• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.1 no.4
• /
• pp.266-272
• /
• 2007

The present study evaluated the effect of various dosages of soybean isoflavone extract on body weight changes, glucose tolerance and liver function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. One group of normal rats (normal control) was fed an AIN-76-based experimental diet and four groups of diabetic rats were fed the same diet supplemented with four different levels of soybean isoflavone extract for seven weeks. The daily dosages of pure isoflavone for four diabetic groups were set to be 0 mg (diabetic control), 0.5 mg (ISO-I), 3.0 mg (ISO-II) and 30.0 mg (ISO-III) per kilogram of body weight, respectively. The daily consumption of isoflavone at the level of 3.0mg per kilogram of body weight resulted in the suppression of body weight loss and increased the survival rate of diabetic animals one and half times compared to that of the diabetic control group. Blood glucose levels in a fasting state and after the oral administration of glucose were significantly lower in the ISO-II group during the oral glucose tolerance test. The ISO-II group showed a tendency to elongate the gastrointestinal transit time. The activity of serum aminotransferases, indicator of liver function, was not negatively affected by any intake level of isoflavone. The present study demonstrated that the soybean isoflavone extract may be beneficial to diabetic animals by improving their glucose tolerance and suppressing weight loss without incurring hepatotoxicity at the daily dosage of 3.0 mg per kg of body weight.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.221-231
• /
• 2005

Background: Immune regulatory dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in maintaining self-tolerance. Recent evidences demonstrate that DCs expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is involved in tryptophan catabolism, play an important role in immunoregulation and tolerance and induce T cell apoptosis. This study was devised to examine the role of IDO in the oral tolerance induction in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. Methods: Beginning 2 weeks before immunization, CII was fed six times to DBA/1 mice and the effect on arthritis was assessed. In tolerized mice, $CD11c^+$ DCs were isolated and stimulated with CII, IFN-${\gamma}$, and LPS with or without IDO inhibitor, 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan (1-MT) and IDO expression by $CD11c^+$ DCs was analyzed using FACS and RT-PCR. The expression of IDO, MHC II, CD80, and CD86 by $CD11c^+$ DCs were examined using confocal microscopy. Regulatory effect of $CD11c^+$ DCs on Ag-specific T cell proliferative response to CII was examined by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with or without 1-MT. Results: The proportion of IDO-expressing $CD11c^+$ DCs was slightly higher in tolerized mice than in CIA mice and significantly increased after stimulation with CII, IFN-${\gamma}$, and LPS in an IDO-dependent manner. On confocal microscopic examination, the expression of IDO was higher and those of MHC II and CD86 were lower in CD11c + DCs from tolerized mice compared to those from CIA mice. On MLR, $CD11c^+$ DCs from tolerized mice inhibited T cell proliferative response to CII in an IDO-dependent manner. Conclusion: Enhanced IDO expression by $CD11c^+$ DCs from tolerized mice may contribute to the regulation of proliferative response of CII-reactive T cells and could be involved in the induction of oral tolerance to CII.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.188-192
• /
• 1987

The present study was undertaken to determine the inhibitory effects of orally administered ginseng saponins (GS), protopanaxadiol saponins (PD), protopanaxatriol saponins (PT) and ginseng ether fraction (GE) on the development of morphine induced tolerance and physical dependence in mice and also to determine the hepatic glutathione contents. GS, PD and PT inhibited significantly the development of morphine induced tolerance and physical dependence, but GE was effective only on the inhibition of the development of morphine induced physical dependence. GS, PD, PT and GE also inhibited the hepatic glutathione level decrease induced by morphine multiple injections.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.402-408
• /
• 1986

Since diet is an essential component of the treatment for diabetic mellitus, a progressive educational plan was designed to educate diabetic children for the proper selection of their foods. Seven suspicious children were chosen according to the previous oral glucose tolerance test and present blood glucose levels (fasting and postprandial 2 hours). The education program includes the basic nutrition study, learning of the five basic food groups. familiarization with the food exchange lists. calorie calculation and menu planning, and follow-up evaluation by checking every day -food intake. The duration of the education was five weeks. The levels of fasting blood glucose and postprandial -2 hours blood sugar of the seven children were significantly reduced after the 5-weeks education:FBS:from 92-125mg% to 67-80mg%, pp-2hours BS: from 130-169mg% to 69-90mg%. The children have felt much better with profound self-confidence after to program . Their oral glucose tolerance test levels were also significantly decreased after the 5-weeks education in comparison with those of one year ago.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.305-308
• /
• 2010

In this study, we conducted an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) so as to compare antidiabetic activities of general potatoes, purple-flesh potatoes, and potato pigments in rats at various concentration levels. After allowing the rats to abstain from food for 12 hours, 10%/20% general potato, purple-flesh potato, and potato extract was orally administered to rats at 100 and 500 mg/kg concentrations. The blood glucose level was measured after an hour. Then, immediately, 1.5 g/kg of sucrose was administered through the abdominal cavity and the blood glucose measured after 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. 20% purple-flesh potato group and 10% general potato group, both 100 and 500 mg/kg, showed a significant concentration-dependent decrease in blood glucose levels after 30 minutes. The 100 mg/kg potato pigment group also showed a statistically significant decrease after 30 minutes. In conclusion, administration of 10% general potato, 20% purple-flesh potato, and potato pigment can reduce blood glucose level in an OGTT using rats.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 1998.04a
• /
• pp.43.1-43.1
• /
• 1998

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 2019

Streptococcus mutans is one of the important bacteria that forms dental biofilm and cause dental caries. Virulence genes in S. mutans can be classified into the genes involved in bacterial adhesion, extracellular polysaccharide formation, biofilm formation, sugar uptake and metabolism, acid tolerance, and regulation. The genes involved in bacterial adhesion are gbps (gbpA, gbpB, and gbpC) and spaP. The gbp genes encode glucan-binding protein (GBP) A, GBP B, and GBP C. The spaP gene encodes cell surface antigen, SpaP. The genes involved in extracellular polysaccharide formation are gtfs (gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD) and ftf, which encode glycosyltransferase (GTF) B, GTF C, and GTF D and fructosyltransferase, respectively. The genes involved in biofilm formation are smu630, relA, and comDE. The smu630 gene is important for biofilm formation. The relA and comDE genes contribute to quorumsensing and biofilm formation. The genes involved in sugar uptake and metabolism are eno, ldh, and relA. The eno gene encodes bacterial enolase, which catalyzes the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate. The ldh gene encodes lactic acid dehydrogenase. The relA gene contributes to the regulation of the glucose phosphotransferase system. The genes related to acid tolerance are atpD, aguD, brpA, and relA. The atpD gene encodes $F_1F_0$-ATPase, a proton pump that discharges $H^+$ from within the bacterium to the outside. The aguD gene encodes agmatine deiminase system and produces alkali to overcome acid stress. The genes involved in regulation are vicR, brpA, and relA.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.252-258
• /
• 2008

This study was designed to determine whether acute fructose or sucrose administration at different levels (0.05 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg or 0.4 g/kg body weight) might affect oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal and type 2 diabetic rats. In OGTT, there were no significant differences in glucose responses between acute fructose- and sucrose-administered groups. However, in normal rats, the AUCs of the blood glucose response for the fructose-administered groups tended to be lower than those of the control and sucrose-administered groups. The AUCs of the lower levels fructose- or sucrose-administered groups tended to be smaller than those of higher levels fructose- or sucrose-administered groups. In type 2 diabetic rats, only the AUC of the lowest level of fructose-administered (0.05 g/kg body weight) group was slightly smaller than that of the control group. The AUCs of fructose-administered groups tended to be smaller than those of the sucrose-administered groups, and the AUCs of lower levels fructose-administered groups tended to be smaller than those fed higher levels of fructose. We concluded from this experiment that fructose has tendency to be more effective in blood glucose regulation than sucrose, and moreover, that smaller amount of fructose is preferred to larger amount. Specifically, our experiments indicated that the fructose level of 0.05 g/kg body weight as dietary supplement was the most effective amount for blood glucose regulation from the pool of 0.05 g/kg, 0.1 g/kg and 0.4 g/kg body weights. Therefore, our results suggest the use of fructose as the substitute sweetener for sucrose, which may be beneficial for blood glucose regulation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.219-225
• /
• 2007

This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of pain control temporomandibular disorders with clinical application of capsaicin cream. 20 healthy subjects without systemic diseases were measured in current perception threshold and pain tolerance threshold with $Neurometer^{(R)}$ CPT/C (Neurotron, Inc. Baltimore, Maryland, USA) after cold pack, 0.025% capsaicin and 0.075% capsaicin cream application. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The current perception threshold of C-fiber was significantly higher to the baseline on. There were significantly increased in C- fiber current perception threshold of 0.025% capsaicin cream and 0.075% capsaicin cream application comparison to cold pack. 2. There was significantly increased in pain tolerance threshold of cold pack and 0.075% capsaicin application comparison to one of baseline as $A{\beta}$-fiber, There was significantly higher after cold pack and 0.025% capsaicin cream application than baseline as $A{\delta}$-fiber. In C-fiber case, 0.025% capsaicin application's was significantly increased than baseline one. 3.There were significantly higher C-fiber of 0.075% capsaicin application than baseline in visual analogue scale marking pain level of pain tolerance threshold.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.46-53
• /
• 2007

The effects of the alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera (BMA) on morphine-induced pharmacological activities were studied in mice. Oral administration of the extract (40 mg/kg) significantly inhibited morphine-induced analgesic tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, hyperactivity, reverse tolerance, Dopamine receptor supersensitivity and apo-morphine-induced climbing behaviour in mice. The results of this study showed that, alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera (BMA) exerted inhibitory effect against morphine-induced pharmacological effects, suggesting that the extract could be useful in the treatment of morphine toxicity.