• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.209-217
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• 2000

In this paper, we consider an Inventory system with multi-suppliers. A supply agreement is made with one of the suppliers, to deliver a fixed quantity Q evry review period ； That is, adapting to discounts of under the condition of free addition often implies that the timing and sizes of future replenishment orders are less predetermined. The replenishment decisions for the other supplier are governed by a replenishment policy. This paper, multiple suppliers strategy is a combination of a push system (the main supplier delivers every review period a predetermined quantity Q) and a pull system the replenishment orders placed at other suppliers are governed by replenishment policy. The costs are defined as the sum of the ordering, holding, purchasing and opportunity costs. Based on numerical results, conclusions follow about the division of the replenishment volume among the inventory policy.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1977

The recent issue on the withdrawal of U.S. Forces from Korea Suggests an Urgency of Self Defense of Korea. The expected huge defense budget and her armed forces create a need for an operational analysis. It is shown through a statistical analysis what some of the opportunity costs of defense spending have been. Some evidences about what some of the economy sacrifice if defense spending rises have been analyzed to provide executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions. The Korea-U.S. alliance is discussed in view of the developmental effects of U.S. aids and deterrent effects of U.S.F.K.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.22 no.52
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• pp.171-180
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• 1999

Industrial equipment reliability improvement and maintenance is gaining attention as the next great opportunity for manufacturing productivity improvement. Reactive maintenance is expensive because of extensive unplanned downtime and damage to machinery. To avoid such an unplanned machine downtime, it is needed to use proactive maintenance approach by either using historical maintenance data or by sensing machine conditions. This paper discusses failure diagonosis and prediction based on the condition-based maintenance and reliability technique. Thus, by enabling such a framework, it can bring us more efficient planning and execution of maintenance to reduce costs and/or increase profits.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.141-161
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• 2015

A significant portion of residential areas of Turkey is located in active earthquake zones. In Turkey occurred major earthquakes in last twenty years, such as Erzincan (1992), Kocaeli and $D{\ddot{u}}zce$ (1999), $Bing{\ddot{o}}l$ (2003), Van (2011). These earthquakes have demonstrated that reinforced concrete (RC) buildings having horizontal and vertical irregularities are significantly damaged, which in turn most of them are collapsed. Architectural design and arrangement of load-bearing system have important effect on RC building since architectural design criteria in design process provide opportunity to make this type of buildings safer and economical under earthquake loads. This study aims to investigate comparatively the effects of weak story irregularity on earthquake behavior and rough construction costs of RC buildings by considering different soil-conditions given in the Turkish Earthquake Code. With this aim, Sta4-CAD program based on matrix displacement method is utilized. Considering that different story height and compressive strength of concrete, and infill walls or their locations are the variables, a set of structural models are developed to determine the effect of them on earthquake behavior and rough construction costs of RC buildings. In conclusion, some recommendations and results related to making RC buildings safer and more economical are presented by comparing results obtained from structural analyses.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5049-5054
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• 2013

Background: To assess the treatment pattern and expenditure incurred by cancer patients undergoing treatment at government tertiary hospitals in India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 508 cancer patients randomly selected from tertiary cancer hospitals funded by central/state governments located in major cities of five states in India, namely Kerala, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Mizoram, during March - May 2011 was conducted. Information related to direct costs, indirect costs and opportunity costs incurred on investigations and treatment, major source of payment and difficulties faced by patients during the course of treatment was collected. Results: About 45% of the patients used private health facilities as the first point of contact for cancer related diseases as against 32% in public hospitals. About 47% sought private health facilities for cancer investigations, 21% at district/sub-district hospitals, and about 4% contacted primary health care facilities. A majority of the patients (76%) faced financial problems while undergoing treatment. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of involving the primary health care system in the cancer prevention activities.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1547-1551
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• 2012

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Its management has a significant economic impact on society. Despite a high incidence of cancer, so far, there is no national register for this disease in Morocco. The main goal of this report was to estimate the medical costs of lung cancer in our country. Methods: We first estimated the number of annual new cases according to stage of the disease on the basis of the Grand-Casablanca-Region Cancer Registry data. For each sub-group, the protocol of treatment was described taking into account the international guidelines, and an evaluation of individual costs during the first year following diagnosis was made. Extrapolation of the results to the whole country was used to calculate the total annual cost of treatments for lung cancer in Morocco. Results: Overall approximately 3,500 new cases of lung cancer occur each year in the country. Stages I and II account for only 4% of cases, while 96% are diagnosed at locally advanced or metastatic stages III and IV. The total medical cost of lung cancer in Morocco is estimated to be around USD 12 million. This cost represents approximately 1% of the global budget of the Health Department. According to AROME Guidelines, about 86% of the newly diagnosed lung cancer cases needed palliative treatment while 14% required curative intent therapy. The total cost of early and advanced stages lung cancer management during the first year were estimated to be 4,600 and 3,420 USD, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides health decision-makers with a first estimate of costs and the opportunity to achieve the optimal use of available data to estimate the needs of health facilities in Morocco. A substantial proportion of the burden of lung cancer could be prevented through the application of existing cancer control knowledge and by implementing tobacco control programs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.78-84
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• 2006

As electric power systems have been moving from a vertically integrated structure to a deregulated environment, calculating reactive power service charges is a new challenging theme for market operators. This paper examines various methods for reactive power management adopted in some deregulated foreign and domestic markets and then proposes a new method to calculate reactive power service charges using a reactive power market. The reactive power market is operated based on bids from the generating sources and is settled on uniform prices by running reactive OPF programs after the day-ahead electricity market. The proposed method takes into account recovering not only the costs of installed capacity but also the lost opportunity costs incurred by reducing active power output to increase reactive power production. A numerical sample study is carried out to illustrate the processes and appropriateness of the proposed method.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.679-685
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• 2004

Logistics needs in Asia are surprisingly increasing due to rapid growth of China Therefore, each country is trying to develop ports in order to attract logistics needs. Korea, also, begins to perform active port marketing policy, centering around Busan port and Kwangyang port, in order to become a logistics hub in Northeast Asia Recently, competitiveness of Japan has decreased due to increase in the inland transport costs, so Japanese is deliberating various counter plans. While Japan is stagnant, Korea has an opportunity for activating Busan port and Kwangyang port. This study estimates logistics costs by classifying types of delivery routes of Japanese imports and exports containers; that is, by dividing the case of using main ports in Japan, or Busan port and Kwangyang port. As a result, logistics costs are greatly reduced when the containers go by way of Busan port and Kwangyang port social and logistics costs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.80-87
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• 2015

The proliferation of the Internet and communication technologies and applications, besides the conventional retailers, has led to a new form of distribution channel, namely home sopping through the telephone, TV, catalog or the Internet. The conventional and new distribution channels have different transaction costs perceived by the consumers in the following perspectives: the accessibility to the product information, the traffic cost and the opportunity cost for the time to visit the store, the possibility of 'touch and feel' to test the quality of the product, the delivery time and the concern for the security for the personal information. Difference in the transaction costs between the distribution channels results in the different selling prices even for the same product. Moreover, distribution channels with different selling prices necessarily result in different business surpluses. In this paper, we study the multilateral bargaining strategy of a manufacturer who sells a product through multiple distribution channels with different transaction costs. We first derive the Nash equilibrium solutions for both simultaneous and sequential bargaining games. The numerical analyses for the Nash equilibrium solutions show that the optimal bargaining strategy of the manufacturer heavily depends not only on the degree of competition between the distribution channels but on the difference of the business surpluses of the distribution channels. First, it is shown that there can be four types of locally optimal bargaining strategies if we assume the market powers of the manufacturer over the distribution channels can be different. It is also shown that, among the four local optimal bargaining strategies, simultaneous bargaining with the distribution channels is the most preferred bargaining strategy for the manufacturer.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.435-448
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to investigate and develop the extended models for Economic Cash Amount(ECA), Cash Break Even-Point(BEP), and Cash Flow Statement(CFS) by referencing systematic literature review in the field. The study develops three extended models to determine the optimal cash amount: ECA model with interest opportunity cost, financing transaction cost and financing fail cost, ECA model with daily cash supply and interest opportunity cost, ECA model with financing fail cost and interest opportunity cost. Earnings Before Interests, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization(EBITDA) is obtained by subtracting noncash depreciation costs from Earning Before Interest and Tax(EBIT), which is efficient metric to evaluate operating cash flow. The research also develops two extended Cash BEP models, considered as interest and corporate tax, in order to indentify the break-even point as EBITDA equals zero. Furthermore, this paper proposes the modified version of CFS by introducing the reclassification of operating and financing accounts in the statement of financial position. In addition, the study also present the reclassification of five types of profit, such as gross profit, EBIT, ordinary profit, special profit, and net profit within the statement of comprehensive income. In order to provide a better understanding of the proposed cash flow models, numerical examples, such as two-sample t test and Analysis of Variance(ANOVA), are presented to demonstrate the statistical significance according to the industrial types for net working capital(i.e cash-to-cash), net profit, operating cash flow and free cash flow.