• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.423-435
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• 2020

Open ground story (OGS) reinforced concrete (RC) buildings are vulnerable to the complete collapse or severe damages under seismic actions. This study investigates the effectiveness of four different strengthening techniques representing the local and global modifications to improve the seismic performance of a non-ductile RC OGS frame. Steel caging and concrete jacketing methods of column strengthening are considered as the local modification techniques, whereas steel bracing and RC shear wall systems are selected as the global strengthening techniques in this study. Performance-based plastic design (PBPD) approach relying on energy-balance concept has been adopted to determine the required design force demand on the strengthening elements. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are carried out on the numerical models of study frames to assess the effectiveness of selected strengthening techniques in improving the seismic performance of OGS frame.. Strengthening techniques based on steel braces and RC shear wall significantly reduced the peak interstory drift response of the OGS frame. However, the peak floor acceleration of these strengthened frames is amplified by more than 2.5 times as compared to that of unstrengthened frame. Steel caging technique of column strengthening resulted in a reasonable reduction in the peak interstory drift response without substantial amplification in peak floor acceleration of the OSG frame.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.95-104
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• 2018

Healthcare technology has been growing and fostering cooperation between industry, university and hospitals as growth engines in korea. So, the medibio research institutes in hospital have been constructed to promote research and industrialization centering on healthcare technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cases of research institutes in hospitals, and search the characteristics of building organization of medibio research laboratory facilities. Case study is investigated by floor plan, homepage and site visits about five research institutes selected in research-driven hospitals. The facility title and size of research laboratory is originated from site area and research building location. The building function include not only the research lab and business office reflecting on the development platform, and but assembly and meeting room in the ground level. Laboratory floor plans have three types, rectangular, rectangular+linear and linear type, one is traditional and efficient, the others are people and friendly. And building core types are correlated with lab space unit modules, single and double side core are shown in rectangular type. All the laboratories are open lab, composed with laboratory bench and research note writing desk facing the lab service and enclosed lab-support area. And they have communication space looking as warm and cozy common area for the innovation, convergence and collaboration. As the high risk of contamination and high standard for safety and security, equipment and facilities are well managed with biological environment including BSC, fume hood, PCR classification, eye washing and emergency shower.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.150-160
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• 2010

The origin of the Roman public basilica is Rome's indigenous style morphologically but actually it seems that developed the Greek semi-open style stoa into the Roman practical interior space. In the early ages, the arrangement of Roman forum had been planned high symbolical temple as the center but gradually changed into the basilica centered which were used often by citizen. Through the Roman period, the important types of early Roman basilica have Fano basilica in the first century BC, Pompei basilica of mid period in the first century AD, Doclear basilica with apse as late type in the second century AD. Pompei type well characterized the feature of Roman public basilica among them. The result of the floor plan analysis shows that the long side access to the interior space is over 76 percent of examples and nearly 70 percent have no apse and the average of vertical horizontal length ratio presents as 1:2.3. The typical plan of Roman public basilica can be defined that most of access are being entered from one of the long side, and most of basilica have no apse, and normally having inner columns arranged in one or more concentric rectangles around nave as a center.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

In this study aim at searching for the basement residential planning of considering outdoor spaces. It look after research results, there should be necessary for the inflow of outdoor environment factors. This basement planning is core's area expending, or installing expended dry areas and acquiring side open spaces, installing arcades, installing atrium or court yard, utilizing maisonette spaces, activating pilotis on ground floors, openning main hall, earth sheltering method, etc. These should be improvement for easy step to change basement floors easily through underground floor extend, major repair, use change of present buildings and needs to the idea through architectural design competition.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.90-99
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to study how F.L. Wright reflected the climatic properties and materials of the region into creative ways of designing his architecture. The research method examined the design methods and use of materials by Wright in existing research literature and compares the space plans of housing works in Arizona. The research results will be summarized as follows : 1) For two-story houses, pilotis was used to avoid the hot air and the walls on the ground floor were often planned as thick wall. 2) In the fifties, F.L. Wright's design method changed in a circle from the vertical and horizontal lines. 3) F.L.Wright's Architectural form concepts and design concepts were extracted from local symbolic forms and natural forms. 4) F.L.Wright avoided Arizona's direct light but Indirect sunlight enters into the interior space. 5)External space was expressed as a closed space, while internal space was expressed as an open space. It's like an organic space. 6) Most of the housing materials used are stone and cement from rough deserts, and wood with low heat conductivity and thick concrete blocks to prevent the sunlight from rising above.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.83 no.6
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• pp.811-824
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• 2022

Despite its disadvantages, soft story can reduce the damage to the upper floors by concentrating drift in that specific story provided that large drifts are avoided. Gapped-Inclined Brace (GIB) with reduced P-delta effects and the control of soft story stiffness makes it possible to take advantage of the soft story in buildings and increase their capacity for energy dissipation. OpenSees software is used in this study to validate and modify the GIB model's shortcomings. Also, the analysis method for this element is changed for design. The modified element is evaluated in 3D analysis. Finally, to retrofit an existing building, this element is used. Based on the Iranian seismic code, a six-story reinforced concrete building is modelled and studied with 3D analysis. In this building, the construction shortcomings and elimination of infills on the ground floor cause the formation of a soft story. Results of nonlinear static analysis, nonlinear dynamic, and incremental dynamic analysis using both components of seismic acceleration applied to the structure at different angles and the fragility curves indicate the improvement of the retrofitted structure's performance using the modified element to reach the required performance level following the retrofit code.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2011

Construction methods for underground structure are classified as bottom-up, up-up, and top-down methods depending on the procedure of construction related to a superstructure. In top-down construction methods, building's main structure is built from the ground level downwards by sequentially alternating ground excavation and structure construction. In the mean time, the main structure is also used as supporting structure for earth-retaining wall, which results in the increased stability of the earth-retaining wall due to the minimized deformation in adjacent structures and surrounding grounds. In addition, the method makes it easy to secure a field for construction work in the downtown area by using each floor slabs as working spaces. However top-down construction method is often avoided since an excavation under the slab has low efficiency and difficult environment for work, and high cost compared with earth anchor method. This paper proposes a combined construction method where semi-open cut is selected as excavation work, slurry as earth -retaining wall and CWS as top-down construction method. In the case study targeted for an actual construction project, the proposed method is compared with existing top-down construction method in terms of economic feasibility, construction period and work efficiency. The proposed construction method results in increased work efficiency in the transportation of earth and sand, and steel frame erection, better quality management in PHD construction, and reduced construction period.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2019

Assessing the energy performance of supertall buildings often does not consider variations in energy consumption due to the change of environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, and wind speed associated with differing elevations. Some modelers account for these changing conditions by using a conventional temperature lapse rate, but not many studies confirm to the appropriateness of applying it to tall buildings. This paper presents and discusses simulated annual energy consumption results from a 600 m tall skyscraper floor plate located in Dubai, UAE, assessed using ground level weather data, a conventional temperature lapse rate of $6.5^{\circ}C/km$, and more accurate simulated 600 m weather data. A typical office floorplate, with ASHRAE 90.1-2010 standards and systems applied, was evaluated using the EnergyPlus engine through the OpenStudio graphical user interface. The results presented in this paper indicate that by using ground level weather data, energy consumption at the top of the building can be overestimated by upwards of 4%. Furthermore, by only using a lapse rate, heating energy is overestimated by up to 96% due to local weather phenomenon such as temperature inversion, which can only be conveyed using simulated weather data. In addition, sizing and energy consumption of fans, which are dependent both on wind and atmospheric pressure, are not accurately captured using a temperature lapse rate. These results show that that it is important, with the ever increasing construction of supertall buildings, to be able to account for variations in climatic conditions along the height of the building. Adequately modeling these conditions using simulated weather data will help designers and engineers correctly size mechanical systems, potentially decreasing overall building energy consumption, and ensuring that these systems are able to provide the necessary indoor conditions to maintain occupant comfort levels.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

This study is to analyze the residential spatial composition structures of vernacular agricultural village which to be called Wanggok in Yeongdong area. The results of this study are as follows; ${\cdot}$ The backyard of farmhouses is surrounded by a fence and a frontyard is open to the road, so that the spatial realm system from the road to the backyard is classified as public-semi public-private realm. ${\cdot}$ The plan type of this village is mainly composed of ㅡ type Gyeobjib (the two row rooms under one roof) and ㄱ type Gyeobjib, the Anmaru (the inner wood floor to be surrounded with wall) in both of which plays an important role that connects Sarangbang (the men's main room) with Anbang (the women's main room) in the residential space. ${\cdot}$ The particular item that not found out in another area is the Sarangbang kitchen which located to Sarangbang's side wall to be furnished with a fire hole. ${\cdot}$ The houses represent the socio-cultural environmental elements of those built days, such as while Sarangbang is faced on a frontyard to be open to the neighborhood, Anbang is faced on a backyard surrounded with a fence to be closed to the one. ${\cdot}$ The Gyeobjib with Anmaru appeared by cultural transformation connecting the 田-shaped house of Hamgyeongdo with the Gyeobjib with Anmaru of Gangwondo and Gyeongsangbukdo. ${\cdot}$ The ㄱ type Gyeobjib is preferred to ㅡ type Gyeobjib because of the sea wind and the north-east wind occurring by geographical and climatic environment elements, the privacy protection according to look into a frontyard, the muck drainage of cowshed to make use of ground unevenness, the economic gains called material saving and the intention to enlarge the frontyard as to be concentrated in a residential space and etc.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.421-431
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• 2002

C-shaped canal configuration is very difficult to treat because that clues about preoperative canal anatomy cannot be ascertained from clinical crown morphology and limited information can be derived from radiographic examination. This study was done to get more informations about the root and canal configuration of C-shape root by 3-dimensionally reconstructing for the purpose of enhancing success rate of endodontic treatment. 30 mandibular molars with C-shaped root were selected. Six photo images from occlusal, apical, mesial, distal, buccal, lingual directions and radiographic view were taken as preoperative ones to compare them with 3-D image. After crown reduction to the level of 1-2mm over pulpal floor was performed, teeth were stored in 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution for the removal of pulp tissue and debris. They were cleaned under running water, allowed to bench dry and embedded in a self-curing resin. This resin block was serially ground with a microtome (Accutom-50, Struers, Denmark) and the image of each level was recorded by digital camera (FinePix S1-pro, Fuji Co., Japan). The thickness of each section was 0.25mm. Photographs of serial sections through all root canal were digitized using Adobe Photoshop 5.0 and then minimum thickness of open and closed sites were measured (open site is the surface containing occluso-apical groove closed site is oppsite). After dizitization using 3-D Doctor (Able software Corp, USA). 3D reconstruction of the outer surface of tooth and the inner surface of pulp space was made. Canal classsification of C-shaped roots was performed from this 3-D reconstructed image. The results were as follows : 1. Most C-shape rooted teeth showed lingual groove (28/30). 2 According to Vertuccis' calssification, type I, II, III, IV, VII were observed. but also new canal types suck as 2-3-2, 1-2-3-2. 2-3-2-1, 2-3-2-3 were shown. 3 There was little difference in minimum thickness on coronal and apical portions, but open site were thinner than closed site on mid portion. Conclusively, 3D reconstruction method could make the exact configurations of C-shape root possible to be visualized and analyzed from multi-directions. Data from minimum thickness recommend cleaning and shaping be more carefully done on dangerous mid portion.