• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-76
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• 1997

Triacylglycerols of the seeds of Ginkgo biloba have been resolved by high-performace liquid chromatography(HPLC} in the silver-ion and reverse-phase modes. The fatty acids were identified by a combination of capillary gas chromatography and gas-chromatography /mass spectrometry as the methyl and /or picolinyl ester. The main components are $C_{18:2{\omega}6}$(39.0mol%), $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$(asclepic acid 21.5mol%), and $C_{18:1{\omega}9}$(oleic acid, 13.8mol%). Considerable amounts of unusual acid such as $C_{20:3{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$ (5.7mol%), $C_{18:2{\Delta}^{5,9}$(2.8mol%), and $C_{18:3}{\Delta}^{5,9,12}$(1.6mol%), were checked. In addition, an anteiso-branched fatty acid, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid, was also present as a minor component(0.9 mol%). The triacylglycerols were separated into 17 fractions by reverse-phase HPLC, and the fractionation was achieved according to the partition numnber(PN) in which a ${\Delta}^5$-non methylene interrupted double bond($^5$-NMDB) showed different behaviour from a methylene interrupted double bond in a molecule with a given cahinlength. Silver-ion HPLC exhibited excellent resolution in which fractions(23 fractions) were resolved on the basis of the number and configuration of double bonds. In this instance, the strength of interaction of a ${\Delta}^5$-NMDB system with silver ions seemed to be weaker than a methylene interrupted double bond system. The principal triacylglycerol species are as follows ; $(C_{18:2{\omega}6)2}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $(C_{18:1{\omega}7)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:1{\omega}7}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, $C_{18:1{\omega}9}/C_{18:2}{\Delta}^{5,5}/C_{20:3}{\Delta}^{5,11,14}$, $(C_{18:1{\omega}7)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$ and $(C_{18:1{\omega}9)2}/C_{18:2{\omega}6}$, while simple triacylglycerols without $C_{18:2{\omega}6})_3$ were not present. Stereospecific analysis showed that fatty acids with ${\Delta}^5$-NMDB system and saturated chains were predominantly located at the site of sn-3 carbon of glycerol backbones. It is evident that there is asymmetry in the distribution of fatty acids in the TG molecules of Ginkgo nut oils.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.293-305
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• 1998

According to economical status, under-nutrition and over-nutrition coexist in preschool children in Korea. Subjects consumed more than RDA in most nutrients, and children in of the upper income class tended to have more nutrients than those of the low income class. Especially in case of energy, protein, fat, vitamin $B_2$, and P there were significant differences among the different classes. The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrates, protein and fat were $57{\sim}59:\;16{\sim}17:\;26{\sim}27$ and fat calorie percentage was higher than quantity recommended for Korean adults. Energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C intakes were taken mostly from plant food sources. In the upper income class group, intakes of protein and vitamin $B_2$ from animal food sources were higher than in any other income classes. Intakes of iron, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C were largely provided by plant food group. Especially 44-45% of vitamin A were taken from vegetable and fruits group, which indicated that about 50% of vitamin A intake was the form of ${\beta}-carotene$. Also compared with other groups, in the upper income class group, the intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ from cereal and potatoes were significantly lower, and those of Ca and P from milks and meats, fishes & eggs were significantly higher(p<0.05). The mean fat intake in all subjects was $38{\sim}43g/day$. Regardless of income class, oleic acid($6.6{\sim}8.4g$) and linoleic acid($6.7{\sim}8.1g$) were the most abundant fatty acids contained in the diet. The upper class group consumed significantly more total saturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids(p<0.05). In polyunsaturated fatty acids, there were no differences between 3 different income classes, but intakes of total ${\omega}6$ fatty acids in the upper class tended to be higher and those of total o3 fatty acids in low class tended to be higher. Therefore, ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ tended to be higher in the upper class group. Regardless of income classes, P/M/S and ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ ratios in all subjects were $0.9{\sim}l.3/1.0{\sim}1.1/1.0$ and $5.2{\sim}7.4/1.0$, respectively and were in a desirable range. Cholesterol intake of subject was 184-218 mg/day, which was comparable to the value of Korean adult intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1246-1254
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• 2004

Two separate trials were designed to determine effects of dietary level of whole flaxseed (WFS) on fatty acid composition of serum, and subcutaneous, perirenal, intermuscular, and intramuscular adipose tissues of Korean Hanwoo cattle. Twentyone bulls (trial 1) and 15 cows (trial 2) were assigned to diets containing 0, 10 or 15% WFS. Relative treatment effects were similar between bulls and cows. The proportion of C18:3 in serum and to a lesser extent in adipose tissues were increased by dietary inclusion of WFS, reflecting supplemented lipid composition of WFS that escaped ruminal biohydrogenation. Animals fed WFS had a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids in serum and adipose tissues than animals fed diets without WFS, while the opposite trend was observed in unsaturated fatty acids with little differences between two WFS groups. WFS-fed animals had higher proportions of C18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:3, and 22:3 and lower proportions of C12:0, 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0 in intramuscular fat than animals fed diets without WFS. Furthermore, feeding WFS increased proportions of both $\omega$-3 and $\omega$-6 fatty acids but decreased the ratio of $\omega$-6/$\omega$-3 substantially. In conclusion, feeding WFS can be an effective method of increasing absorption of unsaturated fatty acids, and subsequent deposition in adipose tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.602-611
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• 1995

This study was designed to find out the effects of $\omega$-3 and $\omega$-6 polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acid from prenatal to growing period on the brain growth and behavioral development of rats. Rats(Sprague-Dawley strain) were fed experimental diets-fish oil, corn oil or beef tallow-with different contents of $\omega$-3 and $\omega$-6 fatty acids throughout the prenatal and lactational period and up to 10 weeks of age. DNA and RNA concentration of rat brain were determined at 0, 3, 6 weeks of age and choline and acetylcholine concentrations were analyzed at 10 weeks of age. When the rats were 7 weeks of age, position reversional test in a Y-shaped water maze for 4 weeks was measured. The experimental results obtained are summarized as follows. Food intakes were significantly lower in fish oil group and body weight gain was low in the group fed beef tallow and the groups fed fish oil and corn oil were somewhat good. Food efficiency ratio was not significantly different among the groups. Brain weight was not affected by the fatty acid composition of experimental diets and DNA and RNA concentration of the rat brain were consistently maintained at the same level. It was not different significantly among the dietary groups in the DNA and RNA concentrations of the rat brain during the experimental period. The acetylcholine concentration in the fish oil group was somewhat higher than the other groups. The position reversional test in a Y-shaped water maze showed a significant difference the score of test among the experimental groups. The score of the rats fed the fish oil diet was significantly higher than the other groups and the concentration of acetylcholine in brain were too. Therefore the correlatin between the Y-shaped water maze test score and the acetylcholine concentratin in the brain was found. Above finding support the content that dietary fatty acid composition does not affect to the brain cell number and cell size but the behavior development is influenced. Therefore, the improvement of behavior development is required the effective usage of finny tribe.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.437-447
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• 1999

The intake of fatty acids, and the effects of fatty acid intake patterns on serum lipid concentrations was investigated in 112 postmenopausal women. Dietary intakes of fatty acids were assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food questionnaire with food models and other measuring tools. The intakes of saturated fatty acid(SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid(MFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) were 10.85g, 11.89g and 12.09g, respectively. The ratios of P/M/S and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 fatty acid were 1.19 : 1.10 : 1 and 6.65 ; 1, respectively. Serum lipid concentrations were adjusted for age, menopausal period, BMI, stress scores, exercise habit and energy intake and the relationship between fatty acid intake and serum lipids was measured using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Serum cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with dietary intake of SFA (p<0.10), MUFA(p<0.05), palmitic acid(p<0.10), stearic acid(p<0.05), oleic aicd(p<0.05), and arachidonic acid(p<0.10). Serumk LDL-cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with MUFA(p<0.10), oleic acid(p<0.10), oleic acid(p<0.10), and arachidonic acid (p<0.10). Serum triglyceride concentration was positively correlated with arachidonic acid(p<0.10). However, serum HDL-cholesterol concentration was not found to be significantly correlated with any fatty acids.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 1987

한국산 잣나무(Pinus Koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.)의 종자 즉 잣에는 수분이 3.6%, 정제한 상태의 총지방질이 70.4%, 회분이 2.5% 함유되어 있었으며, 잣 수확년도에 따른 일반성분 차이는 없었다. 잣 총지방결의 지방산에는 14:0에서 22:0까지 21종류가 있음이 확인되었고, 이 중에서 5-olefin계 지방산으로 18:3(5,9,12), 20:2,11), 20:3(5.11.14) 등 3종류가 검출되었다. 지방산 조성에서도 잣 수확년도에 따른 차이는 없었으며, 지방산 중 47.9%의 $18:2{\omega}6$, 28.4%의 $18:1{\omega}9$, 11.1%의 18:3(5,9,12) 등 3종의 지방산이 주요 지방산이었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.560-565
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• 1993

우리나라 들깨 수집 재래종 317품종을 공시하여 기름 함량과 오메가 지방산 조성등을 분석 조사하여 고함유 오메가-3 지방산 품종육성에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고자 시험을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시 들깨 317품종의 기름 함량은 35.6～55.3% 범위에 있으며 평균치는 44.5%이었다. 2. 공시 317품종의 총 불포화지방산은 92.2%였으나, 포화지방산 함량은 7.8%였으며 지방산조성은 ${\omega}$-9 지방산 (Oleic acid) 함량변이는 9.5～21.37% (평균 15.2%), ${\omega}$-6 지방산(linoleic acid) 함량변이는 9.1～20.4%(평균 13.9)이었으며 ${\omega}$-3 지방산(linolenic acid)은 50.6～70.5% (평균 63.1%)의 변이를 보였다. 3. ${\omega}$-6/${\omega}$-3 지방산의 비율은 0.13～0.34%(평균 0.22%)의 변이를 보였다. 3. ${\omega}$-6/${\omega}$-3 지방산의 비율은 0.13～0.34%(평균 0.22%)의 변이를 보였다. 4. ${\omega}$-3계 지방산 함량은 경북 예천종이 70.5%로 가장 많으면서 ${\omega}$-6/${\omega}$-3 지방산의 비율이 0.13으로 그 함량차이가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 5. 경남 고성종은 ${\omega}$-6/${\omega}$-3 지방산의 비율이 0.13으로 그 함량차이가 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 6. 기름 함량과 stearic acid와 ${\omega}$-3계 지방산과는 유의적인 정 상관이었으며 ${\omega}$-6계 지방산과는 고도의 유의한 부의 상관을 보여주었다. ${\omega}$-3계 지방산은 ${\omega}$-6/${\omega}$-3 지방산 비율 및 포화지방산과 고도로 유의한 부의 상관을 보였으며 포화지방산과 불포화지방산간에는 고도의 유의적인 부의 상관이 되었다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 1989

녹조 편모류인 Dunaliella tertiolecta Butter를 광도, 광주기 및 온도 조건을 달리하여 배양한 후 조체내의 지방산 조성을 분석하였다. 광주기와 온도 조건은 D. tertiolecta의 성장에 뚜렷한 영향을 주었고, 성장기에 최대 세포수는 $2.32{\times}10^6$, 세포 분열율은 1.97 division/day였다. 여러조건에서 배양한 조체의 지방산을 분석한 결과Cl6(Palmitic acid), C18 : 3$\omega$3 (cis-Linolenic acid)가 주성분이었으며 EPA나 DHA와 같은 고도의 불포화 지방산은 소량 검출되었다. 불포화 지방산(Polyene)은 배양 온도가 낮을수록 증가되었으며, 광도는 불포화 지방산 함량에 별로 영향을 미치지 못했다. 광주기 조건에서, 명주기를 오래할수록 D. tertiolecta의 성장은 증가했지만, 반면에 조체내의 불포화 지방산(Polyene)은 감소되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Plant Resources
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2003

This study was carried out to obtain informations on the variations of oil content and fatty acid composition among 90 Korean perilla collections. Average oil content of 90 perilla collections was 44.2% with a range from 29.7% to 61.9%. Perilla collections with late-maturing, super-large seed and gray seed coat showed higher oil content than other types in general. Average saturated fatty acid content in perilla oil was 9.0% with a range from 8.2% to 10.7%, while average unsaturated fatty acid content varied from 89.3% to 91.8% with a mean of 91.0%. Contents of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were not related to maturity. There were no differences in the contents of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids according to maturity. Linoleic acid and linolenic acid contents were the highest in the super large-sized group(15.5%) and in the large-sized seed group(61.4%), respectively, while contents of fatty acids among the perilla collections were variable with different seed coat colors. Most of the traits studied were not significantly correlated with oil content, but linoleic acid($\omega$-6) content was negatively correlated (r=-0.217＊) with linolenic acid($\omega$-3) content.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.163-174
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• 2000

This research was designed to develop a computer program and evaluate the nutritional balances especially the balance of fatty acids, amino acids and antioxidant vitamins for convenience foods. The Korean convenience food, Kimbab purchased from markets was evaluated by using the self-developed computer program. Contents of calories, protein and calcium were lower$(1/3^{\circ}{\neq}1/2)$ than the recommended levels of Korean adult woman, and the carbohydrate/ protein/ fat(CPF) energy ratio was 70: 13: 17. The mean P/ M/ S ratio was 2.2/ 1.4/ 1 and that of ${\omega}6/\;{\omega}3$ fatty acids was 17.9/ 1, which was higher than the desirable ratio of $4{\sim}8/\;1$. Average essential amino acid balance of market-Kimbab samples was within the desirable range even though the absolute amount of protein was lower than the recommended level. Contents of antioxidant vitamins (A, C &E) were lower than recommended levels. Two kinds of nutritionally adjusted Kimbab menu were established by self-developed computer program. Some of major changes was adding food ingredients such as tuna fish and perilla leaf cooked with sesame oil and soybean oil to increase ${\omega}3$ series fatty acids. Some fruits and milk were also added to the menu. The adjusted CPF ratios was 63: 15: 22 and the new values for P/ M/ S and ${\omega}6/\;{\omega}3$ fatty acids ratios were 1.0/ 1.2/ 1/0 and 6.1/ 1 respectively. In sensory evaluation of two kinds of adjusted Kimbab, the taste and overall estimation scores were higher than unadjusted Kimbab. The computer program developed in this study might be used as a tool for the evaluation of nutritional balance of other convenience foods and menu planning.