• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1422-1428
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• 2006

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of niacin supplementation on growth, nutrient utilization, their balance and blood biochemical profile, 15 male buffalo calves (9-10 months of age, $88.4{\pm}4.37kg$ average body weight) were divided into 3 equal groups each of 5 calves, following a completely randomized design, and fed individually for 120 days with wheat straw and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements. In addition calves were supplemented with 0 ppm (control, group I), 100 ppm (group II) and 200 ppm (group III) niacin. After 90 days of experimental feeding a metabolism trial was conducted to estimate the digestibility of nutrients and their balance. Fortnightly body weights were recorded to assess their growth rate and blood was collected from the jugular vein at day 0 and subsequently at 30-day intervals from all the experimental buffalo calves to study blood biochemical parameters. Results showed that intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose and hemicelluloses were statistically similar in the 3 groups. Buffalo calves in all three groups were in positive nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus balance, without showing any significant effect of the treatments. Dry matter, crude protein, digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrient intake ($g/d/kgW^{0.75}$) were similar in the control and niacin supplemented groups. Digestible crude protein (%) and total digestible nutrients (%) in the ration of the 3 groups were 8.07, 7.99, 7.92 and 56.70, 56.63, 56.74, respectively, and were comparable among the groups. The average daily gain (g) in-group II (567.50) was not significantly (p>0.05) higher than group I (500.0) and group III (510.0). Blood biochemical constituents (glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, urea-N, insulin) showed no significant effect of niacin supplementation. However, serum cholesterol (mg/100 ml) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in the 200 ppm niacin-supplemented group than in the control and 100 ppm niacin-supplemented groups. It can be concluded that supplementation of niacin at 100 and 200 ppm in the diet of buffalo calves had no significant beneficial effect on their growth and nutrient utilization.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2017

We investigated effect of Zn content on shear strengh of Sn-0.7Cu-xZn and OSP surface finished solder joints. Five pastes of Sn-0.7Cu-xZn (x=0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 wt.%) solders were fabricated by mixing of solder powder and flux using planatary mixer. $180{\mu}m$ diameter solder balls were formed on OSP surface finished Cu electrodes by screen print method, and the reflow process was performed. The shear strength was evaluated with two high shear speeds; 0.01 and 0.1 m/s. The thickness of the intermetallic compound(IMC) layer was decreased with increasing Zn content in Sn-0.7Cu-xZn solder. The highest shear strength was 3.47 N at the Zn content of 0.5 wt.%. As a whole, the shear strength at condition of 0.1 m/s was higher than that of 0.01 m/s because of impact stress. Fracture energies were calculated by F-x (Force-displacement) curve during high speed shear test and the tendency of fracture energy and that of shear strength were good agreement each other. Fracture took place within solder matrix at lower Zn content, and fracture occured near the interface of OSP surface finished Cu electrode and solder at higher Zn content.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2000

This research has been done to investigate influence of soil physical and chemical properties on forest environmental change by fired pine forest in Koseong, Kangwondo. The sample sites were divided by not-fired sites(NF), not-cutting site after fired(FNC), cutting and planting sites after fired(FCP) and cutting and not-planting sites after fired(FC). Soil texture of whole sites was sandy clay loam. Sand content of NF top soil were lower than those of sub soil and clay content were higher, while FNC, FCP and FC sand content of top soil were higher than those of sub soil. Total porosity didn't differ between the sites. Coarse porosity and permeability had the increasing order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, but fine porosity and bulk density had the opposite trends. Because forest fire removed the vegetation and then soil erosion was accelerated, forest environmental changes by forest fire greatly degraded soil porosity and permeability which were indices for forest water retention, so that soil physical properties were deteriorated. Both top and sub soil pHs of NF and FNC were higher than those of FCP and FC. Organic matter content and total nitrogen content of top and sub soils were high in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC. Cation exchange capacities and exchangeable cation(K+, Na+, $Ca^2$+, $Mg^2$+) content in top soils were higher than those in sub soils, and in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, to be compared by the sites. Those mean that forest fire result from the erosion of top soil layers.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 1970

This investigation was one of the series of ecological studies on the plant communities of Quelpart Island which was held in 1969. It was aimed at studying the ground vegetation of Torreya nucifera and the soil properties of the ground in which it grows. Observaton of the flora in a place where wild growth of Crinum maritimum, soil properties and distribution of micro-organisms in a place where wild growth occurs, were also made. 1) A few kinds which have important values among the ground vegetation fo Torreya nucifera forest are Liniope graminifolia, Convallaria keiskei, Sasaquelpaertensis, Carex kingiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Pyrola japonica, Hedera tobleri, etc. 2) While the studies of 25 Quadrats were being held, 29 species in A plot, 30 species in B plot, and 26 species in C plot have been found. 3) The kind which has the highest important value among the species located in naked plot(outside of Torreya nucifera forest) is Zoysia japonica and 18 other kinds were found. 4) The soil fertility through all depths are found higher in the forest soil than in that of open places. 5) P2O5, K, and total exchangeable bases etc. have shown the difference of contents according to the depth and generally had lower value as much as it goes down. 6) The content of N was a lot higher than any other forest soil and P2O5, K and total exchangeable bases seemed to be a little lower. 7) The overall flora of Todo consists of 71 species (9 species of wood plant and 62 species of herbs) added 28 kinds of non-reported species. 8) Themineral contents are the highest at a place of wind growth of Crinum maritimum which has much organic matter. The subsoil of this place is more fertile than surface soil. 9) The soil of Todo which is sandy soil, consists of shellfish shell and quartz, and has low fertility and alkali. 10) In the total occurrences of micro-organisms, bacteria was the greatest in number followed by actinomycete and fungi, in that order. 11) A survey of the soil depth and the ecological distributional pattern of micro-organismsm revealed that the number of micro-organisms is the greatest on the surface, gradually decreasing in proportion to the depth. 12) It was found that a comparatively greater number of micro-organisms occurred when the soil showed an adequate increase in water content.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.565-571
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• 1996

Medium optimization for ${\beta}$-mannanase production by Aspergillus oryzae ATCC 2114 was performed. Effect of carbon source (locust bean gum) concentration on ${\beta}$-mannanase production was investigated. Above 20 g/L locust bean gum, a lag time for ${\beta}$-mannanase production was appeared because high concentration of locust bean gum caused high viscosity which made the mixing of medium poor. As the locust bean gum concentration in the medium increased, ${\beta}$-mannanase activity and cell growth increased proportionally. Effect of various nitrogen sources on ${\beta}$-mannanase production was also studied. (NH4)2SO4 and malt extract were the most effective for ${\beta}$-mannanase production among the inorganic nitrogenous compounds and organic nitrogen nutrients. Inorganic compounds such as KH2SO4, NaCl, Na2CO3, and MgSO4, on ${\beta}$-mannanase production were optimized for ${\beta}$-mannanase production. Locust bean gum of 10 g/L, malt extract of 3 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 of 2 g/L, KH2SO4, of 10 g/L were selected as the optimal medium. Culture in a fermentor by using the optimal medium was carried out. Lag time of ${\beta}$-mannanase production was shorter due to the better mixing of the fermentor. The maximum ${\beta}$- mannanase activity of 9.7 unit/mL and specific ${\beta}$-mannanase activity of 1.9 unit/mg-cell could be obtained at 27 hours and the productivity of ${\beta}$-mannanase was 0.36 unit/mL$.$h.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.4
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• pp.640-647
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• 2012

A metabolomic study was conducted to identify key metabolic components, which are correlated with the growth of 4-year-old Pinus koraiensis seedlings harvested at actively height growing season (May 18th). Among 105 individual metabolites identified by GC/MS analysis, alanine, threonine, oleic acid, and butanoic acids were negatively correlated with both height and weight of 4-year-old seedlings, while malic acid, xylose, glucose, d-turanose and inositol had positive correlation with various growth parameters. During the actively growing season, the concentrations of both amino acids and organic acids in the main stem of Superior seedling group were lower but the photosynthates such as mono-saccharide and sucrose were higher than in other seedling groups such as Intermediate and Inferior. Interestingly, d-turanose, an analogue of sucrose that is not metabolized in higher plants but used as carbon source by many organisms including numerous species of bacteria and fungi, showed the highest correlation (r=0.896, p<0.001) with height of 4-year-old seedlings, indicating that possible interaction with mycorrhizal organisms. Therefore we suggest that several metabolites selected in this study may be used as metabolic markers for complex traits in P. koraiensis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1513-1520
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• 2014

The present aim was to investigate the effects of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCM) on body temperature, blood physiological parameters, nutrient apparent digestibility and growth performance of beef cattle under heat stress conditions. Twenty-seven beef cattle were randomly divided into three groups as following; i) high temperature control (HTC), ii) traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions I+high temperature (TCM I) and iii) traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions II+high temperature (TCM II) (n = 9 per group). The results showed that the mean body temperature declined in TCM II treatment (p<0.05). Serum $T_3$ and $T_4$ levels with TCM I and TCM II treatments elevated (p<0.05), and serum cortisol levels of TCM I treatments decreased (p<0.05), compared with the HTC group. Total protein, albumin, globulin in TCM II treatments elevated and blood urea nitrogen levels of both TCM treatments increased, but glucose levels of both TCM treatments decreased, compared with the HTC group (p<0.05). The apparent digestibility of organic matter and crude protein with TCM I treatment increased, and the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber elevated in both TCM treatments (p<0.05). Average daily feed intake was not different among three groups, however average daily gain increased and the feed:gain ratio decreased with both TCM treatments, compared with the HTC group (p<0.05). The present results suggest that dietary supplementation with TCM I or TCM II improves growth performance of heat stressed beef cattle by relieving heat stress responses and increasing nutrient apparent digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.529-536
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of levels of cottonseed meal with various carbohydrate sources in concentrate on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in dairy bulls. Four, 6 months old dairy bulls were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source; cassava chip (CC) and cassava chip+rice bran in the ratio of 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was cotton seed meal levels in the concentrate; 109 g CP/kg (LCM) and 328 g CP/kg (HCM) at similar overall CP levels (490 g CP/kg). Bulls received urea-lime treated rice straw ad libitum and were supplemented with 10 g of concentrate/kg BW. It was found that carbohydrate source and level of cotton seed meal did not have significant effects on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, microbial protein synthesis or feed intake. Animals which received CC showed significantly higher BUN concentration, ruminal propionic acid and butyric acid proportions, while dry matter, organic matter digestibility, populations of total viable bacteria and proteolytic bacteria were lower than those in the CR3:1 treatment. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids was higher in HCM than LCM treatments, while the concentration of butyric acid was higher in LCM than HCM treatments. The population of proteolytic bacteria with the LCM treatments was higher than the HCM treatments; however other bacteria groups were similar among the different levels of cotton seed meal. Bulls which received LCM had higher protein digestibility than those receiving HCM. Therefore, using high levels of cassava chip and cotton seed meal might positively impact on energy and nitrogen balance for the microbial population in the rumen of the young dairy bull.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1619-1626
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• 2018

Objective: This study was an attempt to investigate the effect of levels of fungal (Lentinus sajor-caju) treated oil palm fronds (FTOPF) on digestibility, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen balance in goats. Methods: Four 16 month old male crossbred (Thai Native${\times}$Anglo Nubian) goats with initial body weights of $33.5{\pm}1.7kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Four levels of FTOPF were assigned for feed intake. The experimental treatments consisted of 0%, 33%, 67%, and 100% of oil palm fronds (OPF) being replaced by FTOPF. Results: The results revealed that total dry matter intake and nutrient intake were not influenced (p>0.05) by the inclusion of FTOPF. However, the efficiency values of the digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin on FTOPF were higher (p<0.05) in treatments with 33%, 67%, and 100% of FTOPF compared with 0% of FTOPF. FTOPF feeding did not change the rumen pH, temperature, and $NH_3-N$. However, the FTOPF levels did affect the total volatile fatty acid (VFA), molar proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate, ratio of acetic (propionic acid and acetic) plus butyric (propionic acid), and production of $CH_4$. The totals of VFA and propionate was lower in goat fed with 0% of FTOPF than in those of the other groups (p<0.05). The amount of nitrogen retention based on g/d/animal or the percentage of nitrogen retained was the lowest the goat fed with 0% of FTOPF (p<0.05), whereas nitrogen intake, excretion, and absorption were not changed among treatments. Conclusion: Based on this study, FTOPF could be effectively used as an alternative roughage source in total mixed ration diets, constituting at least up to 100% of OPF.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.301-309
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• 2016

To facilitate the effective use of butter clam shell as a natural calcium resource, we determined the optimal conditions for calcium lactate (BCCL) preparation with high solubility using response surface methodology (RSM). The polynomial models developed by RSM for pH, solubility and yield were highly effective in describing the relationships between factors (P<0.05). Increased molar ratios of calcined powder (BCCP) from butter clam shell led to reduced solubility, yield, color values and overall quality. The critical values of multiple response optimization to independent variables were 1.75 M and 0.94 M for lactic acid and BCCP, respectively. The actual values (pH 7.23, 97.42% for solubility and 423.22% for yield) under optimization conditions were similar to the predicted values. White indices of BCCLs were in the range of 86.70–90.86. Therefore, organic acid treatment improved color value. The buffering capacity of BCCLs was strong, at pH 2.82 to 3.80, upon the addition of less than 2 mL of 1 N HCl. The calcium content and solubility of BCCLs were 6.2–16.7 g/100 g and 93.6-98.5%, respectively. Fourier transform analysis of infrared spectroscopy data identified BCCL as calcium lactate pentahydrate, and the analysis of microstructure by field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed an irregular form.