• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.2229-2236
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• 2020

Background: Few comparative studies have been conducted on strengthening the anterior and posterior muscles of the trunk via lumbar stabilization exercises. Objectives: To compare the effects of forward leaning exercise and supine bridging exercise in stability exercise. Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial (single blind). Methods: Thirty subjects with spondylolisthesis were participated in this study. Fifteen subjects performed the bridging exercises and fifteen subjects performed the forward leaning exercises. Each exercise was held for ten seconds per repetition, and four repetitions were considered one sub-session. A total of four sub-sessions were performed in one full exercise session. The full exercise session required thirty minutes, including rest time. Trunk strength and range of motion and Oswestry disability index were measured. Results: Two weeks later, trunk flexion strength and trunk extension range of motion were significantly increased in the forward leaning exercise group than in the supine bridging group, trunk extension strength were significantly increased in the supine bridging exercise group than in the forward leaning group. After two weeks, the pain score was significantly lower in the forward leaning exercise group than in the supine bridging group. Conclusion: This study has shown that stabilization exercises are effective in increasing range of motion and strength in spondylolisthesis subjects. It was especially confirmed that the method of strengthening the anterior muscles of the trunk is more effective than the standard stabilization exercise method.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.159-172
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• 2013

In the present study, we apply the multiple cue probability learning (MCPL) paradigm to examine consumer learning from feedback in repeated trials. This paradigm is useful in investigating consumer learning, especially learning the relationships between the overall quality and attributes. With this paradigm, we can analyze what people learn from repeated trials by using the lens model, i.e., whether it is knowledge or consistency. In addition to introducing this paradigm, we aim to demonstrate that knowledge people gain from repeated trials with feedback is robust enough to weaken one of the most often examined contextual effects, the asymmetric dominance effect. The experiment consists of learning session and a choice task and stimuli are sport rafting boats with motor engines. During the learning session, the participants are shown an option with three attributes and are asked to evaluate its overall quality and type in a number between 0 and 100. Then an expert's evaluation, a number between 0 and 100, is provided as feedback. This trial is repeated fifteen times with different sets of attributes, which comprises one learning session. Depending on the conditions, the participants do one (low) or three (high) learning sessions or do not go through any learning session (no learning). After learning session, the participants then are provided with either a core or an extended choice set to make a choice to examine if learning from feedback would weaken the asymmetric dominance effect. The experiment uses a between-subjects experimental design (2 × 3; core set vs. extended set; no vs. low vs. high learning). The results show that the participants evaluate the overall qualities more accurately with learning. They learn the true trade-off rule between attributes (increase in knowledge) and become more consistent in their evaluations. Regarding the choice task, there is a significant decrease in the percentage of choosing the target option in the extended sets with learning, which clearly demonstrates that learning decreases the magnitude of the asymmetric dominance effect. However, these results are significant only when no learning condition is compared either to low or high learning condition. There is no significant result between low and high learning conditions, which may be due to fatigue or reflect the characteristics of learning curve. The present study introduces the MCPL paradigm in examining consumer learning and demonstrates that learning from feedback increases both knowledge and consistency and weakens the asymmetric dominance effect. The latter result may suggest that the previous demonstrations of the asymmetric dominance effect are somewhat exaggerated. In a single choice setting, people do not have enough information or experience about the stimuli, which may lead them to depend mostly on the contextual structure among options. In the future, more realistic stimuli and real experts' judgments can be used to increase the external validity of study results. In addition, consumers often learn through repeated choices in real consumer settings. Therefore, what consumers learn from feedback in repeated choices would be an interesting topic to investigate.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2017

Objective: Swimming and water-based exercise (WE) programs can provide vigorous physical activity in a fun and a motivating environment. The properties of water, may make it easier for children with cerebral palsy (CP) to move and to participate in an WE program. The aims of this study was to evaluate the effect of WEs on postural control in children with spastic CP. Design: Quasi-experimental design (one group pretest-posttest design). Methods: Twenty preschoolers with spastic CP participated in this study. Prior to the application, sufficient warm-up training was performed to allow the subjects to adapt to the water. Afterwards, three different types of underwater leg exercises for the flexor, extensor, and adductor/abductor of muscles of the lower limb were performed. The WE program lasted during 8 weeks, with one-40 minute sessions per week (8 training session). The usual care was performed during the training session. The Korean-trunk control measurement scale (K-TCMS) and weight distribution variability (difference of both Fz) were measured before and after training session. Results: According to the results, the K-TCMS scores of the three sub-levels, including static sitting, dynamic sitting, and dynamic reaching, was significantly increased after the training session (p<0.05). Also, the weight distribution variability was significantly decreased after 8 weeks (p<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that WEs may improve the postural control ability in children with spastic CP. Furthermore, we support the need for additional research on the effect of WE on gait or activity of daily living performance with a control group included.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.437-442
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• 2010

Ubiquitous mobile computing is becoming easier and more attractive in this ambient technological Internet world. However, some portable devices such as Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs) and smart phones are still encountering inherent constraints of limited storages and computing resources. To alleviate this problem, we develop a cost-effective protocol, iATA to transfer ATA commands and data over TCP/IP network between mobile appliances and stationary servers. It provides mobile users a virtual storage platform which is physically resided at remote home or office. As communications are made through insecure Internet connections, security risks of adopting this service become a concern. There are many reported cases in the history where attackers masquerade as legitimate users, illegally access to network-based applications or systems by breaking through the poor authentication gates. In this paper, we propose a mutual authentication and secure session termination scheme as the first and last defense steps to combat identity thief and fraud threat in particular for iATA services. Random validation factors, large prime numbers, current timestamps, one-way hash functions and one-time session key are deployed accordingly in the scheme. Moreover, we employ the concept of hard factorization problem (HFP) in the termination phase to against fraud termination requests. Theoretical security analysis discussed in later section indicates the scheme supports mutual authentication and is robust against several attacks such as verifiers' impersonation, replay attack, denial-of-services (DoS) attack and so on.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.31-47
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• 2012

IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force)의 MVPN(Mobile Virtual Private Network) 은 NEMO(NEtwork MObility)를 지원하도록 설계되어 있지 않기 때문에 실시간 응용에 적합하지 않다. 따라서 안전한 NEMO에서 VPN을 지원하는 아키텍처와 프로토콜이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 VPN 환경에서 실시간 응용을 위해 설계된, SIP(Session Initiation Protocol)에 기반한 CR-SeMMS(Cost-Reduced Secure Mobility Management Scheme) 시스템을 제안한다. 제안하는 기법은 NEMO에서의 MVPN을 지원하는 방법을 제안하여 전체 네트워크가 이동하는 경우, 지속적으로 세션을 유지하도록 한다. 또한, 핸드오프의 경우 지연 시간 요소로 고려되는 인증 시간을 단축하기 위하여 HOTP(HMAC based One Time Password) 기반의 인증방식을 이용한 핸드오프 방식을 제안하여 세션을 유지하기 위해 지속적으로 발생하는 시그널링 처리시간을 개선하였다. 마지막으로, 제안한 방식과 기존 방식을 시뮬레이션하여 핸드오프 수행의 평균 시간이 개선되는 것을 확인한다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2007년도 추계종합학술대회
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• pp.713-716
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• 2007

본 논문은 Ad-hoc 네트워크의 무선 보안의 취약성과 현재 활용되고 있는 인증기법을 분석하여, Ad-hoc 기반 강력한 인증을 위해 검증자를 이용한 인증기법을 제안한다. 제안기법은 라우팅, 등록, 실행 단계로 구성하며, 라우팅 단계에서는 AODV 프로토콜을 이용하였다. 등록 및 실행 단계에서는 적법한 소스노드 인증을 위해 원타임 패스워드 S/key와 패스워드 기반 DH-EKE를 적용하였다. 제안 인증 기법의 안전한 패킷 데이터 전송과 데이터 암호화를 위한 세션키 설정시 H(pwd) 검증자로 암호화 하여 키교환을 수행하고, 원타임 패스워드는 소스노드의 패스워드 소유 검증과 효율성 향상을 위해 사용한다. EKE는 식별자를 해쉬함수에 모듈라 지수승 하는 DH-EKE 방식을 이용하여 단대단 세션키를 설정하고 키교환 단계에서는 H(pwd) 검증자로 암호화 함으로써 안전한 세션키 교환을 한다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.377-383
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• 2023

Background Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common malignancy on the lower lip. Surgical excision, the standard treatment for SCC, requires full-thickness excision. However, no consensus exists about the appropriate surgical margin. Therefore, we investigated the appropriate surgical margin and excision technique by analyzing 23 years of surgical experience with lower-lip SCC. Methods We reviewed 44 patients with lower-lip SCC who underwent surgery from November 1997 to October 2020. Frozen biopsy was performed with an appropriate margin on the left and right sides of the lesion, and the margin below the lesion was the skin above the sulcus boundary. If the frozen biopsy result was positive, an additional session was performed to secure a negative margin. Full-thickness excision was performed until the final negative margin. In each patient, the total number of sessions performed, final surgical margin, and recurrence were analyzed. Results Forty-one cases ended in the first session, 2 ended in the second session, and 1 ended in the third session. The final surgical margins (left and right; n = 88) were 5 mm (66%), 7 mm (9%), 8 mm (2.3%), 10 mm (20.4%), and 15 mm (2.3%). During an average follow-up of 67.4 months (range, 12-227 months), recurrence occurred in one patient. Conclusion The final surgical margin was 5 mm in 66% (58/88) of the cases, and 97.7% (86/88) were within 10 mm. Therefore, we set the first frozen biopsy margin to 5 mm, and we suggest that a 5-mm additional excision is appropriate when frozen biopsy results are positive.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2008

Single Sign-On은 한 번의 로그인으로 여러 시스템에 인증된 상태로 접근할 수 있게 해주는 인증기술이다. 웹 서비스를 그룹단위로 통합하는 곳이 늘어감에 따라 이를 위해 다양한 Single Sign-On 솔루션이 개발되어 사용되고 있지만 이러한 솔루션들의 보안성은 대부분 쿠키에만 의존하기 때문에 공격자는 단순한 네트워크 도청과 재전송 공격을 통해 사용자의 세션을 가로채는 것이 가능하며 세션을 가로챈 이후 Single Sign-On이 적용된 타 사이트로도 이동할 수 있어 또 다른 보안문제를 발생시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 유명 포털사이트 및 메신저에서 사용되고 있는 Single Sign-On 솔루션을 예로 들어 이러한 취약점을 분석하고 사용자의 세션을 보호하는 방법을 제안한다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.613-627
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Despite the widespread use of dietary assessment tools, the validity of food records has not been evaluated in Koreans. We assessed the accuracy of estimated food records and the effect of a short education session in young Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirty women (aged 18-23 yrs) each completed 3 food records during a controlled-feeding study. One educational session was provided on day 2 of the study. Food records were analyzed for the accuracy of food items and portion size estimation according to food group (grains; meat, fish, eggs, and beans; vegetables; fruit; dairy; and oils and sugars) and type of dish (rice, kimchi, soup, side dishes, spreads, beverages, and snacks). Reported food items were categorized as exact, close, or far matches, exclusions, or intrusions. Portion sizes were evaluated as accurate, similar, or inaccurate estimates, or missing. The means of days 2 and 3 were used to assess post-education results. Paired t-tests were performed to assess the effects of the education session. RESULTS: The mean percentages of exact matches, close matches, far matches, and exclusions on day 1 were 80.9%, 10.9%, 2.0%, and 6.2%, respectively, and mean intrusions observed were 0.1. The education session slightly increased the accuracy of recorded food items. The percentages of accurate, similar, and inaccurate estimates, and missing portion sizes were 11.7%, 19.8%, 12.2%, and 56.3%, respectively, at baseline. The percentage of missing portion size estimates decreased to 14.0% after the education session, resulting in an increase in the percentages of all other estimates. An increase was observed in the accuracy of reported portion sizes of vegetables, rice, and kimchi. CONCLUSIONS: In young Korean women, estimated food records are highly accurate for food items but not for portion size estimates without prior education. A short education session can improve the accuracy of portion size estimation.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.167-184
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to develop a fashion therapy program for improving body image and self-esteem among male workers. Accordingly, the demand for fashion therapy programs was examined by conducting a literature review, survey, and in-depth interviews with men working in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas. The results are summarized as follows. The fashion therapy program followed a framework of "introduction-development-final" and was 60 minutes in length, for four sessions (one per week). The contents of the program consisted of a study of the participants' appearance and any concerns they had about their body in Session 1. In Session 2, differences in image perception were examined according to color coding of menswear and personal color. Session 3 comprised understanding what styling is required to supplement men's body shape and what style is suitable for each participant. The content of Session 4 determined how to build social performance or positive image using nonverbal elements. Overall, this study has great significance in that it has developed a study on fashion therapy program originally applied for psychological treatment with women that has been adapted as a program to help improve positive emotions and social competitiveness of male workers in an office environment.