• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.165-172
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• 2022

Insects have evolved successfully by adapting to their environments through development and reproduction. Temperature-dependent models have been used to calculate the intrinsic optimal, optimal development, and optimal fecundity temperatures of insects and mites; for this study, we reviewed 112 works that focused on these parameters. The insects and mites investigated in this study include 14 Acari, 8 Coleoptera, 5 Diptera, 31 Hemiptera, 7 Hymenoptera, 18 Lepidoptera, 1 Orthoptera, 5 Psocoptera, and 5 Thysanoptera species. The results of this study showed that the interval distance between the intrinsic optimal and optimal fecundity temperatures was smaller than that between the intrinsic optimal and optimal development temperatures of the all insects and mites investigated except for those in the order Thysanoptera. We found that there is a close relationship between the intrinsic optimal and optimal fecundity temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 1999

To elucidate the effect of elevated sublethal temperature ($33\pm1^{\circ}C$) on polyamine metabolism and oogenesis, we investigated alterations in the major polyamines and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and arginine decarboxylase (ADC), and ovarian development during the pupal-adult development of the tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta. Ovaries ODC activity under the elevated sublethal temperature ($33\pm1^{\circ}C$) were lower than those of the optimal rearing temperature ($25\pm1^{\circ}C$). whereas ovarian ADC activity was consistently higher than the optimal rearing temperature ($25\pm1^{\circ}C$). When the gonads were exposed to the higher temperature, ovarian putrescine showed somewhat suppressed levels throughout development, indicating a relatively high correlationship with the alteration aspects in ODC or ADC activity under elevated sublethal temperature. A somewhat precocious ovary was observed in an early stage of development at $33\pm1^{\circ}C$, but cellular abnormalities occurred in this ovary. The ovary developed under elevated sublethal temperature was observed the inhibitional effect of polyamine metabolism and the abnormal development of ovariole, which seem to be related to the sterility.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.41-47
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• 2023

This paper presents the development of a controller that can control the temperature of an heating system based on a thermoelectric module. Temperature controller using Peltier has various external factors such as external temperature, characteristics of an aluminum plate, installation location of temperature sensors, and combination method between the aluminum plate and heating element. Therefore, it is difficult to apply the simulation and simulation results of heating system using Peltier at control algorithm. In general, almost temperature controller is using PID algorithm that finds control gain value heuristically. In this paper, it is proposed mathematical model that explain correlate between the temperature of the heating system and input voltage. And then, optimal parameter of estimated thermal model of the aluminum plate are searched by using genetic algorithm. In addition, based on this estimated model, the optimal PID control gain are inferred using a genetic algorithm. All of the sequence are simulated and verified with proposed real system.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.89-94
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed at developing an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the optimal start moment of the setback temperature during the normal occupied period of a building. Method: For achieving this objective, three major steps were conducted: the development of an initial ANN model, optimization of the initial model, and performance tests of the optimized model. The development and performance testing of the ANN model were conducted through numerical simulation methods using transient systems simulation (TRNSYS) and matrix laboratory (MATLAB) software. Result: The results analysis in the development and test processes revealed that the indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and temperature difference from the setback temperature presented strong relationship with the optimal start moment of the setback temperature; thus, these variables were used as input neurons in the ANN model. The optimal values for the number of hidden layers, number of hidden neurons, learning rate, and moment were found to be 4, 9, 0.6, and 0.9, respectively, and these values were applied to the optimized ANN model. The optimized model proved its prediction accuracy with the very storing statistical correlation between the predicted values from the ANN model and the simulated values in the TRNSYS model. Thus, the optimized model showed its potential to be applied in the control algorithm.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.73-79
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• 2019

Continuous and tremendous data (canopy temperature and meteorological variables) are necessary to determine Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI). This study investigated the optimal monitoring time and interval of canopy temperature and meteorological variables (air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed) to determine CWSIs. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) was used to quantitatively describe the accuracy of sampling method depending upon various time intervals (t=5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 60 minutes) and CWSIs per every minute were used as a reference. The NSE coefficient of wind speed was 0.516 at the sampling time of 60 minutes, while the ones of other meteorological variables and canopy temperature were greater than 0.8. The pattern of daily CWSIs increased from 8:00 am, reached the maximum value at 12:00 pm, then decreased after 2:00 pm. The statistical analysis showed that the data collection at 11:40 am produced the closest CWSI value to the daily average of CWSI, which indicates that just one time of measurement could be representative throughout the day. Overall, the findings of this study contributes to the economical and convenient method of quantifying CWSIs and irrigation management.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.445-452
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• 1999

This study was conducted to develop a searching algorithm for optimal daily temperature setpoint greenhouse. An algorithm using crop growth and energy models was developed to determine optimum crop growth environment. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Mathematical models for crop growth and energy consumption were derived to define optimal daily temperature setpoint. 2. Optimum temperature setpoint, which could maximize performance criterion, was determined by using Pontryagin maximum principle. 3. Dynamic control of daily temperature using the developed algorithm showed higher performance criterion than static control with fixed temperature setpoint. Performance criteria for dynamic control models were with simulated periodic weather data and with real weather data, increased by 48% and 60%, respectively.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ambient thermal environments on the development of swallowtail butterflies (Sericinus montela Gray). Developmental durations and survival rates of S. montela were examined at two crucial developmental stages, embryonic and larval development, at varying temperatures ranging from $15^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. As expected, our results indicated that increasing temperatures decreased the developmental duration and survival rate of the eggs. However, the larvae and pupae showed maximum survival rates at $20.0^{\circ}C$ and $25.0^{\circ}C$, and the represented durations were similar to those of the eggs. Larval development was stage-specific, revealing that the fourth and fifth instars at the later stages were more susceptible to temperature variation. When considering both parameters, the optimal development of S. montela occurred within the temperature range of $20.0-25.0^{\circ}C$. The lower threshold for the complete development of S. montela from eggs to eclosion of adults was calculated at $10.6^{\circ}C$ by linear regression analysis. The estimated value is similar to that of other endemic insects distributed in temperate climate zones, which indicates that S. montela belongs to a small group of swallowtails adjusted to low ambient temperatures. From the results, we predict that the full development of S. montela could be achieved within the temperature range of $17.5-30.0^{\circ}C$. Embryonic development ceased at both test temperature extremes, and no further larval development proceeded after the third instar at $35.0^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that embryogenesis can be significantly influenced by slight variations in the ambient thermal environment that fall below the optimal range.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 2008

A 6 and 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine optimal feeding rate for parrot fish Oplegnathus fasciatus during the low temperature season. To estimate the optimal feeding rate calculated by weight growth rate, one year (mean body weight: 62.7 g) and the two year old parrot fish (mean body weight: 344.7 g) were stocked under low water temperature conditions. The optimal feeding rates in low water temperature condition of $15^{\circ}C$ were calculated as 1.61% of body weight (90% of satiation level) for the one year of 62 g, and calculated as 0.28% of body weight (80% of satiation level) for the two years old fish.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2003

To obtain the basic information on culture conditions for the larvae of Saxidomus purpuratus, experiments were conducted on the population from southern coast for (1) the success in fertilization and development from artificial fertilization among different months of a year, (2) the viability of sperms after exposure to seawater, (3) and the effects of temperature, salinity, and food organism on the survival and growth of larvae. Gametes obtained from dissection showed high rate of fertilization at all months. But the rate of development was higher only May-July. Developmental success seemed to be related with the quality of eggs at the time of fertilization. Developmental times for 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, blastula, trochophore larva, and veliger larva at 20$^{\circ}C$ were 1.5, 2, 4, 18, 24, and 32 hr, respectively. Sperms could survive for more than 8 hr, however, actively swimming sperms could be found within 1 hr after exposure to seawater. It is recommended that sperms should be used for fertilization as soon as possible when they are exposed to seawater. At temperature of 35$^{\circ}C$, all the larvae died during 48 hr. Larval survival decreased when salinity was either lower than 20 psu or higher than 40 psu, and was 0% when salinity was 10 psu. Optimal range of temperature and salinity for rearing larvae of S. purpuratus were 20-25$^{\circ}C$ and 20-40 psu, respectively. Larvae grew from 111.5 to 235.3 ${\mu}$m during 21 days. Larvae fed mixed diets grew faster than unialgal diets. The fastest growth was observed when larvae were fed on the mixture of Isochrysis galbana and Nannochloris oculata.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.322-328
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• 2015

Three feeding trials were conducted to investigate the optimal feeding rates of subadult Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli at low, optimal and high water temperatures. In Exp-I, triplicate groups of fish (248 g) were fed a commercial diet (CD) with five different feeding rates of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% body weight per day for 10 weeks at the low temperature ($11.6-15.2^{\circ}C$). In Exp-II, fish (129 g) were fed the same CD with five different feeding rates of 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 2.0% body weight per day for 10 weeks at the optimal temperature ($16.0-18.8^{\circ}C$). In Exp-III, fish (85.7 g) were fed the same CD with five different feeding rates of 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 2.0% body weight per day for 12 weeks at the high temperature ($21.0-28.5^{\circ}C$). The optimal feeding rates in the low, optimal, and high water temperatures were estimated to be 0.56%, 0.93% and 1.17% body weight per day, respectively, for subadult Korean rockfish.