• Educational Technology International
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.123-148
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• 2010

Relationships between students' perception of psychological distance with online professors and their academic learning achievement and their intention to continue online learning were examined. The courses selected for this study are two online courses: 1) 'English Grammar' and 2) 'TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) Preparation' offered by a campus-based, medium-sized university. This study employed a mixed-methods approach by conducting a survey as well as one-on-one interviews with students. Students who feel psychologically distant with the online professors show significantly lower degree of perceived learning achievement, and higher tendency not to take online courses any more. All the three scales measuring the psychological distance -mutual awareness, connectedness, and availability- with professors turned out to be significantly related with students' perceived learning achievement. According to the result of the interview data analysis, the student interviewees unanimously said that the university should limit the number of online courses that students can register in a semester to one or two courses. Most students regard low interactivity of online learning as inevitable phenomenon. There is a statistically significant difference in perceived learning achievement between the online preferred group and the offline preferred group. Also, there is a significant difference in connectedness and availability and no significant difference in the degree of mutual awareness between the online and the offline preferred group.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

Many information providers in the electronic market struggle to attain revenue from their information goods including contents or other services and they tend to charge for their contents or services since they are confronted with difficulties in attaining revenue from online advertising. This study examines why they begin to charge for their contents or services and explores Pricing strategies for their contents. Also, this paper explores business strategies when conventional offline contents firms enter the online contents market and draws some implications for the condition of entry of offline contents providers into the online market.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

Purpose - This thesis aims to propose a method to help financial institutions improve their customers' convenience online and offline through a Bluetooth based App using the tool of a beacon. The emergence of smartphones in the 21st century and their increasing use makes it possible to search for information easily. Research design, data, and methodology - With the short-distance Bluetooth technology for smartphones, which finds users within a radius of 50m to provide the functions of message transmission and mobile payment, users can access information services and use mobile coupons in certain premises. Thus, beacon-based O2O technology has been developed. Results - This study offers a method of attracting customers through an O2O marketing strategy that overcomes the existing limitations of Web and Offline media. Conclusions -Since beacon technology has the advantage of more accurate positioning than GPS, financial institutions provide their product information for users through the basic function of a beacon, using an O2O (Online to Offline) marketing solution and, therefore, effectively enable customers to make relevant payments online and conduct their financial actions offline.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.547-555
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• 2017

The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships between online and offline social capital and psychological well-being of university students. Data came from 236 university students who attended 4-year universities in Seoul and had used Social Network Service. The results of this study indicated that only offline social capital was statistically significant to predict psychological well-being including depression and happiness when both online and offline social capital variables were entered. In detail, the university students' depression was associated with their gender, satisfaction with their economic status, and offline bridging social capital. In addition the students' happiness was associated with their satisfaction with their economic status, offline bridging, and bonding social capital. These results indicate that offline social capital is more important for improving psychological well-being of university students compared to online social capital. Policy implications for improving psychological well-being of university students are discussed.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.63-69
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate factors that could bring about successful implementation of extensive reading using online/offline blended English library system called 'Reading Gate' in primary and secondary schools. Although there are a great number of studies on effects of various extensive reading on linguistic, cognitive, and affective development, few studies have investigated how extensive reading programs can be implemented at large scale, e.g., whole school level. After analyzing students' reading levels in 200 schools using the same online extensive reading program called Reading Gate, results showed that while some schools were successful, others were not. Five primary and 13 middle schools were selected as successful schools. Data on implementation of the program of schools was gathered. Eighteen teachers and seven headteachers took part in the interview. After analyzing these data on the implementation of the extensive reading program, results revealed that the following five factors for successful implementation of blended extensive reading programs: online level-up system, teacher intervention, integration with the curriculum, school-level support, and parents' awareness of literacy. This suggests that each factor might have contributed to the successful implementation of the extensive reading program at large scale. Implications and applications of this finding are discussed in this study.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-41
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• 2016

Recently, the proliferation of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet personal computers and the development of information communication technologies (ICT) have led to a big trend of a shift from single-channel shopping to multi-channel shopping. With the emergence of a "smart" group of consumers who want to shop in more reasonable and convenient ways, the boundaries apparently dividing online and offline shopping have collapsed and blurred more than ever before. Thus, there is now fierce competition between online and offline channels. Ever since the emergence of online shopping, a major type of multi-channel shopping has been "showrooming," where consumers visit offline stores to examine products before buying them online. However, because of the growing use of smart devices and the counterattack of offline retailers represented by omni-channel marketing strategies, one of the latest huge trends of shopping is "webrooming," where consumers visit online stores to examine products before buying them offline. This has become a threat to online retailers. In this situation, although it is very important to examine the influencing factors for switching from online shopping to webrooming, most prior studies have mainly focused on a single- or multi-channel shopping pattern. Therefore, this study thoroughly investigated the influencing factors on customers switching from online shopping to webrooming in terms of both the "search" and "purchase" processes through the application of a push-pull-mooring (PPM) framework. In order to test the research model, 280 individual samples were gathered from undergraduate and graduate students who had actual experience with webrooming. The results of the structural equation model (SEM) test revealed that the "pull" effect is strongest on the webrooming intention rather than the "push" or "mooring" effects. This proves a significant relationship between "attractiveness of webrooming" and "webrooming intention." In addition, the results showed that both the "perceived risk of online search" and "perceived risk of online purchase" significantly affect "distrust of online shopping." Similarly, both "perceived benefit of multi-channel search" and "perceived benefit of offline purchase" were found to have significant effects on "attractiveness of webrooming" were also found. Furthermore, the results indicated that "online purchase habit" is the only influencing factor that leads to "online shopping lock-in." The theoretical implications of the study are as follows. First, by examining the multi-channel shopping phenomenon from the perspective of "shopping switching" from online shopping to webrooming, this study complements the limits of the "channel switching" perspective, represented by multi-channel freeriding studies that merely focused on customers' channel switching behaviors from one to another. While extant studies with a channel switching perspective have focused on only one type of multi-channel shopping, where consumers just move from one particular channel to different channels, a study with a shopping switching perspective has the advantage of comprehensively investigating how consumers choose and navigate among diverse types of single- or multi-channel shopping alternatives. In this study, only limited shopping switching behavior from online shopping to webrooming was examined; however, the results should explain various phenomena in a more comprehensive manner from the perspective of shopping switching. Second, this study extends the scope of application of the push-pull-mooring framework, which is quite commonly used in marketing research to explain consumers' product switching behaviors. Through the application of this framework, it is hoped that more diverse shopping switching behaviors can be examined in future research. This study can serve a stepping stone for future studies. One of the most important practical implications of the study is that it may help single- and multi-channel retailers develop more specific customer strategies by revealing the influencing factors of webrooming intention from online shopping. For example, online single-channel retailers can ease the distrust of online shopping to prevent consumers from churning by reducing the perceived risk in terms of online search and purchase. On the other hand, offline retailers can develop specific strategies to increase the attractiveness of webrooming by letting customers perceive the benefits of multi-channel search or offline purchase. Although this study focused only on customers switching from online shopping to webrooming, the results can be expanded to various types of shopping switching behaviors embedded in single- and multi-channel shopping environments, such as showrooming and mobile shopping.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.95-107
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• 2005

As online shopping malls have emerged as a substantial shopping channel, they have used various sales promotion strategies to acquire new customers. Most of these strategies have been applied by offline malls for years. One, loss-leader pricing, is a type of promotional pricing in which stores sell well known products below their marginal cost, in order to attract customers and induce them to purchase more goods through impulse buying. This strategy is based on the expectation that customers will factor transaction costs into their purchasing decisions. However, its application to online malls fails to recognize that transaction costs are lower online, and that customers will behave differently as a result. Our study predicts that loss-leader pricing will not work online because online malls entail lower searching and moving costs than offline malls The study examines the effectiveness of loss-leader pricing with empirical data from a survey as well as log data from a Korean online shopping mall. The results show that while loss-leader pricing does attract customers to online shopping malls, it encourages cherry-picking rather than impulse purchases of regular-price goods.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.249-269
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• 2020

Recently, as the online market has matured, it is facing many problems to prevent the growth. The most common problem is the homogenization of online products, which fails to increase the number of customers any more. Moreover, although the portion of the online market has increased significantly, it now becomes essential to expand offline for further development. In response, many online firms have recently sought to expand their businesses and marketing channels by securing offline spaces that can complement the limitations of online platforms, on top of their existing advantages of online channels. Based on their competitive advantage in terms of analyzing large volumes of customer data utilizing information technologies (e.g., big data and artificial intelligence), they are reinforcing their offline influence as well through this online for offline (O4O) business model. On the other hand, most of the existing research has primarily focused on online to offline (O2O) business model, and there is still a lack of research on O4O business models, which have been actively attempted in various industrial fields in recent years. Since a few of O4O-related studies have been conducted only in an experience marketing setting following a case study method, it is critical to conduct an empirical study on O4O selection attributes and their impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, focusing on China's representative O4O business model, 'Fresh Hema,' this study attempts to identify some key selection attributes specialized for O4O services from the customers' viewpoint and examine the impact of these attributes on customer satisfaction and loyalty. The results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) with 300 O4O (Fresh Hema) experienced customers, reveal that, out of seven O4O selection attributes, four (mobile app quality, mobile payment, product quality, and store facilities) have an impact on customer satisfaction, which also leads to customer loyalty (reuse intention, recommendation intention, and brand attachment). This study would help managers in an O4O area well adapt to rapidly changing customer needs and provide them with some guidelines for enhancing both customer satisfaction and loyalty by allocating more resources to more significant selection attributes, rather than less significant ones.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to examine customer experience toward repurchase intention in offline and online stores and discuss customer satisfaction as a mediator variable. Research design, data, and methodology: This study investigates customer experience that consists of product, customer service, staff service, shopping environment and shopping procedure toward customer satisfaction using Regression Linear. This study also measures customer satisfaction as a mediated variable in the relationship between customer experience and repurchase intention using Sobel Test. Results: Almost all of the customer experience hypothesis is significant toward customer satisfaction, shopping process experience in the context of the online channel to customer satisfaction is not significant. We also found that customer satisfaction can be mediated variable in customer experience toward repurchase intention. Conclusions: Retails who want to make customers feel satisfied to have to make sure that have good resources in improving the product, the customer service is easy to contact to find the solution over customer problem in purchasing product, also develop the staff member skill in functional product knowledge, presentations, and communicating with customers online or offline, the retailer has to create enjoyment and pleasurable customer emotion through the shopping environment and also give seamless shopping experience to their customer in two-channel.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-60
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• 2022

In this study, in order to support the expression of group creativity of high school students, we developed mathematics learning contents linked with mobile and online/offline that obtain the maximum and minimum values of the function within a limited range. This learning content was developed in connection with the 'environment', a cross-curricular learning topic. We explored the concept of group creativity in school mathematics. Its manifestation process, elements of group creativity expression process, and mobile and on/offline implementation functions were also explored. Then, we developed a hybrid app, 'Making the Best Box that Thinks of the Earth', which can express group creativity through mobile and online/offline-linked cooperative learning. A learning management system (LMS) and a teaching and learning guidance plan were also developed to efficiently operate mobile and online/offline-linked math learning using the app in schools. Our study found that the hybrid app, 'Creating the Best Box that Thinks of the Earth', was suitable for promoting collective fluency and collective sophistication based on complementary-metacognitive interaction.