• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.207-228
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• 2007

Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations' activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard(BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measurement system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the balanced scorecard. The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship between information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and-effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance. However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution. The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs. For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen's study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments. Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC's studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows. The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective. This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling(or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003). The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.65-88
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• 2008

To achieve the age of 30,000 dollars GNP, The business with speed will hold a more crucial point than the business with scale, and the mass consumption market will be transformed and changed into the niche market. Moreover, it will not be easy for the company without the peculiar and creative technology to survive in the severe competition. Under these circumstances, The innovative company which knows how to use this new paradigm will select the better position in the changing market. Innovation type SMEs are contributing in maintaining the international competitiveness of domestic economy by serving high-tech and the promotion of employment. Also, Innovation type SMEs have the most important economic leverage in our domestic economy. It's a source of the growth in domestic economy. Therefore, A lot of countries have been trying to support innovation type SMEs (with a small capital and high-tech). And many countries also try to protect and promote the innovation type SMEs. Especially the Korean government is also promoting innovation type SMEs in many ways, because the future of innovation type SMEs are not bright. This study explored the three innovative SEMs and studied 1) entrepreneur characteristics, 2) the industry environment, 3) competitive strategies, and 4) resources and capabilities of organization, which have been considered as the success factors for entrepreneurial firms. This study also holds that the characteristics of entrepreneurs is one of the most important factor to impact the success of innovative SMEs. Most of entrepreneurs have started their business with high education career and field experiences and have high intentions in developing new/high techonologies, challenging spirits, and clear vision and goals. The innovative SMEs with small kinds of products and services, narrow market, and small resources are more sensitively impacted by the environment especially. But the SMEs which entered into market early could have the comparative excellencies in their market to survive and grow in the future. They also have competitive advantages in the market using differentiation strategies by technology innovation. Technology innovation and differention strategies are one of the success factors in SMEs, They entered into the niche market using this weapons. The capabilities of changing organization to their changing environment, the open orgarnization culture, the continuous employment education, and the building the organic organization are also success factors of innovative SMEs. The SMEs with the simple organization structure can make fast decisions and operate with the autonomous and flexible ways. These only three cases will not shown successful factors of over 12,000 Innovation type SMEs in Korea and this study of Innovation type SMEs is insufficient from all aspects. But this study have many implications for the future research and the entrepreneurs ready for their business.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.286-291
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• 2006

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of growth performance, chemical composition and meat quality parameters by the addition of fermented persimmon shell diets (FPSD). The experimental animals were ninety-six Berkshires. The pigs were allotted at 8 per pen in front-open building with three replicate pens per treatment. Until $61{\pm}1kg$ live weight at 140 days, the animals were fed growing diet, after which, experimental samples were fixed at 0, 3, 5 and 7% FPSD as C, T1, T2 and T3 in the finishing diets. Pigs of $103{\pm}1kg$ live weight were slaughtered by electrical stunning. In growth performance, ADG increased more (p<0.05) in T2 than C and T1. ADFI (kg/day) was higher (p<0.05) in T2 than in other groups. Feed conversion ratio was lower (p<0.05) in T2 than in other groups. On longissimus dorsi muscle (LM), the content of moisture was lower (p<0.05) in T3 than in other treatments. Crude fat increased (p<0.05) by addition of FPSD. pH at 24 h ($pH_{24}$) decreased more (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 than C and T1 by addition of FPSD. WHC decreased (p<0.05) by addition of FPSD. In meat, Hunter $L^*$ and $a^*$ were lower (p<0.05) in C than in other treatments. Hunter $b^*$ was higher (p<0.05) in T3 than in other treatments. In back-fat, Hunter $L^*$ was higher (p<0.05) in C than in other treatments. Hunter $a^*$ was not different in C and T1 but increased (p<0.05) in treatments by addition of FPSD. Hunter $b^*$ increased (p<0.05) by addition of FPSD. In sensory evaluation scores, for fresh meat, the value of meat color was higher (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 than in C and T1. The value of marbling was lower (p<0.05) in C than in other treatments. The value of drip loss was higher (p<0.05) in C than in other treatments and was lower (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 than in other treatments. The results of cooked meat, the value of tenderness was not different in C and T1 but increased (p<0.05) in other treatments. The value of flavor was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 than in C and T1. The value of overall acceptability was increased (p<0.05) by addition of FPSD. Hence we can conclude that addition of FPSD affected growth performance and meat quality parameters, in particular, it improved crude fat, hunter $L^*$ and $b^*$, and sensory evaluation on pork and was also seen to affect $pH_{24}$ and WHC. FPSD can be used for improvement of meat quality parameters.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.130-137
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• 2019

Objectives : When a patient who attempts suicide visits the emergency room, it is important that the departments of emergency medicine, internal medicine, and psychiatry communicate with each other and prioritize treatment. This study was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the multidisciplinary emergency consultation system (ECS) for drug intoxicated patients. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the data from medical records prior to the ECS, from July 2017 to May 2018, and after the ECS, from July 2018 to May 2019, to verify the effectiveness of the system. Results : After the ECS, admission to open wards was significantly higher than to the intensive care units (χ²=8.567, p=0.014). In addition, the proportion of consultations to the department of psychiatry among patients admitted to other departments tended to increase (χ²=4.202, p=0.053), and the time required for consultation response decreased (Z=-2.031, p=0.042). As a result of the consultation, the proportion of the patients who had been transferred to the department of psychiatry was increased (χ²=4.692, p=0.043), and the time spent to transfer tended to decrease (Z=-1.941, p=0.052). Conclusions : After implementing the ECS for drug intoxicated patients, unnecessary intensive care unit admissions, consultation response time, and the time spent to transfer were reduced, and the rate of consultation referrals and transfer rates increased. This means that the multidisciplinary consultation system rapidly provided essential medical services to patients at lower medical costs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity of induced annual legumes at paddy field of Cheonan and Naju from 2004 to 2006. Chinese milk vetch (wild type), crimson clover (C.V. Linkarus), forage pea (C.V. Austrian pea), hairy vetch (C.V. Oregon commen) were used in this study. At the Naju region, the earliest flowering on 2nd may was found in Chinese milk vetch, while the latest on 18th May in forage pea. Fresh, dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields of crimson clover were highest as 28,870, 6,986 and 943 kg/ha, respectively. but the yield of chinese milk vetch was low by 9,885, 1,749 and 338 kg/ha. At the Cheonan region, the most fast flowering date variety was Chinese milk vetch, hairy vetch was very late as 19th May. Fresh, DM and CP yields of hairy vetch were highest as 7,916, 1,141 and 113 kg/ha, respectively. but the yield of chinese milk vetch showed the lowest by 270, 42 and 8 kg/ha. The CP content of annual legumes was 14.3%. chinese milk vetch showed the highest CP content by 19.3% and hairy vetch showed the lowest content by 9.9%. The present data showed that the productivity was closely dependent on winter hardness, in conclusion, crimson clover at Naju and hairy vetch at Cheonan region was suggested to be the most proper species as winter crop after rice harvest on paddy field when considered the winter hardiness.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity in introduced forage pea cultivars at the experimental field. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The forage pea used in this study were two cultivars ('Livioletta', 'Austrian Pea') and one Chinese milk vetch cultivar (Chinese domestic cultivar). Flowing of 'Livioletta' cultivar was May 16th and 'Austrian Pea' cultivar was 18th May, 20 days later than the former. The 'Livioletta' cultlvar showed stronger than winter hardiness of 'Austrian Pea' cultivar. Dry matter (DM) content of 'Liviotetta' and 'Austrian Pea' cultivars were 22.5% and 20.9% chinese milk vetch showed the lowest content with 17.7%. 'Austrian pea' cultivar showed the highest DM yield with 5,617 kg/ha but the DM yield of 'Livioletta' cultivar was low with 3,652 kg/ha. The yield of CP (crude protein) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) set high at 'Austrian Pea' cultivar. And 'Livioletta' and 'Austrian Pea' cultivars showed CP content with 15.5% and 14.4% but Chinese milk vetch with 19.3%. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of 'Austrian Pea' cultivar were 23.2% and 40.3%. Therefore 'Austrian pea' cultivar seems to be suitable varieties in paddy field as winter forage crops.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1254-1268
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• 2009

In 1998, because of the economic crisis called IMF Crisis in Korea, Kyungbu high speed railway project could run by modifying the original plan to open it as a 1st phase only by utilizing the existing railway lines from Seoul to Siheung and the other one from Daegu to Pusan. The modified plan includes that the line from Daegu to Pusan will be constructed as a second phase in next time. Starting railway operation with the changed plan, the combined application operation of high speed rail, passenger rail and freight rail was caused partly from Seoul to Siheung to run into capital area. As a result, the opinion for additional railway line construction is insisted continuously because the operation volume of passenger rail was forced to be reduced, the service quality of it was decreased and it became difficult to add new high speed services. Moreover, with regard to Honam high speed rail, the new construction plan of station in Kangnam metro area as a basement station for starting from Suseo was changed to the plan of turning out at Osong because of the economic effectiveness and this kept resident people in Kangnam metro area and southern Kyungki area unable to get the opportunity of high speed rail service benefit. After beginning of Kyungbu high speed railway operation, national transportation system developments are focused on high speed rail, and when the second phase construction of Kyungbu high speed rail, beginning operation of Kyungjeon line, Jeolla line double track construction, Honam high speed rail in 2014, is completed, the demand for high speed rail will be increased and it is unavoidable to make Kwangmyung station as a basement station and to reduce the number of passenger rail operation. At this moment, it is valuable to consider adding the railway line capacity in capital area to improve the transferring service for citizen who live in area without Kyungbu high speed rail station and to expand the service area from Kangbuk to Kangnam and southern Kyungki area. Accordingly, in this paper, the effective rail operation method, facility plan and the other issue to be reviewed for increasing capital high speed railway lines will be mentioned.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 2012

Recently, due to the introduction of high-tech equipment in interactive exhibits, many people's attention has been concentrated on Interactive exhibits that can double the exhibition effect through the interaction with the audience. In addition, it is also possible to measure a variety of audience reaction in the interactive exhibition. Among various audience reactions, this research uses the change of the facial features that can be collected in an interactive exhibition space. This research develops an artificial neural network-based prediction model to predict the response of the audience by measuring the change of the facial features when the audience is given stimulation from the non-excited state. To present the emotion state of the audience, this research uses a Valence-Arousal model. So, this research suggests an overall framework composed of the following six steps. The first step is a step of collecting data for modeling. The data was collected from people participated in the 2012 Seoul DMC Culture Open, and the collected data was used for the experiments. The second step extracts 64 facial features from the collected data and compensates the facial feature values. The third step generates independent and dependent variables of an artificial neural network model. The fourth step extracts the independent variable that affects the dependent variable using the statistical technique. The fifth step builds an artificial neural network model and performs a learning process using train set and test set. Finally the last sixth step is to validate the prediction performance of artificial neural network model using the validation data set. The proposed model is compared with statistical predictive model to see whether it had better performance or not. As a result, although the data set in this experiment had much noise, the proposed model showed better results when the model was compared with multiple regression analysis model. If the prediction model of audience reaction was used in the real exhibition, it will be able to provide countermeasures and services appropriate to the audience's reaction viewing the exhibits. Specifically, if the arousal of audience about Exhibits is low, Action to increase arousal of the audience will be taken. For instance, we recommend the audience another preferred contents or using a light or sound to focus on these exhibits. In other words, when planning future exhibitions, planning the exhibition to satisfy various audience preferences would be possible. And it is expected to foster a personalized environment to concentrate on the exhibits. But, the proposed model in this research still shows the low prediction accuracy. The cause is in some parts as follows : First, the data covers diverse visitors of real exhibitions, so it was difficult to control the optimized experimental environment. So, the collected data has much noise, and it would results a lower accuracy. In further research, the data collection will be conducted in a more optimized experimental environment. The further research to increase the accuracy of the predictions of the model will be conducted. Second, using changes of facial expression only is thought to be not enough to extract audience emotions. If facial expression is combined with other responses, such as the sound, audience behavior, it would result a better result.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.625-629
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• 2009

"Olgreen" (Scale cereal L.), a new rye variety was developed by National Institute of Crop Science(NICS), RDA. It was released in 2008 because of its high biomass yield potential and early maturity. It was developed from an open pollination within 10 rye varieties or lines including "Chochun" in 1995. The line 'SR95POP-S1-1072-1-2-4' was selected for its early maturity and excellent agronomic appearance, and placed in yield trials for two years from 2004 to 2005. It was designated "Homil 38" and placed in regional yield trials at the four locations around Korea from 2006 to 2008, from which the name "Olgreen" was given. Over three years, "Olgreen" averaged 8.88 ton ha-1 of forage yield (based on dry matter) harvested at late April and superior to other varieties with an increase of 10% more than the check variety "Olhomil", and 9% more than the introduced rye "Koolgrazer". Heading date of "Olgreen" was April 20 which was 3 days earlier than that of "Olhomil". It would be recommended as an early rye variety for forage or green manure in South Korea.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.41
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• pp.367-399
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• 2011

This Article examines the regulation of outsider trading under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (the "Capital Markets Act"). Outsider trading occurs when a market participant who is not a traditional corporate insider trades securities based on either "inside" or "outside" nonpublic information. Unlike "inside" information, "outside" information is referred to as information not derived directly or indirectly from the issuer. "Outside" information includes both "corporate" and "market" information. "Corporate information" is information about events or circumstances which affect the company's assets or earning power. "Outside corporate information" is information about the company's assets or earning power not derived directly or indirectly from the issuer. "Market information" is information about events or circumstances which affect the market for a company's securities but which do not affect the company's assets or earning power. The Capital Markets Act prohibits both "temporary insiders" from using "corporate" information in trading securities and "outsiders" from using "market" information, such as (i) information regarding the initiation or discontinuance of a tender offer; or (ii) information regarding acquisition or disposition of stocks in bulk. However, the Act does not encompass circumstances (i) where an outsider trades securities based on confidential corporate information obtained through certain types of wrongful conduct; (ii) where an outsider trades securities based on corporate information obtained through eavesdropping; and (iii) where an outsider trades securities based on either outside corporate information or market information created by the outsider himself. In order to plug a few of the gaps left open in the law of outsider trading under the Capital Markets Act, this Article suggests that regulators adopt a relatively broad reading of the scope of ${\S}$ 178(1) of the Act, which is similar to SEC Rule 10b-5, to include outsiders with no relationship to the corporation that had issued the securities. Since ${\S}$ 178(1) of the Act does not require "deception" for liability, it would seem to evade the limitations imposed by the U.S. misappropriation theory. Key Words : Outsider Trading, Insider Trading, Material Nonpublic Information, the Capital Markets Act, Misappropriation Theory, Fiduciary Theory.