• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 1998

We measured seedling growth, foliar nutrient and extract concentrations of 3-year-old Ginkgo biloba seedlings growing in a nursery following a single fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen plus phosphorus (N+P) fertilizers. Fertilization did not change foliage, stem and root biomass of the seedlings except for the high N+P treatment, Foliar N and P concentrations following fertilization varied according to the amount of fertilizers. In general, foliar N and P concentrations increased with fertilization, but fertilization with 400kg N/ha and 100kg P/ha decreased foliar N and P concentrations, respectively. Seedling growth and foliar nutrient concentrations showed that N and P were the growth-limiting nutrients in our study site. It was found that fertilization reduced the concentrations of secondary metabolites (Ginkgo flavon glycosides and terpene lactones) in foliages. It seemed there was a relationship between foliage biomass production and secondary chemicals in G. biloba seedlings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.33-46
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• 2023

In this study, carbon storage in the aboveground biomass, litter layer, and soil layer was calculated for abandoned mining restoration areas to determine the level of carbon storage after the restoration project through comparison with the ecological reference. Five survey sites were selected for each abandoned mining restoration area in Boryeong-si, Chungcheongnam-do, and the ecological reference that can be a goal and model for the restoration project. The carbon storage in the restoration area was 0~21.3Mg C ha^-1, the deciduous layer 3.3~6.0Mg C ha^-1, and the soil layer(0-30cm) 8.3~35.1Mg C ha^-1, showing a significant difference in carbon storage by target site. The total carbon storage was between 6.1 and 35.3% of the ecological reference, with restoration area ranging from 14.0 to 62.4 Mg C ha^-1. The total carbon storage in the restoration area and the ecological reference differed the most in the aboveground biomass and was less than 12%. Based on these results, forest restoration area need to improve the carbon storage of forests through continuous management and monitoring so trees can grow and restore productivity in the early stages of the restoration project. The results of this study can be used as primary data for preparing future forest restoration indicators by identifying the storage of abandoned mining restoration areas.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.213-226
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• 2003

Kongsfjorden near Korean Arctic Station, Dasan, is a glacial fjord in the Svalbard archipelago, Arctic that is influenced by both Atlantic and Arctic water masses. During the Arctic field season August 2002, surface temperature, salinity, density, and phytoplankton biomass (chi a) was measured in Kongsfjorden. A total of 15 surface samples were collected for the phytoplankton related measurements. Chl a values ranged from 0.08 to 1.4mg chi a $m^{-3}$ (mean of 0.53mg chl a $m^{-3}$) in the overall surface stations. The highest values of the chi a concentrations (> 1.0mg chi a $m^{-3}$) were found near glacier in the northeastern part of Kongsfjorden. Nanoplanktonic (< $20{\mu}m$) phytoflagellates were important contributors for the increase of the chi a. The nano-sized phytoflagellates accounted for more than 90% of the total chi a biomass in the study area. Surface temperatures and salinities ranged from 2.5 to $7.18^{\circ}C$ (mean of $4.65^{\circ}C$) and from 22.55 to 32.97 psu (mean of 30.16 psu), respectively. The physical factors were not highly correlated with phytoplankton distribution. The character of surface water due to down-fjord wind was highly similar to phytoplankton distribution. Drifting ice, freshwater, and semdiment inputs from large tidal glaciers located in the inner part of Konsfjorden create steep physico- and biogeochemical environmental gradients along the length of this ford. The glacial inputs cause reduced biodiversity biomass and productivity in the pelagic community in the inner fjord. Primary production of benthic and pelagic microalgae is reduced due to the limited light levels in the turbid and mixed inner waters. The magnitude of glacial effects diminishes towards the outer fjord. Kongsfjorden is an important feeding ground fer marine mammals and seabirds. Especially, seabirds play the largest energy intake and also export nutrients for primary production of the marine microalgae. Kongsfjorden has received a lot of research attention as a site for exploring the impacts of climate changes. Dasan Station in Kongsfjorden will be an important Arctic site for monitoring and detecting future environmental changes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 2019

This study was conducted to examine the impact of various environmental factors on the feeding behavior of black-faced spoonbills Platalea minor known to use rice fields during the breeding season. We surveyed the rice fields three times a month from April to June 2017 and from April to June 2018. We counted the number of black-faced spoonbills and measured the environmental factors such as the water depth, paddy type by cultivation stage, and biomass of potential prey that are expected to affect black-faced spoonbills. We also filmed the feeding behavior of black-faced spoonbills to examine differences in feeding behavior by environmental factors. The survey showed that the number of black-faced spoonbills reached its peak from late April to late May which was the breeding period. Among a total of 308 black-faced spoonbills observed, 86.4% (n=266) were observed feeding on rice paddies, 90.6% (n=279) were adults, and none was observed on dry paddies. The biomass of rice paddy increased significantly since May when fish started hatching, and there was a significant difference in the amount of biomass between the rice paddies where black-faced spoonbills were observed and other rice paddies. The analysis of the feeding behavior of black-faced spoonbills showed that the feeding efficiency and feeding success rate of black-faced spoonbills increased significantly when the amount of biomass soared and that the number of steps of black-faced spoonbills per minute increased greatly after rice planting was completed. The number of bill sweeping was not related to the feeding efficiency, feeding success rate, and paddy type by cultivation stage.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.238-246
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• 2012

Organic matters budget in Lake Hoengseong were monthly investigated from April 2009 to November 2009. The intense rainfall occurred at between July and August and the hydrological factors were highly varied during the rainfall season. By the concentrated rainfall, the elevation, influx and efflux were sharply increased and the turbid water was also flowed into the middle water column in Lake. The inflow of turbid water increased the nutrient concentrations in water body and this appears to stimulate of phytoplankton regard as the primary productivity of influx of organic matter. Monthly average concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was generally higher than the particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration in Lake, but Temporal and spatial variation of POC concentration was higher than DOC and the maximum POC concentration was recorded in surface water in August, had the highest phytoplankton biomass. Organic carbon concentration in inflow site was rarely changed during the dry season, but the concentration was rapidly increased by the initial intense rainfall. In organic matters budget, the most of the organic matters was inflowed from the inflow site at rainfall season. Especially, the influx of allochthonous organic matters during the intense rainfall was 72.4% in the total influx organic matters.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.186-194
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• 1998

Species composition and biomass of intertidal benthic algae were studied at the coast of Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant area and its adjacent stations over 4 seasons (October 1995-August 1996), Of 68 species identified, 7 were Cyanophyta, 12 were Chlorophyta, 14 were Phaeophyta and 35 were Rhodophyta. The largest number of algal species (44) was found at Sangnok, the northernmost station of the study area, whereas the smallest number of species (15) was found from Tongho, ca. 13 km north of the power plant site. Number of species showed highest during the spring (44) and minimum was recorded in autumn (28). Biomass per unit area showed maximum in spring ($189.5\;g\;dry\;wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in average) and minimum in winter ($107.9\;g\;dry\;wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in average). Biomass values exhibited a wide range of variation among the stations, ranging from a low of $22.0\;g\;dry\;wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in annual average at Tongho to a high of $295.7g\;dry\;wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in average at Sangnok. Dominant species in biomass were Corallina pilulifera, Sargassum thunbergii, Gymnogongrus flabelliformis and Enteromorpha compressa. There have been little variation in the dominant algal species around the power plant site during the past 10 years and also these algae appeared throughout the west coast of Korea with higher frequency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2011

Estimation of biomass carbon stock is an important research for estimation of public benefit of forest. Previous studies about biomass carbon stock estimation have limitations, which come from the used deterministic models. The most serious problem of deterministic models is that deterministic models do not provide any explanation about the relevant effects of errors. In this study, the effects of location errors were analyzed in order to estimation of biomass carbon stock of Danyang area using Monte Carlo simulation method. More specifically, the k-Nearest Neighbor(kNN) algorithm was used for basic estimation. In this procedure, random and systematic errors were added on the location of Sample plot, and effects on estimation error were analyzed by checking the changes of RMSE. As a result of random error simulation, mean RMSE of estimation was increased from 24.8 tonC/ha to 26 tonC/ha when 0.5~1 pixel location errors were added. However, mean RMSE was converged after the location errors were added 0.8 pixel, because of characteristic of study site. In case of the systematic error simulation, any significant trends of RMSE were not detected in the test data.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2010

Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated at four sites in Kijang area on the southern east coast of Korea in August 2006 and August 2009, respectively. A total of 54 seaweeds including 6 green, 10 brown, 38 red were collected and identified. Of 54 seaweeds, 35 species were found throughout the survey period. Mean biomass in wet weight was from $616.0\;g\;m^{-2}$ to $1,462.4\;g\;m^{-2}$2 in 2006, and $354.8\;g\;m^{-2}$ to $965.6\;g\;m^{-2}$ in 2009. Maximum biomass was recorded at Mundong site, and minimum was recorded at Seoam (2006) and Dongbaek (2009) sites. The flora investigated (2006, 2009) could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branched form (58.7%, 58.1%), thick leathery form (10.9%, 11.6%), filamentous form (13.0%, 9.3%), crustose form (6.5%, 9.3%), sheet form (6.5%, 7.0%) and jointed calcareous form (4.3%, 4.7%) during survey period. The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting flora characteristics were 4.00, 0.75 and 4.75 at 2006, and 5.17, 1.00 and 6.17 at 2009, respectively. Therefore, the number of marine algae species and biomass in Kijang area were similar when they were comparing with the previous data. It suggest that any changes of seaweed diversity have not been observed in Kijang coastal area before and after the anthropogenic construction between 2006 and 2009.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2008

Fire can affect microbial community structure of soil through altered environmental conditions, nutrient availability, and biotic source for microbial re-colonization. We examined the influence of fire on chemical properties and soil enzyme activities of soil for 10 months. We also characterized the soil microbial community structure through ester-linked fatty acid analysis(EL-FAME). For this study, we established five burned plots(1*1 m) and 5 unburned plots outside the margin of fire. Soil was sampled three soil cores in a each plots and composited for analysis at 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 month after fire. The fire caused an increase in soil pH, exchangeable Ca, and Mg, organic matter, available $P_2O_5$ compared to unburned sites. The content of $NH_4-N$ in burned site was significantly higher than that of unburned site and this effect continued for 8 months after fire. There was no difference of $NO_3-N$ content in soil between burned and unburned site. Fire caused no change in acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities but $\beta$-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase activities in burned site were increased compared to unburned site. Microbial biomass as estimated by total concentration of EL-FAMEs in burned sites was significantly higher than that of unburned sites at one month after fire. Burned site decreased the EL-FAMEs indicative of gram-positive bacteria and tended to increase the fatty acid associated with gram-negative bacteria at one and three months after fire. The sum of EL-FAME compound $18:2{\omega}6,9c$ and $18:1{\omega}9c$ as served fungal biomarkers was decreased in burned site compared to unburned site.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.711-722
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• 2011

This study is aimed to estimate the $PM_{2.5}$ source apportionment at Seoul intensive monitoring site located in Seoul metropolitan area. Time-resolved chemical compositions of $PM_{2.5}$ are measured in real time using ambient ion monitor, semi-continuous carbon monitor, and on-line XRF at Seoul intensive monitoring site in 2010. The mass concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was simultaneously monitored with eight ionic species (${SO_4}^{2-}$, $NO_3{^-}$, $Cl^-$, $NH_4{^+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$), two carbonaceous species (OC and EC), and fourteen elements (Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Pb) in 1-hr interval. The data sets were then analyzed using EPA PMF version 3 to identify sources and contributions to $PM_{2.5}$ mass. EPA PMF modeling identified eight PM2.5 sources, including soil dust, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, motor vehicle, coal combustion, oil combustion, biomass burning, and municipal incineration. This study found that the average $PM_{2.5}$ mass was apportioned to anthropogenic sources such as motor vehicle, fuel combustion, and biomass burning (61%) and secondary aerosols, including sulfate and nitrate (38%).