• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.902-913
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• 1992

There have been several control schemes for the single input systems with unmeasurable state variables using variable structure control(VSC) theory. In the previous VSC, the systems must be represented in phase canonical form and the complete measurements for each state variable must be assumed. In order to eliminate these restrictions several VSC methods were proposed. And especially for the systems in phase canonical form with unmeasurable state variables, the reduced order switching function algorithm was proposed. But this method has many drawbacks and can not be used in the case of general form (not phase canonical form) dynamic system. Therefore this paper propose new construction method of switching fuction for the systems in phase canonical form, which reduce the restriction of reduced order switching function algorithm. And this algorithm can be realized for any state representation and adopted in the systems where not all states are available for switching function synthesis or control.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.2084-2094
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• 2021

Delta-form-based methods for solving high order spatial discretization schemes are introduced into the reactor S_N transport equation. Due to the nature of the delta-form, the final numerical accuracy only depends on the residuals on the right side of the discrete equations and have nothing to do with the parts on the left side. Therefore, various high order spatial discretization methods can be easily adopted for only the transport term on the right side of the discrete equations. Then the simplest step or other robust schemes can be adopted to discretize the increment on the left hand side to ensure the good iterative convergence. The delta-form framework makes the sweeping and iterative strategies of various high order spatial discretization methods be completely the same with those of the traditional S_N codes, only by adding the residuals into the source terms. In this paper, the flux limiter method and weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme are used for the verification purpose to only show the advantages of the introduction of delta-form-based solving methods and other high order spatial discretization methods can be also easily extended to solve the S_N transport equations. Numerical solutions indicate the correctness and effectiveness of delta-form-based solving method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 1979

The nitrogen contents of some forms in Burley tobacco leaf cultivated in Yaesan, Mokpo and Namwon district were investigated. The rate of each form in total nitrogen contents were as follows ; Protein form nitrogen 30~33 % Nitrate form nitrogen 10~123% Alkaloid form nitrogen 8~16 % Ammonia form nitrogen 6~9% Amide form nitrogen 2~ 3% Other form nitrogen 26~44 % The order of nitrate form nitrogen content on the nitrogen of each tobacco cultivated in three area was Yaesan > Namwon > Mokpo, but that of alkaloid form nitrogen was reverse order of nitrate form nitrogen. As for Quality ( grade ), the orders of alkaloid and ammonia form nitrogen content on total nitrogen were H5> 3> 1> L 1> 3> 5, but that of nitrate form nitrogen was reversed.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.10-18
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• 1998

This study aims to make clear visual quality of organic form and structural order that is immanent in nature about a form as formative principles of architectural space design the significanced of this study is to prove the application possibility in to functional form architectural space design. All organic forms in nature has a unique shape and pattern in structure to be self-controled and good in order. Such an order in nature comes from regular construction and ratio principles which has aesthetical order by mathmetics. The specialty of beauty in nature can be revealed not only visual form but also the ratio balance and rhythm of structural principles. As we examine the aesthetic source embodied some object can be developed in to basic principles. Furthermore through this study we can find out that the form construction theory in nature forms share the quality attribute with geometrical form to be shown in architectural space design. Natural forms are ultimate visual expression of power that effects on the architectural space design. The rule of power in nature as nature formal characteristics have a direct influence and can be also applied to architectural construction. Therefore I expect that this study will be linked and continued to another structural view.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.186-190
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• 1996

This study investigated the effect of character form on Readability of Hangul characters and words in horizonatal printing. The results were as follows. In canceling tests, (1) the speeds of charcter canceling were faster in the order of elongated from, condensed form and original form conditions, and (2) the speeds of word canceling were in the order of elongated, original and condensed form conditions. But in a reading task, The above indicates that Elongated from the best combination for horzontal Hangul printing.

• Architectural research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.19-30
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• 2011

This investigation, based on empirical research, examined the role of complexity and order in the aesthetic experience of architectural forms. The basic assumption of this study was that perception in architectural form is a process of interpreting a pattern in a reductive way. Thus, perceptual arousal is not determined by the absolute complexity of a configuration. Rather, the actual perceived complexity is a function of the organization of the system (order). In addition, complexity and order were defined and categorized into four variables according to their significant characteristics; simple order, complex order, random complexity, and lawful complexity. The series of experiments confirmed that there is a point on the psychological complexity dimension which is optimal. By demonstrating that consensual and individual aesthetic preference can be measured to have a unimodal function of relationship with complexity, the results of the experiments indicated that complexity and orderliness are effective design factors for enhancing aesthetics of a building facade. This investigation offered a conceptual framework that relates the physical (architectural form) and psychological factors (complexity and order) operating in the aesthetic experience of building facades.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.501-509
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• 2014

In 2000, K. Denecke and K. Mahdavi showed that there are many idempotent elements in $Hyp_{N_{\varphi}}(V)$ the set of normal form hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$ which are not idempotent elements in Hyp(2) the set of all hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$. They considered in which varieties, idempotent elements of Hyp(2) are idempotent elements of $Hyp_{N_{\varphi}}(V)$. In this paper, we study the similar problems on the set of all generalized hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$ and the set of all normal form generalize hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$ and determine the order of normal form generalize hypersubstitutions of type ${\tau}=(2)$.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.245-251
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• 2018

In this paper, we address some issues in existing seismic hazard closed-form equations and present a novel seismic hazard equation form to overcome these issues. The presented equation form is based on higher-order polynomials, which can well describe the seismic hazard information with relatively high non-linearity. The accuracy of the proposed form is illustrated not only in the seismic hazard data itself but also in estimating the annual probability of failure (APF) of the structural systems. For this purpose, the information on seismic hazard is used in representative areas of the United States (West : Los Angeles, Central : Memphis and Kansas, East : Charleston). Examples regarding the APF estimation are the analyses of existing platform structure and nuclear power plant problems. As a result of the numerical example analyses, it is confirmed that the higher-order-polynomial-based hazard form presented in this paper could predict the APF values of the two example structure systems as well as the given seismic hazard data relatively accurately compared with the existing closed-form hazard equations. Therefore, in the future, it is expected that we can derive a new improved APF function by combining the proposed hazard formula with the existing fragility equation.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.142-148
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• 2008

In this paper, we deal with the problem of reducing the order of the detection filter for the linear time-invariant system. Even if the detection filter is generally designed in the form of full order linear observer, we show that it is possible to reduce its order when the response of fault signals is limited to a subspace of the estimation state space. We propose a method to extract the subspace using the observer canonical form considering the dynamics related to the remaining subspace acts as a disturbance. We designed a reduced order detection filter to reject the disturbance as well as to guarantee fault detection and isolation. A simulation result for a 5th order system is presented as an illustrative example of the proposed design method.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.8 no.3 s.20
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• pp.39-51
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to establish the theory of the spatial composition that is 'The Structure of Relation' in Korean traditional houses. This study has been focused on the spatial composition of Hyangdan. The form composition is an element defining primitive functions and space and producing aesthetical effects, where 'quality as a substance' is not important but 'quality as a relation' is essential. Quality as a meaningful relationship comes from realization and regulation of visual attributes among form elements. Each form compositional element establishes the hierarchical structure logically with the entire order, In order for the quality of all form compositional elements to be clarified as a meaningful relationship logically, 'compositional concept' which combines a series of form elements into the grammatical dependence to a specific direction, has to be assumed. If the intrinsic relationship among a series of form compositional elements fails to confront with the 'contextual concept' which eventually indicates unique conditions for a place according to the refined compositional concept, the result of form composition never leads to a specific solution