• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.26-44
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• 2023

Objectives : This study was designed to examine and analyze the recent trend of Korean medicine research on retinal and optic nerve diseases, which is increasing. Methods : This study examines papers related to diseases occurring in the retina and optic nerve that were published in Korean journals of Korean medicine, and analyzes the results of research so far by classifying them by year, journal, disease type and type of paper. Results : 1. Since it was first published in 1995, a total of 17 articles have been published until 2018, with 2 articles(11.1%) each in 1997, 2014 and 2018, and 1 article(5.6%) each in other years. 2. The number of searched journals was 17 paper; 4 review articles, 1 original articles, 12 case reports. 3. Distribution of journals; the percentage of Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology ranked the highest(41.2%). 4. Classification of 12 case reports into three categories; 7 retinal diseases, 3 optic nerve diseases, 2 other diseases. Conclusions : Currently, researches on retinal and optic nerve involvement in the Korean medicine journals have been conducted mainly through case reports. In the future, more clinical research and case reports are necessary to give practical application to patients.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 2009

As panfacial fractures are involved multiple fracture, there are possibility of many pre-operative & postoperative complications. It is necessary to do exact pre-operative evaluation, appropriate operation and care, for preventing and treating these complications, especially related to optic nerve injury. The complication occurs rarely after periorbital facial bone fracture, and indirect injuries may occur as a result of impact shearing force transmitted into the optic nerve axons or to the nutrient vessels of the optic nerve. Also indirect injuries may occur after the force of impact because of vasospasm and swelling of the optic nerve within the confines of the nonexpansile optic canal. It is necessary to active evaluation and treatments involving decompression of the orbit surgically and high dose steroid therapy in relation to panfacial fracture. But sometimes this treatments are limited due to severe swelling of the face and related multiple bone fractures in the body. This case showed the delayed neuropathy, at last visual loss, in spite of megadose methylprednisolone administration. The purpose of this article is to present indirect traumatic optic neuropathy that is one of many complications in panfacial bone fracture.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.59-62
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• 2022

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a chronic recurrent acquired immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves that presents with progressive sensory and motor deficits in all four limbs. Cranial nerve involvement is not as common as in Guillain-Barre syndrome, and central nervous system involvement including optic neuritis has rarely been reported in patients with CIDP. We recently experienced a case with classic CIDP involving bilateral facial and trigeminal nerves, right lower cranial nerves, and the right optic nerve.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.60-70
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• 2017

Glaucoma is characterized by a slow and progressive degeneration of the optic nerve, including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in the optic nerve head (ONH), leading to visual impairment. Despite its high prevalence, the biological basis of glaucoma pathogenesis still is not yet fully understood, and the factors contributing to its progression are currently not well characterized. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor, and reduction of IOP is the standard treatment for glaucoma. However, lowering IOP itself is not always effective for preserving visual function in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The second messenger cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) regulates numerous biological processes in the central nervous system including the retina and the optic nerve. Although recent studies revealed that cAMP generated by adenylyl cyclases (ACs) is important in regulating aqueous humor dynamics in ocular tissues, such as the ciliary body and trabecular meshwork, as well as cell death and growth in the retina and optic nerve, the functional role and significance of cAMP in glaucoma remain to be elucidated. In this review, we will discuss the functional role of cAMP in aqueous humor dynamics and IOP regulation, and review the current medications, which are related to the cAMP signaling pathway, for glaucoma treatment. Also, we will further focus on cAMP signaling in RGC growth and regeneration by soluble AC as well as ONH astrocytes by transmembrane ACs to understand its potential role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma neurodegeneration.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.283-287
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• 2023

A 10-year-old spayed female beagle dog presented with a 2-month history of third-eyelid elevation in the left eye (OS). Ophthalmic examination revealed slightly diminished corneal and palpebral reflexes along with exophthalmos in the OS. Schirmer's tear test and intraocular pressure values were within the normal range for the OS. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed protrusion of the third eyelid and corneal opacity in the OS. Fundoscopy revealed a prominent black mass in the OS covering the optic nerve. Tapetal hyper-reflectivity was also observed around the mass. Ocular ultrasonography showed a 0.74 × 0.67 cm echogenic posterior segment mass around the optic nerve protruding into the retrobulbar space. Computed tomography revealed a contrast-enhanced soft tissue lesion in the posteromedial aspect of the left eyeball protruding into the retrobulbar region, and the optic nerve was suspected to be involved. No evidence of osteolytic changes in the adjacent bone or distant metastasis was observed. Enucleation was performed to prevent potential metastasis or local invasion of the mass and to relieve discomfort due to exposure to keratopathy resulting from lagophthalmos. Histopathological examination revealed a central choroidal melanocytoma extending into the optic nerve. No local recurrence was detected until 16 months postoperatively.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 1999

The expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule-180 (NCAM-180), which accumulates at contact sites between cells and may be responsible for the stabilization of cell contacts, was studied in the olfactory system and retina of developing and adult rats. From embryonic day 12 onwards, which was the earliest stage examined, the NCAM-180 pathway directing to the presumptive olfactory bulb was observed. In later stages, olfactory neurons and fasciculating axons in the olfactory epithelium and nerve fiber layer and glomeruli of the olfactory bulb expressed NCAM-180. From postnatal day 0, immunolabelling pattern of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb were the same as that during later stages. NCAM-180 immunoreactivity was present on differentiating retinal cells and persisted on those cells throughout adulthood. However, contrary to the olfactory nerve which remained detectable in the adult, the optic nerve was only transiently expressed with NCAM-180 and was no longer detectable in the adult. The presence of NCAM-180 in olfactory tissues suggests their possible role in pathfinding, differentiation, fasciculation and synaptic plasticity. The continued presence of NCAM-180 in the olfactory system examined may underlie its continuous cell turnover and regenerative capacity. The continuous expression of NCAM-180 in ganglion cells, bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells, also suggests potential regenerating capability and some plastic functions for these cells in the adult. Since the expression of NCAM-180 by the optic nerve was restricted to the period of special histogenetic events, for example, during axonal growth and synaptogenesis, it is possible that the lack of NCAM-180 in the adult optic nerve might cause a nonpermissive environment for the regeneration and result in regenerative failure of this system.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.677-680
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• 2000

Orbital injuries are common with facial trauma. Direct injuries to the globe are not rare but it can result in complications such as chemosis, subconjunctival hemorrhage and hyphema. Periorbital trauma or injuries to the extraocular muscles and blow-out fracture may result in lid edema, ecchymosis & ptosis and diplopia or limitation of ocular motion respectively. Indirect injuries to the optic nerve come up without any injuries but its complication is irreversible and severe such as loss of vision. The aim of this study is to review the literature on blindness or ptosis following facial trauma and present the cases of blindness after facial trauma and ptosis after mandibular fracture without specific clinical findings.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.362-369
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• 2009

We have investigated the effect of glucosamine on the retinal cells after continuous infusion into cerebroventricle by using osmotic minipump to avoid peripheral effect. Continuous intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) infusion of glucosamine with the rate of 0.1 ${\mu}mol$/10 ${\mu}l$/hr for 7 days resulted in morphological changes of the optic nerve in electron microscopic level as well as morphological changes of the retina in light microscopic level. Retinal sections were immunostained for the detection of morphological changes of astrocytes. GFAP immunoreactivity appeared not only in the Muller cells but also many of the radial processes of Muller cells. The optic nerve showed deformed axon and slight lamellar separation of myelin sheath after continuous infusion of glucosamine in observing with electron microscope. Interestingly, vacuoles were observed in deformed axons and retinal layers were folded and detached. These results suggested that glucosamine plays a role in induction of morphological dysfunction in retina and optic nerves.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.455-458
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• 2006

The incidence of blindness after aneurysm surgery is very rare. We experienced a case of unilateral blindness after internal carotid artery[ICA] aneurysm wrapping. A 43-year-old male immediately developed ipsilateral ocular pain and visual loss in his left eye after the treatment of a lateral ICA aneurysm by wrapping with muscle pieces. He had also multiple aneurysms, which were multilobulated anterior communicating artery [A-com], middle cerebral artery[MCA] and posterior communicating artery [P-com] aneurysms. Coilings were done for a part of A-com artery aneurysm and P-com artery aneurysm on admission. The remaining A-com artery aneurysm was clipped and ICA aneurysm was wrapped with temporal muscle piece. A retrobulbar optic neuropathy might have resulted from either direct injury or damage to small dural vessels of the posterior optic nerve. Actually, the optico-carotid space was tight and the optic nerve was compressed by swollen muscle piece. Despite releasing of compression of the optic nerve on second day, his visual loss was irreversible.

• Journal of the Korean neurological association
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.366-368
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• 2018