• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2005

Soil CO₂ emission is one of the primary components in carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems. In soil CO₂ flux measurements, chamber method is currently the most common technique. Prior to compare or synthesize the data collected from different chamber methods, potential biases must be quantified for each measurement system. We have conducted an intercomparison experiment among four closed dynamic chamber systems and an automatic open-closed chamber system in a temperature-controlled phytotron. Due to the disturbed CO₂ concentrations inside the phytotron during the measurements with closed dynamic chambers and the changes in soil water content, the interpretation of the data was difficult to quantify the biases of individual methods. However, the experiment provided not only valuable information on the performance characteristics of the five instruments to varying soil temperature and CO₂ concentration but also useful insights for better designs and strategy for future intercomparison in a controlled environment.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.361-366
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• 1986

Fracture of the carpal scaphoid bone is the most common fracture of the carpus. Unfortunately. nonunion are common since the symptoms do not alert patients to seek early medical treatment and the diagnosis is easily missed. Fracture of the scaphoid is a common condition whose management remains controversial. The conservative treatment has many complications, these include inability to work while in plaster, stiffness of the wrist afterwards, muscle wasting, weakness and malunion. So various operative treatments of scaphoid fracture have been developed. Open reduction by use of screws suggested by Maclaughlin first in 1954. In 1984 a new and simple operative technique has been developed to provide rigid internal fixation for all types of fractures of the scaphoid by T.J. Herbert. This involves the use of a double-treaded bone screw which provides good fixation that, after operation, a plaster cast is rarely required and most patients are able to return to work within a few weeks. Authors have experienced 10 cases of scaphoid fracture and accomplished good result in all cases by internal fixation using Herbert screw. The results are as follows : Of these 10 fractures, 2 were fresh fractures and 8 were non unions of scaphoid fracture. In nonunion cases, the time interval between fracture and operation was from 5 months to 5 years. The postoperative immobilization period was average of 4 weeks. Short period of immobilization achieved early functional recovery of the wrist. The bony unions in roentgenogram were seen from 3 months to 9 months after operation. In 2 cases the fracture gap was seen after 9 months. But in these cases the symptoms such as pain and range of motion of wrist were improved.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2000

Objective : Percutaneous lumbar approaches such as arthroscopic discectomy, laser discectomy, and nucleotome remain controversial and have technical limitations to free fragment disc, bony pathology and access to L5-S1, The purpose of this study was to determine efficacy of this new endoscopic system and to report techniques and tactics. Methods : From July 1997 to May 1998, we treated 40 consecutive patients(43 levels) with the MED system. Mean age was 32 years(range ; 18 to 62). There were 30 males and 10 females. All patients had sciatica with SLRT limitation. There were 23 patients with disc herniation at L4-5 and 14 patients at L5-S1. Three patients had 2 level disc herniations. There was one far lateral disc herniation at L4-5. Results : Using modified MacNab criteria, there were 37 excellent results and 3 good result. Most patients were discharged within 3-4 days except 2 patients with dural tearing. There were no other complications. Mean operation time was 1.5 hours(range : 40 minutes to 2.5 hours). Conclusion : The MED system is a reliable approach to lumbar disc herniations. This system combines the advantages of conventional open surgery and a minimally invasive technique. As tactics for the doctors who wish to attempt, "palpate" the lamina by first dilator, identification of interlaminar space by removal of overlying soft tissue and confirmation of the shoulder portion of nerve root before discectomy are important to this procedure. We conclude that lumbar disc herniations can be successfully treated with MED approach.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.305-309
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• 2002

There are some evidences that $K^+$ efflux evoked by muscarinic stimulation is not mainly mediated by large conductance $K^+$ (BK) channels in salivary gland. In this experiment, we therefore characterised non BK channels in rat submandibular gland acinar cells and examined the possibility of agonist effect on this channel using a patch clamp technique. Two types of $K^+$ channels were observed in these cells. BK channels were observed in 3 cells from total 6 cells and its average conductance was $152{\pm}7$ pS (n=3). The conductance of the another types of $K^+$ channel was estimated as $71{\pm}7$ pS (n=6). On the basis of the conductance of this channel, we defined this channel as intermediate conductance $K^+$ (IK) channels, which were observed from all 6 cells we studied. When we increased $Ca^{2+}$ concentration of the bath solution in inside-out mode, the IK channel activity was greatly increased, suggesting this channel is $Ca^{2+}$ sensitive. We next examined the effect of carbachol (CCh) and isoproterenol on the activity of the IK channels. $10^{-5}$ M isoproterenol significantly increased the open probability (Po) from $0.08{\pm}0.02$ to $0.21{\pm}0.03$ (n=4, P<0.05). Application of $10^{-5}$ M CCh also increased Po from $0.048{\pm}0.03$ to $0.55{\pm}0.33$ (n=5, P<0.05) at the maximum channel activity. The degree of BK channel activation induced by the same concentration of CCh was lower than that of IK channels; Po value was $0.011{\pm}0.003$ and $0.027{\pm}0.005$ in control and during CCh stimulation (n=3), respectively. The result suggests that IK channels exist in salivary acinar cells and its channel activity is regulated by muscaricinic and ${\beta}-adrenergic$ agonist. We conclude that IK channels also play a putative role in secretion as well as the BK channels in rat submandibular gland acinar cells.

• Journal of Convergence Society for SMB
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2012

Android platform is a powerful operating system developed on Linux 2.6 Kernel, and provides many features such as comprehensive libraries, a multimedia environment, and powerful interface for phone applications. Since Android is an open operating system, which can be installed in any vendors's equipments. Current smartphones as well as netbooks, navigations, car PCs, tablet PCs, Industrial PCs are used in various fields. It is difficult a lot that to mount to other devices on the Android platform or new devices. In this Paper, The process that data that occurred from a hardware was passed to the highest application and Android platform system for managing hardware devices were analyzed. Building Android & driver compilation environment, How to support the protocol for the use of WiFi in the kernel, How to Mount a WiFi device in the kernel, Device driver registration for the Android platform, WiFi Management Service Daemon (wpa_supplicant) and IP allocation services daemon (dhcpcd) registration, How to create a socket for communication between the daemon (wpa_supplicant) and HAL have been presented. In the experiment using the proposed method, WiFi devices were mounted on the Android platform in the X-86 & ARM family. Understanding the whole process of control flow in Android hierarchy is very important to porting a new device on it. The process included in this paper can help technicians who might encounter the obstacles in their porting works.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.815-822
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• 1995

The toxicokinetics of rifapentine was studied after an oral administration to beagle dogs. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) using column-switching technique was performed to determine the serum concentrations of rifapentine. The pharmacokinetic profiles of rifapentine were analysed using one-compartment open model. Following a single oral administration of 10mg/kg, pharmacokinetic parameters were determined as follows: maximum serum concentration($C_{max}$), $28.90{\mu}g/ml$; maximum concentration time($T_{max}$), 3.7hr; elimination half-life($t_{1/2}$, 4.7hr; area under the curve(AUC), $339.0{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml$; volume of disiribution/bioavailability (Vd/F), 0.21 l/kg; lag time, 24min; absorption rate constant($k_a$), $0.445hr^{-1}$; elimination rate constant($k_{el}$), $0.148hr^{-1}$. After 6 month multiple oral doses of 10mg/kg/day, parameters were as follows: $C_{max}$, $34.40{\mu}g/ml$; $T_{max}$, 2.6hr; $t_{1/2}$, 6.7hr; AUC, $391.3{\mu}g{\cdot}hr/ml$; Vd/F, 0.291/kg; $k_a$, $0.976hr^{-1}$; $k_{el}$, $0.104hr^{-1}$. The consistant kinetic parameters after a single and multiple oral administration show that there was no accumulation of rifapentine after 6 month oral administration. We also simulated the concentration of rifapentine after oral multiple administration of 10 and 50mg/kg/ day, based on the parameters obtained form the single administration. The measured serum concentrations of rifapentine were well fitted to the simulated results. The simulated results show that rifapentine readily reaches to steady-state after about 3 doses and the steady-state serum concentrations($C_{ss}$) are fluctuated in between $2.2{\sim}25.2{\mu}g/ml$, and $10.6{\sim}125.2{\mu}g/ml$ at the doses of 10 and 50mg/kg/day, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1138-1142
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• 1996

Video-assisted thoracic surgery is a new modality that allows visualization of and access to the intrathoracic organs without making a thoracotomy Incision. 52 patients underwent thoracic procedures using this technique. There were pneumothorax in 40 patients, diffuse interstital lung disease in 6 patients, hyperhidrosis in 3 patients, pulmonary tuberculoma in 1 patient, aspergilloma in 1 patient and localized fibrous tumor of pleura in 1 patient. We had performed a variety of procedures(36 wedge resections with mechanical pleurodesis, 8 wedge resections only, 4 mechanical pleurodeses, 3 bilateral sympathectomys and 1 segmentectomy). The period of chest tube indwelling and postoperative hospitalization were 2.00 $\pm$ 1.32 days(range : 0~6 days) and 3.55 $\pm$ 1.45 days(range : 1~8 days). Four postoperative complications occurred(2 pleural effusion, 1 recurrent pneumothorax and 1 high fever). Conversion to open thoracotomy was done in 1 p tient due to massive air leakage. Patients undergoing video-assisted thoracic surgery seem to have reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospitalization, and quicker recovery times.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1991

The reaction of molten urea with paraformaldehyde in sealed tubes has been examined, and the concentrations of the products obtained from this reaction have been contrasted to previous results from the identical reaction carried out in open beakers. In these studies, high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopy were used to analyze the products formed in the reactions. These products were biuret, triuret, dimethylenetriurea, methylenediurea, and biuretmethyleneurea. The results from the HPLC analyses showed that the concentrations of dimethylenetriurea and methylenediurea in the reaction products increased as the amount of the paraformaldehyde starting material increased. However, the amount of biuret formed in the products decreased as the paraformaldehyde concentration was increased in the urea melt. The results from the NMR analyses showed that the $NH_2$ resonance frequencies for urea, methylenediurea, and dimethylenetriurea all occurred at approximately 5.6 ppm, while the $NH_2$ frequencies for biuret and triuret occurred at approximately 6.9ppm. In the case of biuret and triuret, NH protons absorb between 8.5 and 9.5 ppm, whereas the NH protons in methylenediurea and dimethylenetriurea absorb in the 6.5-6.6ppm region. The melt reaction seems to hold promise as a different technique for ureaform preparation in general.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.3 s.92
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• pp.227-234
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• 2002

In order to investigate the action mechanism of protein kinase C on $K^+$ channel in osteoblastic cell, effects of phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate on human osteoblast-like cells (G292) were studied by patch clamp technique with cell-attacked configuration. 111 this experiment, 45pS ion channel was dominant in G292 cell line according to their approximate conductances in symmetrical 140mM KCl saline at holding potential of 60mV. In torrent-voltage relationship, reversal potential was 5.5mV at the condition of potassium enriched saline in the pipette and -27 mV at the condition of standard extracellular saline In the pipette. Phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate 10nM increased the open probability of 45pS channel and staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, suppressed this effect. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate moved the reversal potential of 45pS channel to more negative potential and increased the single channel current at the same membrame potential. In order to check the activation of protein kinase C in G292 cell by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, western blot of protein kinase C was performed. Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate $0.1{\mu}M$ translocated protein kinase C from cellular compartment to membrane compartment of the cell. These findings suggest that phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, one of phorbol esters, activate 45pS channel In G292 cell and affect cell membrane potential, that regulate cellular function.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.292-300
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• 2004

Orbital blowout fractures are common consequence to blunt periorbital trauma. Pure orbital blowout fractures first occur at the weakest point of the orbital wall. Computed tomography(CT) is recognized to be the best imaging technique to evaluate orbital fractures. The extent and location of a blowout fractures in the CT scan were noted to have an effect on the clinical outcome. In the early posttraumatic period, the presence of significant enophthalmos is difficult to detect because of orbital edema. Early surgical intervention may improve the ultimate outcome because open reconstruction becomes more difficult if surgery is delayed. In this study, we evaluated isolated blowout fractures of the orbital floor by region-of-interest measurements from CT scans and their relationship to ophthalmologic findings. Six patients of the medial orbital wall fractures, eleven patients of the inferior orbital wall fractures, nineteen of the medial and the inferior orbital wall fractures confirmed by CT scan, were evaluated. The area of fracture and the volume of the displaced orbital tissue were determined from CT scan using linear measurements. Each of the calculated values for the area and the volume were compared with the degree of the enophthalmos, the diplopia, and the eyeball movement limitation to determine whether there was any significant relationship between them. The fracture area and the volume of the herniated orbital tissue were significantly positively correlated with the enophthalmos and the ocular motility limitation and not correlated with the diplopia. For the enophthalmos of 2mm or greater, the mean fracture area was 3.55{\pm}1.25cm^2$ and the volume of the herniated orbital tissue was $1.74{\pm}0.97cm^3$; for less than 2mm enophthalmos, $1.43{\pm}0.99cm^3$ and $0.52{\pm}0.49cm^3$, respectively. The enophthalmos of 2mm can be expected with $2.92cm^2$ of the fracture area and $1.40cm^3$ of the herniated orbital tissue. In conclusion, the enophthalmos of 2mm or more, which is a frequent indication for surgery. It can be expected when area of fracture is $2.92cm^2$ or more, or the volume of herniated orbital tissue is $1.40cm^3$ or more. And the CT scan using linear measurements has an application in the assessment of patients with blowout fractures and provides useful information in the posttraumatic evaluation of orbital fractures.