• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.116-116
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• 2017

Low-temperature is one of the environmental stress factors that affect plant growth and development and consequently limit crop productivity. The control of seed germination under low-temperature is organized by many genes which are called quantitative trait loci (QTLs). High germination rate for low-temperature is an important factor of growing rice. Previously, we identified a major QTL controlling low-temperature germinability in rice using 96 introgression lines (ILs) derived from a cross between Oryza rufipogon (Rufi) and the Korean japonica cultivar, 'Hwaseongbyeo (HS)'. A $BC_3F_7$ line (TR5) showed better low-temperature germinability than its recurrent parent. TR5 was crossed with HS to develop a segregating F2:3 populations for the target QTL. Six SSR markers polymorphic between HS and Rufi were used to screen and fine map the qLTG1. The qLTG1 on chromosome 1, which accounted for 55.5% of the total phenotypic variation, confirmed that Rufi allele enhanced the low-temperature germinability. Intervals between markers CRM16 and CRM15, four candidate genes were identified. The identified candidate genes, which are encoded by a protein of unknown function, showed their direct involvement on seed germination at low-temperature. To identify genes targeted by qLTG1, we investigated the expression profiles of these candidate genes and germination behavior of qLTG1 under different stress conditions and compared to HS, Rufi, and TR5 at $13{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 3 days after incubation. Furthermore, transgenic rice plants will also be developed to conduct a detailed investigation on low-temperature germinability. Hence, the QTL for low-temperature germinability would be useful in rice breeding programs especially in the development of lines possessing low-temperature germinability.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.795-813
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• 2001

Sophisticated geometric structure analysis must be preceded to create electronic document from logical components extracted from document image. this paper presents a knowledge-based method for sophisticated geometric structure analysis of technical journal pages. The proposed knowledge base encodes geometric characteristics that are not only common in technical journals but also publication-specific in the form rules. The method takes the hybrid of top-down and bottom-up techniques and consists of two phases: region segmentation and identification. Generally, the result of segmentation process does not have a one-to-one matching with composite layout components. Therefore, the proposed method identifies non-text objects such as image, drawing and table, as well as text objects such as text line and equation by splitting or grouping segmented regions into composite layout components. Experimental results with 372 images scanned from the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence show that the proposed method has performed geometrical structure analysis successfully on more than 99% of the test images, resulting in sophisticated performance compared with previous works.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2010

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling ability of somatic embryogenesis were identified in soybean. A frame map with 204-point markers was developed using an RI population consisting of 117 $F_{11}$ lines derived from a cross between cultivar 'Keburi' and a weedy soybean 'Masshokutou Kou 502'. The parents differed greatly in their abilities of somatic embryogenesis using immature cotyledons as explants. The ability of somatic embryogenesis was evaluated in five different experiments: the $F_{11}$ (evaluated in 1998) and $F_{15}$ (2002) generations cultured on basal media supplemented with $40\;mg\;l^{-1}$ 2,4-D (2,4-D1998 and 2,4-D2002), $F_{14}$ (2001) generation on medium with $40\;mg\;l^{-1}$ 2,4-D and high sucrose concentration [2,4-D2001 ($30\;g\;l^{-1}$ sucrose)], and the $F_{11}$ (1998) and $F_{12}$ (1999) generations on medium with $10\;mg\;l^{-1}$ NAA (NAA1998 and NAA1999). The RILs showed wide and continuous variations in each of the five experiments. In the composite interval mapping analysis, 2 QTLs were found in group 8 (D1b + W, LOD = 5.42, $r^2$ = 37.5) in the experiment of 2,4-D1998 and in group 6 (C2, LOD = 6.03, $r^2$ = 26.0) in the experiment of 2,4-D2001 (high concentration sucrose). In both QTLs, alleles of 'Masshokutou Kou 502' with high ability of somatic embryogenesis contributed to the QTLs. For the other three experiments, no QTL was detected in the criteria of LOD >3.0, suggesting the presence of minor genes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.732-738
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• 2001

This study was attempted to isolate and identify the anticancer compounds from Eucommia ulmoides leaves using a human colon cancer cell line HCT-116. The petroleum ether extracts with anticancer activity was chromatographed on silica gel TLC and finally anticancer compounds was purified by HPLC. Their chemical structures were roughly elucidate by UV-VIS absorption spectral data HPLC elution pattern and FAM/MS spectroscopy. From this study these compounds were suspected to be pheophytin a formed by the removal of $Mg^{2+}$ from chlorophyll a and pyropheophytina formed by the removal of acetate group from pheophytin a respectively. To confirm the anticancer effects against HCT-116 cancer cell petroleum ether extract fractions of column chromatography and fractions separated on TLC were tested. All samples tested including the extract of petroleum ether fractions of column chromatograph and three bands (0.13,0.19,0.25) of TLC appeared to inhibit the growth of HCT-116 cancer cell however especially 0.19 and 0.25 fractions separated on TLC plate revealed the strongest effect. These results suggest that chlorophyll derivatives in Eucommia ulmoides may be potential anticancer agents against a human colon cancer cell HCT-116.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.43.2-43.2
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• 2013

The local environmental effects on the triggering of active galactic nucleus(AGN) activity has been studied with many authors, but there still be controversy. We perform statistical analysis for nearby(0.01 < z < 0.05) volume limited(Mr < -19) samples with visual inspection based on Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release7. We inspect ~60,000 galaxy images visually to find peculiar objects which show not only ongoing merging features and tidal features, but also post merging features like ring or shell structures. We found that these peculiar features were shown at least 2 times more frequently among AGN host galaxies than non AGN galaxies, and this trend was still visible when galaxy properties such as color or stellar mass are fixed. Furthermore, L[OIII] and L(Ha) of peculiar galaxies are found to be more increased than those of normal galaxies. In order to ensure this results, we also checked it for a smaller subsample with ~2mag deeper monochromatic images provided from SDSS Stripe82 database, and found consistent results. At last, we perform the same work for pair(r_p<80kpc/h, delta_v<200km/s) systems. Because of some pair systems which do not interact gravitationally in actuality but fulfill the criteria for identification of pair system, the trends are found to be slightly weaker. We also found that line luminosities are increased consistently as projected distance between central and companion galaxy decreased, and as companion color gets bluer. Overall, the results of this study tell us that the local environment of galaxies affect the frequency as well as the strength of AGN activity. Local environmental effects, however, may not be the dominant triggering mechanism for AGN activity since the majority of peculiar galaxies are non AGN galaxies.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.217-230
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to develop the Generalized Depreciation Function (GDF) and Winfrey Depreciation Function (WDF) by reviewing methods for the depreciation accountings. The Depreciation Accounting Models (DAM), including straight-line model, declining-balance model, sum-of-the-year-digit model and sinking fund model presented in this paper, are reclassified into the charging pattern of increasing type, decreasing type and constant type. This paper also discusses the development of the GDFs based on convex type, concave type and constant type according to the demand pattern of product, frequency of plant usage, deterioration of time, relative inadequacy, Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operating Expenditure (OPEX) of the Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). The WDFs presented in this paper depict a sudden degradation of plant performance by measuring the change of TPM activity at the midpoint of useful life of asset. The WDFs are classified into left-modal type, symmetrical type and right-modal type by varying the value of skewness and kurtosis. Moreover, three increasing patterns, such as convex, concave and linear types, are used in this paper to present the distinct identification of WFDs by using Instantaneous Depreciation Rate (IDR) in terms of Performance Depreciation Function (PDF) and Depreciation Density Function (DDF). In order to have better understanding of depreciation models, the numerical examples are used for evaluating the Net Operating Less Adjusted Tax (NOPLAT) and Economic Value Added (EVA). It is concluded that the depreciation models showing a large dispersion of EVA require the adjustment of NOPLAT and Invested Capital (IC) based on the objective cash basis and net operating activity for reducing the variation of EVA.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7179-7186
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• 2013

Background and Aims: Scutellaria is one of the most popular traditional Chinese herbal remedies against various human diseases, including cancer. In this study, we examined the active effects of Scutellaria extract and its main flavonoid constituents on the proportion of side population cells within human multiple myeloma cell line RPMI8226 in vitro and explored the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Materials and Methods: The contents of flavonoids in ethanolic extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The antiproliferative effect of the ethanolic extract on RPMI-8226 was determined by CCK assay. Apoptosis was measured by annexin combining with propidium iodide in a flow cytometer. Cell cycle analysis was performed by propidium iodide staining in combination with flow cytometry analysis. Hoechst 33342 exclusion assay was used for the identification of side population within RPMI8226 cells. The expression of ABCG2 protein was assessed by Western blotting assay. Results: The content of major flavonoids constitutents of Scutellaria extract was baicalin (10.2%), wogonoside (2.50%), baicalein (2.29%), and wogonin (0.99%), respectively. The crude Scutellaria extract did not show significant anti-proliferative effect, apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in RPMI-8226 within the concentrations of $1-75{\mu}g/mL$. However, the ethanolic extract, baicalein, wogonin and baicalin reduced the side population cells in RPMI-8226, and data showed that baicalein and wogonin had stronger inhibitory effects. Correspondingly, they also exhibited significant effects on decreasing the expression level of ABCG2 protein in RPMI-8226 in vitro. Conclusions: Our results for the first time demonstrated a novel mechanism of action for Scutellaria extract and its main active flavonoids, namely targeting SP cells by modulating the expression of ABCG2 protein. This study provides an insight for new therapeutic strategies targeting cancer stem cells of multiple myeloma.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.254-259
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• 2004

Rapid detection of foodbome pathogens is becoming increasingly important. The requirement for faster, more reliable tests has lead to the development of a wide range of rapid methods. Among these methods, the use of systems based on nucleic acid based detection has been increasing since they offer advantages of reduction in test time and more reliable detection or identification. Random Amplification Polymorphic DNA(RAPD) method has been used to fingerprint foodbome microorganisms; Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, 10-mer primer OPG-13(5'-CTCTCCGCCA-3') was used to generate RAPD-PCR for detection of pathogenic L. monocytogenes of Listeria spp. Among 20 primers tested, OPG-13 showed on acceptable result for the differentiation of a pathogenic Listeria from non-pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogenic Listeria, L. monocytogenes(ATCC 15313, 19111, 19112, 19113) showed two bands for 700 bp and 1,500 bp while non-pathogenic bacteria, L. ivanovii, L. grayi, L. murrayi, L. innocua, L. welshimeri, and L. seeligeri had only one band sizing from 2,000 to 2,300 bp. This RAPD method proved to be a valuable to gain important information on sources of pathogenic bacteria in food industry.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.287-325
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• 2017

Considering the development of aerospace, military science and technology since the 20th century, the sky is very important for the nation's existence and prosperity. The proverb "Whosoever commands the space commands the world itself!" emphasizes the need for the command of the air. This essay is the first study on the status of airspace after reunification. First, the territorial airspace is over the territory and territorial sea, and its horizontal extent is determined by the territorial boundary lines. Acceptance of the present order is most reasonable, rather than attempting to reconfigure through historical truths about border issues, and it could be supported by neighboring countries in the reunification period. For peace in Northeast Asia, the reunified Korea needs to respect the existing border agreement between North Korea and China or Russia. However, the North Korean straight baselines established in the East Sea and the Yellow Sea should be discarded because they are not available under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is desirable for the reunified Korea to redefine the straight baselines that comply with international law and determine the territorial waters up to and including the 12-nautical mile outside it. Second, the Flight Information Region (hereinafter "FIR") is a region defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (hereinafter "ICAO") in order to provide information necessary for the safe and efficient flight of aircraft and the search and rescue of aircraft. At present, Korea is divided into Incheon FIR which is under the jurisdiction of South Korea and Pyongyang FIR which is under the jurisdiction of North Korea. If North Korea can not temporarily exercise control of Pyongyang FIR due to a sudden change of circumstances, it is desirable for South Korea to exercise control of Pyongyang FIR, and if it is unavoidable, ICAO should temporarily exercise it. In reunified Korea, it is desirable to abolish Pyongyang FIR and integrate it into Incheon FIR with the approval of ICAO, considering systematic management and control of FIR, establishment of route, and efficiency of management. Third, the Air Defense Identification Zone (hereinafter "ADIZ") is a zone that requires easy identification, positioning, and control of aircraft for national security purposes, and is set up unilaterally by the country concerned. The US unilaterally established the Korea Air Defense Identification Area (KADIZ) by the Declaration of Commitment on March 22, 1951. The Ministry of Defense proclaimed a new KADIZ which extended to the area including IEODO on December 13, 2013. At present, North Korea's military warning zone is set only at maritime boundaries such as the East Sea and the Yellow Sea. But in view of its lack of function as ADIZ in relations with China and Russia, the reunified Korea has no obligation to succeed it. Since the depth of the Korean peninsula is short, it is necessary to set ADIZ boundary on the outskirts of the territorial airspace to achieve the original purpose of ADIZ. Therefore, KADIZ of the reunified Korea should be newly established by the boundary line that coincides with the Incheon FIR of the reunified Korea. However, if there is no buffer zone overlapping with or adjacent to the ADIZs of neighboring countries, military tensions may rise. Therefore, through bilateral negotiations for peace in Northeast Asia, a buffer zone is established between adjacent ADIZs.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.465-479
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• 2008

For the quantitative identification of rock behavior in shallow tunnels, we recommend using the rock behavior index (RBI) by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the Rock Engineering Systems (RES). AHP and RES can aid engineers in effectively determining complex and un-structured rock behavior utilizing a structured pair-wise comparison matrix and an interaction matrix, respectively. Rock behavior types are categorized as rock fall, cave-in, and plastic deformation. Seven parameters influencing rock behavior for shallow depth rock tunnel are determined: uniaxial compressive strength, rock quality designation (RQD), joint surface condition, stress, pound water, earthquake, and tunnel span. They are classified into rock mass intrinsic, rock mass extrinsic, and design parameters. An advantage of this procedure is its ability to obtain each parameter's weight. We applied the proposed method to the basic design of Seoul Metro Line O and quantified the rock behavior into RBI on rock fall, cave-in, and plastic deformation. The study results demonstrate that AHP and RES can give engineers quantitative information on rock behavior.