the composts. It is not easy to adjust nutrient composition in the organic materials. Therefore, the results obtained from the study imply that nutrient imbalance needs to be carefully considered in organic farming without use of chemical fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.45-71
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• 2001

The duck-rice forming system is increasingly spread up throughout Korea since 1992. It is discussed the rice field, rice quality, weed and pest management in the duck-rice weeding system compared to conventional farming system. Moreover the optimizing duck population, system management and fertilizer application rate were reported. Energy input and output by duck-rice farming system were carefully compared with those of low input sustainable paddy field and conventional farming paddy field. To find out the environmentally sound function of duck-rice system, the total nitrogen in paddy soil and paddy water, and nitrogen cycle in paddy rice cultivation system were analysed. finally the input and output were calculated, and ecological characteristic were determined in terms of nitrogen balance, labor input, animal input, renewable energy input, turnover of soil organic matter, energy loss, non-renewable indirect and direct energy input. It was concluded duck-rice weeding system could be recommended in terms of net only environmentally sound, but also farmer's income. But there are still some research needs for successful adaption of duck-rice farming to investigate to determine the optimal population of duck in rice paddy field unit, release time of duckling, duck management after release, and strategy for duck marketing and duck processing.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-58
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• 1995

This paper studied production characteristics of organic farming products and analyzed management income and production cost of organic farming(rice). In order to analyze these points actually, this study was focused on pruduction activities of a producers' organization, Pulmoo Cooperatives in Hong-Dong Myun, Hong-Seong Region, Chung Nam Province. So the following results were obtained : In 1994, output level and an income rate of rice per unit area(10a) which was produced in organic farming method(O.F.M) was higher than those of general farming method(G.F.M) as about 5%, 7.4%. And management income size of the former was 1.8 times as large as that of the latter. But rice production cost of O.F.M was 1.93 times as much as that of G.F.M, particularily in labor cost and farming equipment cost, light and heat expenses, many other material costs. For the progress of organic farming O.F.M and equipmets should be developed much more, for example, the technics of prevetion against damages by blight and harmful insects and improvement of varieties, natural pesticides, agricultual application of microorganisim, construction of compost heat factory, etc. Since these technics and establishments have taken on the public goods, the development of those should be supported by government.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-273
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• 2008

Energy efficiency and nutrient balance are good methods for environmental assessment of the environmentally-friendly agriculture. The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the energy efficiency and nutrient balance of the organic rice farming, and 2) to suggest a solution to improvement the energy efficiency and nutrient balance. The set of estimation was performed at the organic rice farming area (8.9 ha) in Wanju-gun during the paddy cultivation period from 2006 to 2007. The organic farming complex consists of four weeding methods using 1) duck, 2) apple snail, 3) duck and apple snail and 4) hands and machinery. Results from this estimation should that the organic rice farming area was less efficient than conventional rice farming. The efficiency of organic farming area in 2006 was higher than in 2007. For the calculation of the nutrient balance, the N, P and K contents of input materials (cattle manure, milk vetch, mixed oilcake, rice bran, rice straw and barley straw) and output (farm products) were analysed. Annual environmental loads of N, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ were estimated at 4.4 kg/10a, 13.8 kg/10a and 14.5 kg/10a, respectively. Cattle manure had the largest portion among the inputs items and nutrient concentration of cattle manure was high. Thus energy efficiency and nutrient balance depend on cattle manure input. Therefore it is necessary to control the manure input to improve the efficiency of organic rice farming.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects and properties of organic materials, the fermented fowl droppings composts and the top viviparous malleatuses, utilizable for rice farming. At the 35th day after transplanting, the growth of rice plants was good in the order of organic farming, combined farming, conventional farming, and control plot. But stem number and dry weight of rice plant in organic farming decreased a little compared to those in conventional farming at the 65th day after transplanting. Rice yield decreased by 7% in organic farming and by 4% in combined farming compared to those of conventional farming. Weeding effect by inoculation of 5kg or 10kg of the top viviparous malleatuses per 10a was similarly 96% at the immediately inoculation after transplanting, 98.6% at the 7th days inoculation after transplanting and 70% at the 15th days inoculation after transplanting. By inoculation of 5kg per 10a at the 7th day and the 15th day after transplanting, rice yields decreased by 2% and 5%, respectively, compared to those of the conventional farming method. From the above results, it seems that the organic farming and the combined farming are useful and the inoculation of the top viviparous malleatuses is effective for control of weeds as the environmental preservation farming.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.475-490
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• 2012

Since 1997, Korean Ministry of Knowledge Economy and Ministry of Environment have established data on some 400 basic raw and subsidiary materials and process like energy, petro-chemical, steel, cement, glass, paper, construction materials, transportation, recycling and disposal etc by initiating establishment of LCI database. Regarding agriculture, Rural Development Administration has conducted establishment of LCI database for major farm products like rice, barley, beans, cabbage and radish etc from 2009, and released that they would establish LCI database for 50 items until 2020 later on. The domestic LCI database for seeds, seedling, agrochemical, inorganic, fertilizer and organic fertilizer etc is only at initial stage of establishment, so overseas LCI databases are brought and being used. However, since the domestic and overseas natural environments differ, they fall behind in reliability. Therefore, this study has the purpose to select organic farming materials, survey the production process for various types of organic farming materials and establish LCI database for the effects of greenhouse gas emitted by each crop during the process. As for selecting methods, in this study organic farming materials were selected in the method of direct observation of material and bottom-up method a survey method with focus on the organic farming materials admitted into rice production. For the basic unit of carbon emission amount by the production of 1kg of organic farming material, the software PASS 4.1.1 developed by Korea Accreditation Board under Ministry of Knowledge Economy was used. The study had the goal to ultimately provide basic unit to calculate carbon emission amount in executing many institutions like goal management system and carbon performance display system etc in agricultural sector to be conducted later on. As a result, emission basic units per 1kg of production were calculated to be 0.04968kg-$CO_2$ for oystershells, 0.004692kg-$CO_2$ for expanded rice hull, and 1.029kg-$CO_2$ for bordeaux mixture liquid.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-34
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• 2002

This study is to analyze the demand for organic farming products . The demand for organic farming products is increasing rapidly but the study to analyze the demand system by the methods of econometrics is not tried at all because there is no any formal statistical data about the demand. Therefore, this study tries to estimate the raw statistical data to expect the demand trends of organic farming products in the future. To analyze the demand functions of organic farming products such as rice, bean, apple, grape, beef, and park, this study uses AIDS model by using several assumptions and estimates the price and income elasticities of the demands. The results demonstrate that the demands of organic farming products will be increased in the future and the prices of organic farming products will be the key factor in the demand, In 2004, the quantity demanded of the organic grape will account for 3% of total grape market. As a result, consumer's concerns about organic farming products will be high and the demand for organic farming products will be increased. Thus, the reasonable price system has a significant influence on the market of organic farming products.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

Organic farming system in rice paddy is rapidly expanding in Korea. This study was to find out optimum japonica rice cultivars for organic farming. A field research was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of japonica rice cultivars under no-tillage paddy at Doo-ryangmyeon, Sacheon, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The experimental soil was Juggog series (silty clay loam: 56.0% silt, 31.2% clay and 12.8% sand). In experiment, ten lines of Japanese rice cultivars were tested under no-tillage amended with rye (NTR) and no-tillage without cover crop treatment (NTNT). In addition, two Korean japonica rice cultivars as check cultivars were used in this study. The grain yield in NTR was significantly higher in 6.13 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Kinuhikari, 5.30 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Komekogane, 5.25 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Kosihikari, 5.22 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Mazizbare and 5.12 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Akitakomachi compared to two Korean rice cultivars (4.57 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Hwayoungbyeo and 4.00 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Ilmibyeo) in that order. While, grain yield in NTNT was significantly higher in 4.90 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Akitakomachi 3.81 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Hinohikari, 3.74 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Umezkusi, 3.67 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Kosihikari and 3.54 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Dondokuri compared to 3.02 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Ilmibyeo and 2.36 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for Hwayoungbyeo, respectively. The number of panicle per $m^2$ and grain number per panicle were indispensible for increasing the yield of rice. These results were able to find out optimum japonica rice cultivar Akitakomachi for organic farming in no-tillage paddy.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.94-107
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• 1997

Producing organic farm products is one of the high-payoff farming practices considering the rapid increase of consumer's purchasing power. The purpose of this study is to identify the optimal organic farming system in relation to farm income. To cope with the above objectives, present farming conditions and profitability of 15 farmers producing organic products including rice and leaf vegetables as lettuse and cabbage were surveyed in Hongsung and Ahsan Gun, Chungnam Province. Based on the surveyed data, maximization of organic farm income were analyzed under the constrained conditions such as limited monthly labour inputs and competitive use of land by Linear Programming Model. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. In the profitability analysis of 15 farmers producing organic products, rice farmers could earn their farm income more than that of conventional farmers by 50%. On the other hand, the controlled lettuce farmers could get more about 100% than that of it. But the controlled cabbage farm could get more about 40% of it. These organic farm products were saled at high prices comparing with the prices of conventional farm products by 170% ~ 230% even though the crop yields produced by organic materials had decreased. 2. According to the labor requirement of the organically produced crops, rice cultivation was needed more labour inputs than the conventional farming method by 130%. On the other hand lettuce and cabbage could saved labour requirement by 40% and 80% of those respectively. Especially for the rice cultivation concern, higher labor requirement was due to the activities as organic fertilization, soil preparation and pest and weed controll, etc. 3. With the surveyed data from farmers who produced farm commodities, L.P. analysis was implemented to find out the optimul farming system and the maximum income. According to the results of L.P. analysis, 58% of total farm income could get more than the conventional farming system In the case of rice cultivation, one ha of paddy was recommendable to save more labour inputs than the controlled leaf vegetables such as lettuse and cabbage. However, in the controlled leaf vegatables, only 73% of total upland equivalent to 0.3 ha should be cultivated under the condition of labor shortage as the restricted 4 workers. And increasing the size of hogs raising should be recommened to achieve self-sufficiency of organic fertilizer. As pointed out the possibility of organic farming, present farmers producing organic farm products could be able to maximize their income by expanding organic farm size with regard to all conditions of our organic industry. Of course, there are many difficulties in the course of developing organic agriculture. So Government should effort to support the development of our organic agriculture considering the various aspects of production, marketing, Quality certification of organic produces.