• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 1999

This study was designed to evaluate anxiety & depression symptoms and pressure pain threshold in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder(n=23) and to find out the relationship between the affective symptoms and the pressure pain threshold scores. And this was compared with healthy control subjects(n=18). The scores of pressure pain threshold were checked with algometer. The results were as follows : PTSD patients showed higher scores of anxiety & depression symptoms than that of the control group. In contrast with our hypothesis, pressure pain threshold in PTSD patients presented statistically significant higher scores than that of the control group. These results may be derived from following factors. First, chronic depression has influenced the pain perception of patients with PTSD rather than anxiety symptoms, second, abnormal state of the opiate system in PTSD patients, third, the sick role of the PTSD patients, fourth, the socio-environmental factor of the PTSD patients. In conclusion, affective symptoms, especially depression, were related to the chronic pain in patients with PTSD, however, the causality of elevated pressure pain threshold was uncertain in this study. To understand more clearly the relation between affective symptoms and chronic pain, it will be necessary to control the other specific factors.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 1986

The opiate antagonist, naloxone, was injected for the reversal of hypotension due to Korean hemorrhagic fever, and the authors observed changes in pituitary hormones. In the hypotensive phase of the Korean hemorrhagic fever, the f-endorphin was high, and normalized granually in the diuretic and convalescent period. The naloxone raised the pulse rate and the blood pressure within 30 minutes without change in the central venous pressure. Around 30 minuted after the injection of the naloxone, the $\beta-endorphin$, ACTH and cortisol rose. The prolactin fell down 60 minutes after the naloxone injection.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.74-79
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• 1988

Caudal narcotic analgesia was assesses after the injection of 3mg morphine diluted in 30ml (physiologic) saline into the sacral canal in 15 Patients after upper abdominal surgery, in 20 patients after lower abdominal surgery under general anesthesia, and in 20 patients after perianal surgery under caudal block. Pain relief was evaluated by the subsequent need for systemic analgesics. All eases had considerable relief from pain an4 the morphine was effective for 12 or more hours. There were no significant differances between pain relief of the upper abdominal and lower abdominal surgery group, upper abdominal and perianal surgery group, and lower abdominal and perianal surgery group (p>0.05, p>0.05, p>0.05). It is suggested that the morphine, which was administered into the sacral, cannal, reached the subarachnoid space and produced it's effect by direct action on the specific opiate receptors in the substantia gelatinosa of th.8 posterior horn cell of the spinal cord. Consequently, whether analgesia from epidural narcotics appears to be segmental in distribution or not is still in controversy.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.1 s.26
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• pp.15-24
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• 1980

As it has been reported that opioids such as morphine and methionine-enkephalin induced antidiuresis and antinatriuresis along with decrease in renal hemodynamics when given intracerebroventricularly(ivt), the renal action of ivt naloxone, a pure antagonist of morphine, and its influence upon the morphine action were investigated in this study. Less than $0.3{\mu}M/kg$ naloxone ivt did not change renal funtion. $1{\mu}M/kg$ ivt tended to, increase urine flow rate and induce transient natriuresis. $3{\mu}M/kg$ ivt produced transient: natriuresis. $3{\mu}M/kg$ ivt produced marked diuresis and natriuresis without any changes of renal hemodynamics. $10{\mu}M/kg$ ivt produced significant increases of urine flow rate and excretion of sodium without any changes of renal hemodynamics. Morphine $0.03{\mu}M/kg$ ivt produced marked decrement in renal hemodynamics along with decreases of water and sodium excretion, as previously shown by Kang. These effects of ivt morphine were completely abolished by the pretreatment with $0.3{\mu}M/kg$ naloxone. These observations provide further evidence that opiate receptors and endorphins in the brain might play an important role in the center-mediated regulation of the renal function in the rabbit.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 1997

Background : Patient-controlled analgesia(PCA) is a safe and effective technique for providing postoperative pain relief. Studies that compare epidural vs intravenous routes of opiate administration show conflicting results. We designed a prospective, randomized, controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of epidural(EPI-PCA) morphine-bupivacaine versus intravenous (IV-PCA) nalbuphine when administered with a PCA system. Methods : Forty healthy women were randomly assigned to receive an epidural bolus of morphine 3 mg and 0.5% bupivacaine 10 ml, followed by a EPI-PCA with 0.01% morphine and 0.143% bupivacane (basal infusion 1 ml/hr, bolus 1 ml, lock-out interval 30 min) or intravenous bolus of nalbuphine 0.1 mg/kg followed by a IV-PCA with nalbuphine(basal infusion 1 mg/hr, bolus 1 ml, lock-out interval 20 min) for pain relief after cesarean delivery. This study was conducted for 2 days after cesarean section to compare the analgesic efficacy, side effects, patient satisfaction either as EPI-PCA or as IV-PCA. Results : EPI-PCA group had significant lower visual analog pain scale(VAS) at immediate postoperative period, whereas no significant difference was observed when pain was assessed at other time sequence. Urinary retention and pruritus were more frequent with EPI-PCA group, although the incidence of other side effects were the same. Conclusions : Although EPI-PCA with morphine-bupivacaine was of significantly lower VAS at immediate postoperative period, IV-PCA with nalbuphine is a safe and effective alternative to EPI-PCA with morphine-bupivacaine for providing pain relief after cesarean delivery. Further studies about IV-PCA with nalbuphine are needed to control the immediate postoperative pain and to further improve effective pain management.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 1983

It is well known that the acupuncture has been used effectively for the relief of certain types of pain. Although the precise mechanism of action of acupuncture analgesia is unknown, it is generally accepted that their analgesic properties are related to the activation of endogenous opiate system in central nervous system. And it is suggested that pain-relieving properties of acupunture may be related to a stimulation of peripheral nerve underlying the acupuncture point on the skin. However, the efficacy of acupuncture has no relationship between the site of pain and the acupuncture point. Consequently, the present study was undertaken to investigate electroacupuncture analgesia in relation to the site of peripheral nerve stimulation. Cats were decerebrated ischemically and the flexion reflex as an index of pain was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve (20V, 0.5 msec duration) and recored as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the posterior biceps femoris muscle in the ipsilateral hindlimb. Bilateral common peroneal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve were selected as the site of peripheral nerve stimulation. For the stimulation of peripheral nerve, a stimulus of 20 V intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Both stimulation of contralateral common peronal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve did not change the flexion reflex and there were no significant differences between them. 2) Stimulation of ipsilateral common peroneal nerve markedly depress the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone application. These results suggest that stimulation of ipsilateral common peroneal nerve has the analgesic effect but both stimulation of contralteral common peroneal nerve and contralateral superficial radial nerve to the pain site where flexion reflex was elicited have no analgesic effect.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.196-202
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• 1997

Background: Various pain treatments have been administered to relieve patients suffering from postoperative pain. Among these, epidural or intravenous opiate administration is by far the most widly applied treatment in recent times. However it was our objective to device a more effective and safe means of postoperative analgesia. Methods: We studied 110 healthy pregnant women scheduled for delivery by elective cesarean section. EPI(epidural)-group is administered morphine 1.5 mg and 0.25% bupivacaine 8 ml as bolus dose, then, a mixture of morphine 6 mg and 0.125% bupivacaine 95 ml as continuous dose via epidural route. IV(intravenous)-group is administered nalbuphine 6~7 mg as bolus dose and nalbuphine 60~70 mg with 0.9% normal saline 90 ml as continuous dose via intravenous route, at the rate of 2 ml/hr for 2 days. We compared the analgesic efficacy and side effects of these two groups using VAS pain score and time duration of constant pain level. Results: VAS pain score was similar between the two groups, but pain duration was significantly shorter in EPI-group. Incidence of pruritus was significantly lower with the IV-group, of nausea and vomiting were similar for both groups, no respiratory depression for either groups. Conclusions: Although the EPI-group had better analgesic efficacy, the IV-group had lower incidence of side effects, and simplicity and safety methods of operation. Therefore, We propose further research and consideration of administering the kinds and doses of those medications prescribe to the IV group in conjunction with other drugs for safer and better efficacy of postoperative analgesia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.246-249
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• 2007

DL-phenylalanine (DLPA) is known as an essential amino acid exhibiting opiate capacities by inhibiting the degradation of enkephalins. From the viewpoint of developing a drink containing DLPA, its solubility and stability in aqueous solutions were investigated at some processing conditions such as temperature and pH. When the solubility was analyzed by transmittance at 600 nm, the solutions containing DLPA of 0.1% to 2% showed transmittance over 98% above $60^{\circ}C$ and over 99% at wide range of pH (3.0, 7.0, and 10.0). The valuable stability was also recognized through HPLC analysis for DLPA content, that is, 61-71% DLPA was still remained even after processing at high temperature and wide pH range, indicating the possibility of de-velopment of drink containing DLPA. Among flavors considered for the improvement of consumers' acceptability on drink, orange and amino acid flavors were superior to others. Microbial growth was not detected during 6-week storage after drink preparation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 1995

The modulatory effects of total ginseng saponin (TGS) on the 1, 6, and opioid receptor binding in morphine tolerance and dependence were examined in this study. The specific [$^{3}H$]DAGO ([D-$Ala^2$, N-$Mephe^4$, $Glyco^4$] enkephalin) binding was significantly increased in chronic morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mouse striatum. The specific [$^{3}H$]DPDPE ([D-$Pen^2$, D-$Pen^5$] enkephalin) binding was ignificantly increased following morphine treatment in the mouse striatum and cortex. Also, an apparent decrease in the affinity of [$^{3}H$]DPN (diprenorphine) was observed after chronic morphine treatment in mouse striatum and cortex. 7GS produced a sleight increase of specific [$^{3}H$]DAGO, [$^{3}H$]DPDPE binding and a significant increase of specific [$^{3}H$]DPN binding in the mouse brain striatum. In cortex, TGS produced an inhibition of specific [$^{3}H$]DAGO and [$^{3}H$]DPDPE binding and increase of the specific [$^{3}H$]DPN binding. The prolonged administration of TGS (25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, i.p., 3 wks) produced an inhibition of increased [$^{3}H$]DAGO specific binding following morphine without significant changes in the agonist binding to and receptors in mouse striatum and cortex. These contracted alterations in $\mu$, $\gamma$ and $\kappa$ opiate receptor binding were dependent in TGS dogs and brain sites.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 1996

Adenosine and its analogues are known to possess analgesic effects and to be involved in the opiate-induced antinociception as well. This study was designed to investigate the effects of three adenosine agonists, 5'- (N-cyclopropyl) -carboxamidoadenosine(CPCA), 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadeno-sine (NECA) and $N^6-cyclohexyladenosine$ (CHA) on the signal transmission in the spinal cord and also to elucidate mechanisms of their actions in the anesthetized cat. All the tested adenosine agonists(i.v,) exerted inhibitory effects on the responsiveness of the wide dynamic range (WDR) cells, the inhibitory action of CHA, an adenosine $A_1$ receptor agonist, $(80{\mu}g/Kg)$ being most weak. The intravenous CPCA, an adenosine $A_2$ receptor agonist, $(20{\mu}g\;/Kg)$ and NECA, nonspecific adenosine receptor agonist, $(20{\mu}g\;/Kg)$ inhibited the responses of WDR cells to pinch and C fiber stimulation more strongly than those to brush and A fiber stimulation. CPCA (i.v.) also suppressed the responses of WDR cells to thermal stimulus. And all the CPCA-induced inhibitions were caffeine-reversible. When CPCA was directly applied onto the spinal cord or intravenously administered into the spinal cat, on average, about three quarters of the CPCA-induced inhibitory effect was abolished. On the other hand, in the animal with spinal lesions in the ipsilateral dorsolateral area, the CPCA-induced inhibition was comparable to that observed in the spinal cats. In conclusion, this study shows that adenosine agonists strongly suppress the responses of WDR cells to pinch, C fiber stimulation and thermal stimuli mainly through the supraspinal adenosine $A_2-receptors$.