• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1125-1137
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• 2011

This study investigates when and why the light pink Dan-ryoung appeared as part of the official uniform of the Joseon Dynasty and which official uniform used the light pink color. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, books written by scholars, and related laws were used as research materials. The following results were obtained by analyzing the arguments of kings and officials on light pink uniforms and laws related to official uniforms. 1. Red was the color of the king as well as the color of Dang-sang-gwan's Gong-bok (one of the official uniforms). 2. The colors such as To-hong, Dam-hong, Do-hong, Bun-hong, Cheon-hong that appeared in Sang-bok (among official uniforms) were relatively lighter than red. 3. To-hong started to be used in Sang-bok at the time of King Se-jong and was used at the time of King Seong-jong in Sang-bok because it was the preferred color. 4. In the Joseon Dynasty, safflower (the basis of red color dye) was cultivated extensively; in addition, people liked red dyeing because it was relatively easy apply; subsequently, a ban on red dyeing was continually issued. 5. Kings Se-jong and Jung-jong ordered officials to use Do-hong and Bun-hong to distinguish the red color of the king. After Im-jin-oe-ran, Cheon-hong was officially designated the color of Sang-bok. 6. The reasons why Dam-hong was used in official uniforms were twofold: the preference for red-like colors and the influence of the Confucian hierarchy to distinguish the king.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.114-122
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• 2012

Local company which has excellent patent technique is required design development for sales growth and enhancement of market competitiveness. For the solution about this requirement of small and medium company, the patent office and Chooncheognbukdo are jointly progressing the value consideration business of local design, and the design is improved through this. This study is to show the illustration of the design developed by business process of V company for 'the development of external design of LED LAMP fitted into the environment in tunnel' as a project ordered by S company, and the improvement patent was created with simulation development in considering design recognition of supporting company and the competitiveness of the product by successful performance of the external design development based on patent technique. Through the effective change method of LED LAMP in tunnel and the suggested result of LED LAMP reflection method, the beneficiary company has progressed the corporate body from the individual business, and at present the primary product was completed by securing manufacturing basis facilities for manufacturing and sales. Local small and medium company became a strong design company by connecting design development supporting business through the supporting method of the fusion of design and patent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.410-415
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• 2001

Earned Value Management System(EVMS) has been considered as a useful tool of managing construction projects lately and its instruction into a private industry is now under consideration by the Korean government. It is on the basis of C/SCSC that had been released by the U.S. Department of Defense(DOD) since 1967. Its research has been in the active progress in order to utilize the earned value concept as a project management tool for construction project ordered by both government and private sector. Material Requirement Planning(MRP) is also known as a tool of planning and scheduling resources for assembly product as a part of inventory control models in the manufacturing industry. The purpose of this study is the effective employment of Earned Value Management to manage the construction projects by utilizing Material Requirement Planning(MRP), based on project management software and Workpackaging model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.283-288
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• 2007

As constructions are changing variously from the size and efficiency, the role of supervision services tend to reach beyond mere monitoring or supervision to prevent fraudulence, but tend to extend toward a system that manages all the stages of the construction industry. There are growing demand to improve government operated corporation systems to secure high quality public facilities, and reviews on construction supervision system and supervision services roles, function, responsibility and obligations have been the topics among advanced researchers. However, the circumstance is that researches on the construction supervision service compensation and supervision services assignment criteria that serve as basis of such construction supervision system improvement are insufficient, and for practical development of construction supervision system, researches on construction supervision service compensation and supervision services assignment criteria will need to precede. Hence, this research purports to propose improvement directions of construction supervision system by deducing problems through condition survey on the construction supervision services ordered by public organizations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2010

Switching an elementary excitation by injecting a single carrier would offer the exciting opportunity for the ultra-high data storage technologies. However, there has been no methodology available to investigate the interaction of low energy discrete carriers with nano-structures. In order to map out the spatial dependency of such single carrier level interactions, we developed a pulse-and-probe algorithm, combining with low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. The new tool, which we call single carrier spectroscopy, allows us to track the interaction with the target macrostructure with tunneling carriers on a single carrier basis. Using this tool, we demonstrate that it is possible not only to locally write and erase individual bi-solitons, reliably and reversibly, but also to track of creation yields of single and multiple bi-solitons. Bi-solitons are pairs of solitons that are elementary out-of-phase excitations on anti-ferromagnetically ordered pseudo-spin system of Si dimers on Si(001)-c(42) surfaces. We found that at low energy tunneling the single bisoliton creation mechanism is not correlated with the number of carriers tunneling, but with the production of a potential hole under the tip. An electric field at the surface determines the density of the local charge density under the tip, and band-bending. However a rapid, dynamic change of a field produces a potential hole that can be filled by energetic carriers, and the amount of energy released during filling process is responsible for the creation of bi-solitons. Our model based on the field-induced local hole gives excellent explanation for bi-soliton yield behaviors. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy data supports the existence of such a potential hole. The mechanism also explains the site-dependency of bi-soliton yields, which is highest at the trough, not on the dimer rows. Our study demonstrates that we can manipulate not just single atoms and molecules, but also single pseudo-spin excitations as well.

• School Mathematics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.421-440
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• 2003

It is difficult for the learner to understand completely the ratio concept which forms a basis of proportional reasoning. And proportional reasoning is, on the one hand, the capstone of children's elementary school arithmetic and, the other hand, it is the cornerstone of all that is to follow. But school mathematics has centered on the teachings of algorithm without dealing with its essence and meaning. The purpose of this study is to analyze the essence of ratio concept from multidimensional viewpoint. In addition, this study will show the direction for improvement of ratio concept. For this purpose, I tried to analyze the historical development of ratio concept. Most mathematicians today consider ratio as fraction and, in effect, identify ratios with what mathematicians called the denominations of ratios. But Euclid did not. In line with Euclid's theory, ratio should not have been represented in the same way as fraction, and proportion should not have been represented as equation, but in line with the other's theory they might be. The two theories of ratios were running alongside each other, but the differences between them were not always clearly stated. Ratio can be interpreted as a function of an ordered pair of numbers or magnitude values. A ratio is a numerical expression of how much there is of one quantity in relation to another quantity. So ratio can be interpreted as a binary vector which differentiates between the absolute aspect of a vector -its size- and the comparative aspect-its slope. Analysis on ratio concept shows that its basic structure implies 'proportionality' and it is formalized through transmission from the understanding of the invariance of internal ratio to the understanding of constancy of external ratio. In the study, a fittingness(or comparison) and a covariation were examined as the intuitive origins of proportion and proportional reasoning. These form the basis of the protoquantitative knowledge. The development of sequences of proportional reasoning was examined. The first attempts at quantifying the relationships are usually additive reasoning. Additive reasoning appears as a precursor to proportional reasoning. Preproportions are followed by logical proportions which refer to the understanding of the logical relationships between the four terms of a proportion. Even though developmental psychologists often speak of proportional reasoning as though it were a global ability, other psychologists insist that the evolution of proportional reasoning is characterized by a gradual increase in local competence.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.143-152
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• 2013

Given weighted graph G=(V,E), n=|V|, m=|E|, the minimum cut problem is classified with source s and sink t or without s and t. Given undirected weighted graph without s and t, Stoer-Wagner algorithm is most popular. This algorithm fixes arbitrary vertex, and arranges maximum adjacency (MA)-ordering. In the last, the sum of weights of the incident edges for last ordered vertex is computed by cut value, and the last 2 vertices are merged. Therefore, this algorithm runs $\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$ times. Given graph with s and t, Ford-Fulkerson algorithm determines the bottleneck edges in the arbitrary augmenting path from s to t. If the augmenting path is no more exist, we determine the minimum cut value by combine the all of the bottleneck edges. This paper suggests minimum cut algorithm for undirected weighted graph with s and t. This algorithm suggests MA-merging and computes cut value simultaneously. This algorithm runs n-1 times and successfully divides V into disjoint S and V sets on the basis of minimum cut, but the Stoer-Wagner is fails sometimes. The proposed algorithm runs more than Ford-Fulkerson algorithm, but finds the minimum cut value within n-1 processing times.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.519-532
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• 1999

Helicobacter pylori is a causative agent of type B gastritis and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. To elucidate the host-parasite relationship of the H. pylori infection on the basis of molecular biology, we tried to evaluate the genomic diversity of H. pylori. An ordered overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of a Korean isolate, H. pylori 51 was constructed to set up a genomic map. A circular physical map was constructed by aligning ApaI, NotI and SfiI-digested chromosomal DNA. When the physical map of H. pylori 51 was compared to that of unrelated strain, H. pylori 26695, completely different restriction patterns were shown. Fifteen known genes were mapped on the chromosome of H. pylori 51 and the genetic map was compared with those of strain 26695 and J99, of which the entire genomic sequences were reported. There were some variability in the gene location as well as gene order among three strains. For further analysis on the genomic diversity of H. pylori, when comparing the genomic structure of 150 H. pylori Korean isolates with one another, genomic macrodiversity of H. pylori was characterized by several features: whether or not susceptible to restriction digestion of the chromsome, variation in chromosomal restriction fingerprint and/or high frequency of gene rearrangement. We also examined the extent of allelic variation in nucleotide or deduced amino acid sequences at the individual gene level. fucT, cagA and vacA were confirmed to carry regions of high variation in nucleotide sequence among strains. The plasticity zone and strain-specific genes of H. pylori 51 were analyzed and compared with the former two genomic sequences. It should be noted that the H. pylori 51-specific sequences were dispersed on the chromosome, not congregated in the plasticity zone unlike J99- or 26695-specific genes, suggesting the high frequency of gene rearrangement in H. pylori genome. The genome of H. pylori 51 shows differences in the overall genomic organization, gene order, and even in the nucleotide sequences among the H. pylori strains, which are far greater than the differences reported on the genomic diversity of H. pylori.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.35
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• pp.17-44
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• 1997

Medieval European practical art and style of costume is studied through referring to the literatures. The type of clothing that was seen on tapestries arts and crafts paintings and wall paintings and appeared in the architecture such as church. There were symbolic aspects of color motifs at this period and some restraints for clothing according to the social class, It was a period that draped garments due to the War of Crusades is appeared. Be-cause the medieval taste and decorative character is not only 'formative art' but also the taste beyoud 'mode' and atomsphere of that times it could be seen the strong reflec-tion of customs in the clothing of that times which is shown in works of art. 1) The purpose of Christian art which was found in mosaics stained glasses wall pain-tings and statues of architecture was not just the revival of natural phenomena but visuali-zation of sacred and invisible things. It was valuable to understandin of the spiritual through the sense organ It was a monumental art that was combined with decorative func-tion and role of the Bible. It revealed what was about the religious spiritual miracle, 2) In the medieval European painting characteristic and beautiful creativity was the basis of an argument. Both "Worship of East-ern" that is painted ion a parchment and "Cor-onation of Charles VI" were described decor-ation motifs on the edge of buildings geo-metric patterns and others with outstanding skill. there were precise technologic skill of architect and glassmen and lots of patience of craftsmen. " The Labour of the Months" and the scene of"A Trial at the Court" is also de-scribed elaborately. 3) Tapestry was developed in France Ger-many Swiss at the 14th century. Religionary and historical themes unicorn lady bird flowering plants and others were major motifs. It was very important as decorative wall coverings and as practical door arch and bed hangings. It was made through patient hard work with simple technique and it was con-sidered as an art for practical use. Tapestry was what everyone wish to have. It is reckoned for the item of the best gift. The royalty and nobility ordered and used custom-made tapestries. Sometimes the subject of motifs consisted of series which were deeply related to living 4) Decorative arts and crafts was the art that used materials such as precious metals jewels and others and that accorded with the luxurious and gorgeous taste of the royalty and nobility. Christian considered splendid and beautiful color of light as a symbol of glory. They used also for church appliances, There were metal crafts wood crafts textile crafts and others, As was stated above the costume appeared on the arts and crafts for living revealed the process of changes saw how the politic econ-omic and social organizations were developed.and social organizations were developed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1307-1315
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• 2014

This study aims to analysis of determinants of the residents satisfaction of purchased rental housing and currently being implemented policy of supporting low-income families are empirically evaluated through the residential evaluation of purchased rental housing residents. Purchased rental housing users are possible to live in currently residing community consistently, have advantages for fewer problems of the phenomenon of social isolation, exclusion and preventing slumism of low-income families, are expected to increase in the future. First of all, the characteristics of residential environment, housing expenses and a head of household were examined for the residential environment evaluation of the residents of purchased rental housing, on the basis of this, the characteristics of internal and external house and residential location are examined each for the determinants of the residential environment satisfaction of purchased rental housing. The variables that affect residential satisfaction according to residential location are public facilities, educational facilities and welfare facilities respectively. In particular, the higher the satisfaction of access to welfare facilities, the higher the satisfaction of residential location of purchased rental housing was analyzed. The variables affecting the residential satisfaction according to the internal and external characteristics of house are significant in window status, cracking, heating facilities, housing scale and management.