• KSBB Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2011

Fractional solvent extraction by organic solvents such as hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, and butanol was carried out using 70% ethanol extract of apple flower leaves. Biological activities including antioxidant, whitening, antimicrobial and anti-wrinkle activities were investigated and bio-active materials of the extracts were identified using GC/MSD. Among the tested solvent fractions, ethylacetate fraction showed the highest total polyphenol content (1218.94 ${\mu}g/mL$), and flavonoid (140 ${\mu}g/mL$). The DPPH radical scavenging activities was over 80% at a dry matterbased concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/{\mu}L$ and SOD-like activity was over 90% at 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration in ethylacetate fraction that was slightly lower than of ascorbic aicd. Tyrosinase inhibition activity related to skin-whitening was over 60% by ethylacetate fraction of 100 ${\mu}g/mL$. As an anti-aging effect, elastase inhibitory activity was about 45% in ethylacetate fraction. Also, it showed a significantly antimicrobial activity against P. acenes. From GC/MSD analysis, a characteristic peak of high content in ethylacetate fraction was identified as kaempferol, which has been reported as a bioactive compound.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.413-419
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• 2012

Fermentation of ice apple wine from freeze-concentrated Fuji apple juice to 36 $^{\circ}Brix$ was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae SS89, a sugar-tolerant wine yeast strain. The characteristics of the fermentation and the properties of ice apple wine were compared with those of S. cerevisiae W-3, an industrial wine yeast that was used as a control in this study. During the fermentation, the alcohol content increased more rapidly by S. cerevisiae SS89 together with the decrease of the soluble solid content, compared to S. cerevisiae W-3. It reached 12% (v/v) after 15 days of fermentation by S. cerevisiae SS89 (12.4%, v/v) and 21 days by S. cerevisiae W-3 (12.6%, v/v). The soluble solid contents of the SS89 and W-3 wines were 24.0 and 23.6 $^{\circ}Brix$, respectively. Lactic acid was detected at the highest level, followed by malic aid, among the organic acids in both wines. No big differences in the organic acid contents were observed based on the strains. In the SS89 wine, higher levels of methanol, propanol, butanol, and isoamyl alcohol were detected, together with a lower isobutanol content, compared with the W-3 wine. The SS89 wine showed higher level of intensity as well as higher Hunter's L and b color values compared to the W-3 wine. In the sensory evaluation, similar scores in color, flavor, taste, and overall preference were obtained in the two wines. Therefore, S. cerevisiae SS89 was thought to be useful for the rapid fermentation of ice apple wine.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.3 s.140
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• pp.189-197
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• 2005

Cellulose-digesting bacteria were isolated from hindgut of Allomyrina dichotoma (Coleoptera: Dynastidae). The bacterial isolates were identified as Yersinia sp. and Bacillus sp. The addition of the identified bacteria to diet increased growth rate of the cetoniid beetle, Protaetia brevitarsis senlensis (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae), probably by digesting cellulose nutrient contained in the oak tree sawdust diet. An additive of wheat flour at more than 10% to the sawdust diet significantly enhanced growth of P. brevitarsis senlensis. Trimmed branches of apple trees have been disposed in the apple farms and could be used for a diet component of the cetoniid beetle when the cellulose-digesting bacteria were mixed with the derived-sawdust. Resulting manure from mass rearing of P. brevitarsis senlensis contained high organic matters and trace amounts of toxic metals. When the manure were splayed on soil, it was effective as a natural compost and significantly stimulated lettuce growth. This research suggests a model technology to use cellulose-digesting bacteria to use for culturing grub, which results in natural recycles of trimmed branches in apple farms as grub diet, and to use grub manure as a natural compost.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.506-510
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• 2009

The effects of various organic wastes on anaerobic fermentative hydrogen production were studied using enriched mixed microflora in batch tests. Rotten fruit, corn powder and organic wastewater enriched with sulfate (up to 1,000 mg/L) were used for experiments. Maximum hydrogen production (547.1 mL) was observed from rotten apple with initial substrate concentration of 132.2 g COD/L. The experimental result on sulfate enriched organic wastewater indicated that hydrogen production is not adversely influenced by relatively high sulfate concentration. Residual sulfate content remained at 96-98 % after 75 hours of reaction, which showed that no major sulfate reduction was occurred at pH 5.3-5.5 in the reactor. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) fractions produced during the reaction was in the order of butyrate > acetate > propionate in all experiments. The results of this study would be useful for controlling the conditions on fermentative hydrogen production using different feedstocks.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: The golden apple snail(GAS, Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) is an invasive freshwater snail. It has occurred 34 years since the introduction of the GAS to the Korea. The GASs have been used recently for weed control in wet rice cultivation. The GASs'adaptability to the environment of GAS has been improved and the GASs devour the young stage of the crops as well as weeds. METHODS AND RESULTS: We surveyed the survival area of the snails throughout the country during the winter seasons from 2000 to 2017 and crop damage due to GASs in 2017. Local maximum, minimum, and average air temperatures were monitored daily. The surveyed regions for the survival of the GASs in winters were Gangjin, Goheung, Shinan, Haenam, Gimhae, Haman, Busan, Jeju, and Seogwipo. The survival durations at low temperatures were 12 hours at $-5^{\circ}C$, 1 day at $-3^{\circ}C$, 2 days at $-1^{\circ}C$, 10 days at $0^{\circ}C$, and over 30 days at $3^{\circ}C$. The eggs of GASs were not able to overwinter. The overwintering condition of the GAS needed a water depth of 10-20 cm with well formed mud. Crop damages caused by the overwintering GASs occurred in rice and water dropwort. CONCLUSION: The overwintering GAS was first identified in Haenam, South Korea 2000 after introduction of the GAS. The overwintering area of GAS expanded to the mid-southern parts of Korea. We propose that it has not yet become a pest to rice or any other crop.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.279-289
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Recently, the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata has been used as an environmentally-friendly weed-control agent in rice farming. Although effective for this particular style of farming, P. canaliculata can be destructive to other crops. The objective of this study was to identify overwintering as well as regional and seasonal distribution characteristics of P. canaliculata. Notably, winter is typically fatal for P. canaliculata. However, owing to increasing average global temperatures, we assessed the ability of P. canaliculata to survive through uncharacteristically warm winters. METHODS AND RESULTS: To examine the distribution and overwintering regions of P. canaliculata, We conducted a survey from April 2020 to May 2021 on environmentally-friendly rice fields, agricultural waterways, and streams in 23 cities belonging to 8 provinces. In addition, because air temperature may influence the distribution density of P. canaliculata, we analyzed the winter temperature data (http://weather.rda.go.kr). CONCLUSION(S): In 2021, overwintering of P. canaliculata (1-3 individuals/m²) was observed in the Goheung and Yeongam regions in Jeonnam. Overwintering of P. canaliculata was observed in fewer regions in 2021 than in 2020; this fact may be attributed to the lower minimum temperatures measured in 2021 (approximately 8℃ lower) than those in 2020. Our results suggest that overwintering occurs as long as overnight temperatures are ≥ -15℃, but can take place if temperatures are as low as -19℃.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1065-1073
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• 2016

This study investigated the sensory attributes and quality characteristics of Fuji apples based on market commodity price to provide data for quality index of Fuji apples. Samples were purchased from the Garak market (Seoul Agro-Fisheries & Food Corporation) and divided into four groups depending on the price such as group A, B, C, D. There were no significant differences in their volume and weight among groups. In the soluble solid content and total free sugar, A and B group (high price) showed higher content than those of C and D (low price) group. And also, the A group and B, C, D group showed 386.29 mg% and 320.09~359.28 mg% in the total organic acid content, respectively. As an sensory evaluation results, A group and B group were evaluated higher score than those of C and D group in the uniformity of red color and glossiness of skin and unique apple sensory attributes using quantitative descriptive analysis. Consumer test showed similar to quantitative descriptive analysis results in the various sensory attributes. In the analysis results between quality characteristics and sensory attributes of Fuji apples, total acceptability was correlated positively with titratable acidity (r=0.58), soluble solid (r=0.89), soluble solid content/titratable acidity ratio (r=0.42), total free sugar (r=0.36) and total organic acid (r=0.38). Based on principal component analysis of apple's quality characteristics, apples were primary separated along the first principal component (pH, acidity, soluble solid content, total free sugar, organic acid), which accounted for 66.01% of total variance. In addition, principal component analysis of sensory evaluation revealed a total variance for the quantitative descriptive of 55. 65% and a total variance for the consumer test of 55.84%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2015

This study is measured the change of chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ concentration and phytoplankton density, the grazing rates (GR) and pseudofaeces production (PFP), by grazing of freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, to investigated that the snails are able to control of phytoplankton bloom. The experiments are performed to evaluate the GR and PFP at different conditions such as incubation time (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hr), shell height (1.0 to 4.0 cm, n=108), snail density (1, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 5 indiv. $L^{-1}$) and food concentration (200, 400, 600, 800 and $1000{\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$). Regarding feeding time, the highest GR (2.5 L. $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) and PFP (15.3 mg $AFDW^{-1}$) showed at 4 hr after snail stocking, respectively. The snail, smaller than 1.5 cm in body size, showed the highest of GRs (2.54 L. $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) for the initial period (2 hr of stocking), compared to those greater than 1.5 cm, which showed a stable FR, higher than 0.099 L. $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$. Upon snail density effect, the density of 5 indiv. $L^{-1}$ induced the most effective inhibition on phytoplankton biomass with the highest PFP. On the food concentration, the highest GR (0.54 L. $gAFDW^{-1}h^{-1}$) and PFP (8.5 mg $gAFDW^{-1}$) were induced at the level of $600{\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$, respectively. We checked that it is possible to control of phytoplankton bloom by the grazing of apple snail as well as Reeve. However, it required a through research for the remove of pseudofaeces and 2nd problem by the decomposition of the organic materals.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.380-386
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the root zone temperature on the changes in soil physicochemical environment and the growth of the apple trees. Root zone temperatures applied were 20. 25. 30. and $35^{\circ}C$. A pot experiment of 4-year-old fruit-bearing Fuji/M.26 apple trees was done from May 15. 1997 to August 15. 1997. Shoot length and shoot number of 4-year-old Fuji/M.26 was longest at $30^{\circ}C$ but decreased at $35^{\circ}C$. Oxygen concentrations in soil air were maintained from 17 to 18% at $20^{\circ}C$ but fluctuated from 10 to 14% at the end at $35^{\circ}C$. Carbon dioxide concentrations in soil air was highest at $35^{\circ}C$. Organic matter contents in soil decreased as root zone temperature and duration of treatment increased. Nitrate and ammonium contents in soil increased with rising root zone temperature in the beginning but nitrate contents decreased at $35^{\circ}C$ as time progressed. Nitrate content was higher in 10~15cm subsoil than in 25~30cm subsoil.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 2010

We investigated changes in the quality of pulp-containing apple juice, during storage, after addition of various amounts of vitamin C, which was stable over time. Neither sugar content nor acidity level varied when vitamin C was added. The pH was slightly lower (pH 4.29-4.30) in juice with added vitamin C than in unsupplemented juice (pH 4.40). The L and b color values fell as vitamin C content rose and the storage period was extended. In sensory evaluation tests, taste and overall acceptability were higher for juice to which vitamin C had been added to 0.02% (w/v) than for unsupplemented juice. Vitamin C levels fell less during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ than at higher temperatures. The alcohol-soluble color (ASC) value fell as the amount of added vitamin C rose, and tended to be lower when juice was stored at $4^{\circ}C$ compared to $37^{\circ}C$. In summary, apple juice containing pulp was optimally stored at $4^{\circ}C$ after addition of 0.02% (w/v) vitamin C