• 전기화학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2015

본 총설은 다공성의 메조포러스 이산화티타늄 박막을 기반으로 하는 양자점-감응 태양 전지의 최근 발전 과정에 대해 정리하였다. 나노스케일의 무기물 양자점이 가지는 본질적 특성에 기반하고 다양한 양자점 구성 물질을 이용하여, 용액-공정 기반의 다양한 3세대 박막 태양전지를 만들 수 있었다. 양자점 감응제는 준비하는 방법에 따라 크게 2가지로 나눌 수 있는데, 첫 번째는 콜로이드 형태로 용액상에서 준비한 다음 $TiO_2$ 표면에 붙이는 것이고 두 번째는 양자점 전구체가 녹아있는 화학조를 이용하여 직접 $TiO_2$ 표면에 성장시키는 것이다. 폴리썰파이드 전해질을 사용하여, 콜로이드 양자점 감응제의 경우는 최근 들어 정밀한 조성 조절을 통하여 전체 광전 변환효율이 ~7%에 이르렀고 화학조 침전법을 이용하여 준비된 대표적 감응제인 CdS/CdSe는 ~5%의 효율을 보이고 있다. 앞으로는 지금까지 보고된 양자점 감응제의 뛰어난 광전류 생성 능력을 유지하면서, 새로운 정공 전달체의 개발 및 계면 조절을 통한 개방 전압과 채움 상수의 개선을 통한 효율 증가 및 안정성에 관한 체계적 연구가 필요한 상황이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제43권9호
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• pp.143-162
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• 2005

Many ethnic groups have different cultural backgrounds and each culture has developed with its own traditions. The interaction between different cultures is getting more active through acculturation and cultural contact. The purpose of this study was to provide basic data about the domestic living of Australians in order to compare with Korean immigrants in the form of a Cross-Cultural study. For this, usage of domestic space and seating style of 53 Australian households in Melbourne were analyzed. Ethnographic research with questionnaire was used. The results of the research were as follows. 1. The open plan type combining the kitchen, dining and tying areas was the most popular one for Australians and they are very satisfied with that type. 2. The laundry room has been planned traditionally and Australians demand to be able to dry their laundry and do ironing in there additionally. Most of Australians were satisfied with separated toilet and bathroom. h drain hole on the floor of the bathroom was not essential for most Australians. 3. Australians were doing various activities in the living areas and they also enjoy gelling together in the kitchen and dining areas. 4. The seating style of Australians was generally the chair-seating style. However, they sometimes made a bed for guests on the floor and watched TV and treated guests with both chair seating style and floor seating style. 5. Australians were satisfied with using carpet presumably for its warmth.6. Many Australians took off their shoes inside of the house for hygienic reason. Most people organized the shoes in the cabinet of the bedroom. 7. The most popular heating system was ducted heating for Australians and they were very satisfied with it because it was suitable for the weather in Melbourne. 8. The living room was the most important one for Australian families and they thought that it should be decorated well for entertaining guests. It was also considered that brightness of the light was enough for most Australians.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.418-426
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• 2008

인도네시아 파시르탄광에서 적용되고 있는 전형적인 발파방법은 지표면을 유일한 자유면으로 하는 일자유면 노천발파 공법이다. 일반적으로 일자유면 발파방법은 자유면이 하나뿐이므로 구속이 커서 큰 지반진동을 일으키게 된다. 큰 지반진동은 다시 채광장의 경계를 이루는 사면의 안정성에 나쁜 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이런 측면에서 발파로 인한 지반진동으로부터 파시르탄광의 채광장 사면과 폐석장의 안전을 확보할 수 있는 발파지침을 마련하기로 하였다 먼저, 파시르탄광에서 발파로 발생될 수 있는 지반진동 수준을 예측할 수 있는 예측식을 유도하였다. 다음으로, 채광장 사면과 폐석장의 폐석더미를 관리하기 위한 지반진동 허용수준을 PPV 측정치로 각각 120mm/s 및 60mm/s로 설정하였다. 도출된 예측식과 설정된 허용수준으로부터 현장에서 사용할 수 있는 안전발파를 위한 환산거리 조건식을 설정하였다. 설정된 환산거리 조건식은 채광장 사면과 폐석더미에 대해 각각 $D_s{geq}5$ 및 $D_s{geq}10$이다. 또한, 환산거리 조건식을 만족시킬 수 있도록 천공장 $3.3{sim}8.8m$에 대하여 몇 가지 표준발파패턴을 제안하였다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.318-321
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• 2009

Purpose: The bony mallet finger injury is generally managed by conservative treatments, but operative treatments are needed especially when the fractures involve above 30% of articular surface or distal phalanx is accompanied by subluxation in the volar side. This is the reason they often result in chronic instability, articular subluxation and unsatisfactory cosmetic. In this report, We describe new method using the hook plate as an operative treatment of Mallet finger deformity. Methods: Among 13 patients with Mallet finger deformity who came from February 2006 to February 2008, six patient were included in surgical indication. Under local anesthesia, H or Y type incision was made at the DIP joint area. After the DIP joint extension, the hook plate was put on the fracture line, and one self tapping screw was used for fixation. 2 hole plate which was one of the holes in 1.5 mm diameter was cut in almost half and bended through approximately $100^{\circ}$. Results: In all six cases which applied the hook plate, complications such as loss of reduction or nail deformity were not seen. In only one patient, hook pate was removed due to inflammatory reaction after surgery. At 2 weeks after operation, active motion of DIP joint was performed. The result was satisfactory not only cosmetically but also functionally. At 6 weeks after operation, the range of motion of DIP joint was average $64^{\circ}$. Conclusion: The purpose of the operative treatment for mallet finger deformity using the hook plate is to provide anatomical reduction with rigid fixation and to prevent contracture at the DIP joint. While other operations take 6 weeks, the operation using the hook plate begins an active motion at 2 weeks after operation. Complication rate was low and the method is rather simple. Thus, the operation using the hook plate is recommended as a good alternative method of the mallet finger deformity treatment.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.168-195
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• 1999

The hakgil is the important disease in the oriental medicine historically. In the preseant time also this disease continually appear all over the world. So purpose of this study is that consider the symptoms and pathogenesis of hakgil(瘧疾) with the point of view of oriental medicine. And in this study, the results are summarized as the followings. 1. The symptos of hakgil(瘧疾). 1) Rigor and heat spasm : The main symptoms of hakgil is the severe and periodical rigor and heat spasm. Generally the rigor first appear and later the heat spasm appear. According to the first and last, severe and weak, the hakgil is classified to hanhak(寒瘧), onhak(溫瘧), danhak(癉瘧), binhak(牝瘧). 2) The regulation of the time of spasm : The spasm occour in the same time daily or one time in two days, three days or several days. And the spasm time is regulary in day or night. 3) The term between the spasm and next one become later or faster. It can be decided that the becoming worse and better in the disease with the signs. 4) The seasonal property Generally the hakgil appear in summer and early autumn. 5) The other kind of hakgil there are five-organ hakgil(五臟瘧), six-kyung hakgil(六經瘧), janghak(瘴瘧), kuihak(鬼瘧), six-gi hakgil(六氣瘧), damhak(痰瘧), sikhak(食瘧), and so on. 6) The pulse condition of the hakgil is chiefly hyun(弦). 2. The pathogenesis of the hakgil 1) The cause of the hakgil The causes of the hakgil first are the seo(暑) or heat(熱) that make the problem in the cycle of five phases(五行). In the consequence, il open the hole of skin so that the pathogenic factors easily invade the humanbody and at the same time the pathogenic factor in the inside easily come out, that make the spasm. In the second time the pathogenic factor of yin(陰) - wind(風), cold(寒), water(水) invade through the opened skin to combine with the factor in the inside. Such condition make the hakgil and the accessory spasm. 2)The pathogenesis of hakgil(瘧疾) (1) The rigor and heat spasm of hakgil(瘧疾) appear because in summer the human body don't accomplish a task of summer because of hot weather or heat, so in autumn the ki(氣) of human body separate into yin(陰) and yang(陽), and the skin of human body is weaken so the saki(邪氣: pathogenic factors) is easily come into the human body. At this time the circulation of ki(氣) is obstructed, so the jungki(精氣: vital substance) apply to straighten the circulation of ki(氣), if the jungki(精氣: vital substance) help the yin(陰) the rigor spasm appear in the opposit direction the jungki(精氣: vital substance) help the yang(陽) the heat spasm appear. (2) The period of circulation of ki(氣) and jungki(精氣: vital substance) is one day, so the general period of spasm of hakgil(瘧疾) is one day, But if the saki(邪氣: pathogenic factors) come into the human body deeply, the jungki(精氣: vital substance) cannot apply 10 straighten the circulation of ki(氣) every day so the period of spasm become longer.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2011

염료 감응 태양 전지(Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: DSSCs)의 에너지 변환효율은 $TiO_2$ 전극의 입자 크기, 구조 및 표면 형태에 의존한다. 높은 비표면적을 갖는 나노 크기의 아나타제 $TiO_2$는 많은 염료를 흡착할 수 있어 변환효율을 증가 시킨다. 또한 전극 내부에서 태양광의 산란을 증가 시키면, 염료가 태양광을 흡수하는 양이 증가하여 효율이 증가할 수 있다. 수열 합성법으로 합성한 $TiO_2$ 분말의 크기는 15-25 nm이고, 결정상은 구형의 anatase 상이다. 0.4 ${\mu}m$의 $TiO_2$ 산란입자를 합성한 나노 크기의 $TiO_2$ 분말에 혼합하여 전극을 제조하고, DSSCs를 제작한 후 변환효율을 측정하였다. 10% 의 산란 입자가 포함된 DSSCs는 단락전류 3.51 mA, 개방전압 0.79 V, 곡선인자 0.619로 6.86%의 변환 효율을 나타 내었다. 산란 입자의 영향으로 단락전류밀도는 11% 증가하였고, 효율은 0.77% 증가하였다. 산란 입자가 포함되지 않은 DSSCs 보다 산란 입자가 전극으로 들어온 태양광을 산란시켜 전자-홀 쌍의 생성을 증가 시키고, 전자가 전극을 따라 이동하는 경로가 감소하여 효율이 증가하였다. 10% 이상의 산란 입자는 전극 내부에 입자 크기의 큰 기공을 증가 시켜 효율이 감소하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.463-463
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• 2014

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have generated a strong interest in the development of solid-state devices owing to their low cost and simple preparation procedures. Effort has been devoted to the study of electrolytes that allow light-to-electrical power conversion for DSSC applications. Several attempts have been made to substitute the liquid electrolyte in the original solar cells by using (2,2',7,7'-tetrakis (N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9-9'-spirobi-fluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) that act as hole conductor [1]. Although efficiencies above 3% have been reached by several groups, here the major challenging is limited photoelectrode thickness ($2{\mu}m$), which is very low due to electron diffusion length (Ln) for spiro-OMeTAD ($4.4{\mu}m$) [2]. In principle, the $TiO_2$ layer can be thicker than had been thought previously. This has important implications for the design of high-efficiency solid-state DSSCs. In the present study, we have fabricated 3-D Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) by growing tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanowire (NWs) arrays via a vapor transport method [3] and mesoporous $TiO_2$ nanoparticle (NP)-based photoelectrodes were prepared using doctor blade method. Finally optimized light-harvesting solid-state DSSCs is made using 3-D TCO where electron life time is controlled the recombination rate through fast charge collection and also ITO NWs length can be controlled in the range of over $2{\mu}m$ and has been characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Structural analyses by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that the ITO NWs formed single crystal oriented [100] direction. Also to compare the charge collection properties of conventional NPs based solid-state DSSCs with ITO NWs based solid-state DSSCs, we have studied intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS), intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and transient open circuit voltages. As a result, above $4{\mu}m$ thick ITO NWs based photoelectrodes with Z907 dye shown the best performing device, exhibiting a short-circuit current density of 7.21 mA cm-2 under simulated solar emission of 100 mW cm-2 associated with an overall power conversion efficiency of 2.80 %. Finally, we achieved the efficiency of 7.5% by applying a CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite sensitizer.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.509-514
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• 2020

The two key variables of an Si solar cell, i.e., emitter (n-type window layer) and base (p-type substrate) doping levels or concentrations, are studied using Medici, a 2-dimensional semiconductor device simulation tool. The substrate is p-type and 150 ㎛ thick, the pn junction is 2 ㎛ from the front surface, and the cell is lit on the front surface. The doping concentration ranges from 1 × 10¹⁰ cm^-3 to 1 × 10²⁰ cm^-3 for both emitter and base, resulting in a matrix of 11 by 11 or a total of 121 data points. With respect to increasing donor concentration (Nd) in the emitter, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is little affected throughout, and the short-circuit current (Isc) is affected only at a very high levels of Nd, exceeding 1 × 10¹⁹ cm^-3, dropping abruptly by about 12%, i.e., from Isc = 6.05 × 10^-9 A·㎛^-1, at Nd = 1 × 10¹⁹ cm^-3 to Isc = 5.35 × 10^-9 A·㎛^-1 at Nd = 1 × 10²⁰ cm^-3, likely due to minority-carrier, or hole, recombination at the very high doping level. With respect to increasing acceptor concentration (Na) in the base, Isc is little affected throughout, but Voc increases steadily, i.e, from Voc = 0.29 V at Na = 1 × 10¹² cm^-3 to 0.69 V at Na = 1 × 10¹⁸ cm^-3. On average, with an order increase in Na, Voc increases by about 0.07 V, likely due to narrowing of the depletion layer and lowering of the carrier recombination at the pn junction. At the maximum output power (Pmax), a peak value of 3.25 × 10^-2 W·cm^-2 or 32.5 mW·cm^-2 is observed at the doping combination of Nd = 1 × 10¹⁹ cm^-3, a level at which Si is degenerate (being metal-like), and Na = 1 × 10¹⁷ cm^-3, and minimum values of near zero are observed at very low levels of Nd ≤ 1 × 10¹³ cm^-3. This wide variation in Pmax, even within a given kind of solar cell, indicates that selecting an optimal combination of donor and acceptor doping concentrations is likely most important in solar cell engineering.

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2002

목적: 임상적으로드물며, 발생시도수정복이잘안되는무지중수지관절복합탈구의임상적결과를알아보고자하였다.대상및방법: 무지중수지관절의외상성탈구11예(10예후방탈구, 1예전방탈구)를대상으로초기에탈구의정복가능성,도수정복을방해하는해부학적요인, 수술적접근법에관하여조사하였다.결과: 모든증례에서초기에도수정복을시도하였으나, 2예에서만이정복이되었다. 8 례는전방도달법으로관혈정복을하였고, 1예는만성적인소견을보여관절고정술을시행하였다. 정복방해요인은파열된수장판내로근위부에서단무지굴건과요측종자골이감입되어있었고, 중수골두는파열된인대와단무지굴건사이에형성된간격사이로빠져나와있었다.결론: 과신전에의한중수지관절의후방복합탈구는드물지만, 정복이쉽지않아서주로관혈정복이요구되며, 이때정복방해요인인파열된수장판과관절막, 단무지굴건과종자골등에관심을갖고치료에임하여야한다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.186-192
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• 1975

燃炭을 燃燒시킬 때 흙통중에서 一定量의 煉炭을 一定時間 燃燒를 持續시키기 위하여 空氣의 供給을 制限하게 되므로 많은 量의 一酸化炭素가 發生한다. 그러므로 一酸化炭素의 發生을 抑制하는 基本實驗으로 窒素, 酸素 및 一酸化炭素의 混合가스 및 炭素의 存在下에서 一酸化炭素의 燃燒率을 測定한 結果 一酸化炭素 燃燒溫度는 $700^{\circ}C$以上이고 空氣의 供給이 增加 할수록 一酸化炭素의 燃燒率이 改善됨을 알았다. 이러한 事實에서 燃燒時間의 延長과 一酸化炭素의 發生 抑制는 서로 相反되므로 두 가지 條件을 滿足시키는, 보다 效果的 燃燒裝置를 考案하였다. 즉 內徑이 다른 二重鐵筒으로 暖爐를 만들어 若干의 二次空氣가 에어자켓 下部에서 들어가 上部의 작은 구멍에서 나오게끔 하면 燃燒中인 煉炭과 熱交換되어 燃燒雰圍氣의 溫度는 低下된다. 따라서 燃燒時間은 길어지면 또 二重鐵筒을 通하여 上昇하는 豫熱空氣는 一酸化炭素의 再演燒를 促進시키게 되므로 一酸化炭素의 發生量은 흙통을 使用하였을때 보다도 1/20 程度로 減少된다.