• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.117-131
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the health behaviors and to find out risk factors of blood pressure of adult women in a rural area. Method: The convenient sample consisted of 159 adult women who lived in G-gun. The data was collected using a self-report questionnaire for health behaviors and mercury type sphygmomanometer for BP, between Jun I and August 15, 2003. Health behaviors measured smoking, alcohol, salt, lipid, stress, exercise, coffee, BMI and medication. To accomplish the goal of study, descriptive statistics, t-test, $x^2$-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were. performed with SPSS 10.0. Results: The average age of subjects was 49.2(SD7.34)years old. The average SBP and DBP of subjects were 126.22mmHg(SDl6.73) and 8 1.25mmHg(SDl 0.31). There were significant differences in smoking(p=.000), cigarette consumption(p=.001), smoking duration(p=.000), BMI(p=.033), medication (p=.001), family history(p=.000) between normotensive and hypertensive. The main risk factors on SBP were medication, age, BMI, family history and smoking duration by 35.7% of the total variance these variables explained SBP. The main risk factors on DBP were BMI, education and medication by 17.60% of the total variance these variables explained DBP. Conclusion: These results suggest that health professional have to emphasize prevention of obesity, lasting medication and no smoking for prevention and management of hypertension in community health promotion program.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2013

Purpose: The study was done to explore relationships between residential areas and smoking rates and to identify related factors contributing to smoking in Korea adolescents. Methods: An analysis was done of smoking rates and socioeconomic position indicators by city size based on a 2012 cross-sectional nationwide online survey conducted with 74,186 Korean middle and high school students aged 12-18 years old. Data were analyzed using x2-test and multiple logistic regression with the SPSS/WIN18.0 program. Results: Analyses revealed that rural boys were more likely to be current smokers compared to metropolitan boys (odds ratio 1.18, 95%-confidence interval 1.01; 1.38) but residential areas and smoking rates among girls were not related. After adjusting for covariates, results showed that city size, Family affluence score, economic status, parents' education level, living with parents, school type, and school achievement were related to increased an proportion of adolescents who smoked. Conclusion: In conclusion, rural living is a determinant of smoking among boys. Tobacco control programs should recognize differences in living conditions between rural and urban areas.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.406-413
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• 2013

The objective of this research is to find out status and consciousness about shrouds according to changes of Jeju's rural funeral ritual while reviewing Jeju's traditional shrouds. Consciousness of customs regarding tradition is much stronger in Jeju Island. Since it was said that shrouds and changes of funeral ritual have very systematic correlation according to the result of precedent researches, changes of funeral rituals of Jeju's rural area were examined. At the same time, consciousness about traditional shrouds of Jeju people was also studied. As the result of examination through literary investigation, visits to rural homes, visits to production places of Jeju's shrouds and interviews with grandmothers designated as human cultural assets of traditional Jeju shrouds, etc, it was found out that Jeju's rural funeral rituals had been rapidly changed since 2000. Traditional Jeju shrouds are also disappearing. In particular, old women of Jeju have considered preparation of their own and their husbands' shrouds in advance as a virtue. However, as it gradually became more difficult to produce and prepare traditional shrouds at homes and as the space of funeral was changed from their own houses to hospitals and/or commercial funeral homes, it was found out that a ratio of people's using general shrouds sold in market was increased and it is believed that this kind of trend will be accelerated more and more in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2006

According to the results of analyzing the space composition by focusing on the impediment persons latrines among the public latrines, the conclusions of this study are as follows. In order to eliminate the rejection feeling which the word feeling of impediment persons' latrine communicates, its name should be changed into the impediment persons latrine. Thus, the impediment persons, the old and the weak, the pregnant women and the nursing mothers, who suffer the difficulty to use the general latrines, should use such impediment persons latrines jointly. By lowering the height from the ground to the latrine floor, the impediment persons, who use their wheel chairs, should gain the easy access to such impediment persons latrines. By equipping the doorway of public latrines and impediment persons latrines with the automatic door instead of the sliding door, the impediment persons should use such latrines conveniently. The locations and sizes of impediment persons latrines differ with one another. Therefore, it is necessary to unite constantly their location, scale, and facilities.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.24 no.2 s.34
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• pp.211-220
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• 1991

Finances of health insurance can be explained by factors determining benefit expense and premium collection. This study was conducted to analyze factors contributing to the financial status of rural health Insurance. Nationwide 134 health insurance associations except the six pilot project counties were analyzed and obtained the followings. 1. In univariate analysis, statistically significant variables that explain 1) outpatient benefit expenditures include public health center utilization, proportion of pregnant women. premium and collection rate of premium 2) inpatient benefit expenditures include public health center utilization, Proportion of old age, proportion of pregnant women, premium and collection rate of premium 3) profits include public health center utilization, proportion of old age, proportion of pregnant women and collection rate of premium. 2. In multiple regression analysis, statistically significant determinants in 1) outpatient benefit include premium and public health utilization 2) inpatient benefit include premium 3) profit include public health center utilization, premium and collection rate of premium.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.43-50
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• 2010

Although the government financial aid is insufficient and the lack of programs and facilities prevent it from developing and activation in the rural local society, welfare centers for the aged are formed an ever-greater part of the leisure and welfare facility for the aged in rural areas. As a result, the objectives of this study are to investigate and identify the actual conditions of use by the aged and the degree of satisfaction for welfare centers for the aged in Uiseong district. The results of this study are as follows. In the survey sample characteristics based on a total of 303 survey, the percentage of women (55.2%) was much higher than men (44.8%), average age is 73.3 years old. According to the results of the analysis, most important motivation is for health and making friends, and major useful facilities and programs are related to physical activities, sing a song and rehabilitation. From the results of the overall satisfaction, positive promotions and sufficient aid are required for the aged in the rural local society. Further any programs developed internally are required to promote and activate the leisure activity programs for the aged.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.825-837
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• 2004

Studies on the health problems of the elderly have been increased with increasing life expectancy of Koreans. To assess the health status of people over 50 years old including the elderly (678 free-living people: men (168), women (510)), anthropometric measurements and biochemical nutritional status were analyzed. General characteristics and the prevalences of specific diseases were also examined. The mean anthropometric values for males and females were heights of 162 cm and 149 cm, respectively; and weights of 59 kg and 52 kg, respectively, which were much lower than the Korean standards established in the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. The mean BMI, WHR (waist hip ratio), and body fat rate (%), which are obesity indices, were significantly higher in females than in males. As the age went up, height, weight, lean body mass, and mid-arm circumference decreased. Whereas, blood pressure (SBP) for women increased. Mean blood HDL-cholesterol levels of men and women were 46.0 mg/dl and 46.3 mg/dl, respectively; their triglyceride levels were 129.1 mg/d1 and 135.6 mg/dl, respectively, which were not significantly different. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher in females than in males. For man there were significantly different in ${\gamma}$-GTP, Na levels by age. As the age went up for women, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, HDL-cholesterol, ${\gamma}$-GTP and $Ca^{2+}$ levels significantly decreased. Levels of total protein and albumin were above the lower normal limit for the majority of the participants. Prevalence of anemia, assessed by hemoglobin using World Health Organization (WHO) definition, was 43.9% for men and 42.1% for women. Also, many of the subjects were out of the normal range in total cholesterol (women), HDL-cholesterol, TAS (total antioxidant status), APase, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit levels. Therefore, measures to improve the biochemical nutritional status for the people in rural area are required.d.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.97-112
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• 2006

For 387 married women in their 20s to 50s, we inquired about the differences in whether they intended on moving into a welfare facility, depending on their views on supporting the elderly and the burden of supporting elderly parents, and tried to find out factors that would affect their decision to move into a welfare facility. With those objectives in mind, we conducted a survey targeting married women in their 20s to 50s who live in Seoul, Daejun or a city or county in Choongnam-do, and carried out frequency analysis, intersection analysis, one-way ANOVA and judge analysis. Our findings from those analyses are summarized as follows. First, when considering married women's characteristics and examining their intention of moving into a welfare facility for the elderly, there was a meaningful difference in their intention depending on age, academic background, occupation, and area of residence. Second, our analysis of the differences in their intention of moving in, based on married women's view on supporting the elderly and the burden of supporting elderly parents, indicates that due to these responsibilities, the greatest number of married women expressed their intention of moving in if a convenient facility for the elderly and service were provided. However, the analysis for the intention of moving in depending on savings for old age, did not exhibit any meaningful difference. Third, from the examination of determining factors for married women's intention of moving into a welfare facility for the elderly, based on age, academic background, occupation, residential area, responsibility for supporting an elderly family member and savings for old age, it was found that the burden of support was the only meaningful effective factor.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.1399-1405
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• 2013

This study selected 31 old women over 65 years old residing in G county, Jeonnam and applied the aqua exercise program to them for 1 hour a session, once a week for 1 year from Feb. 1, 2011 to Jan. 31, 2012 in order to examine the effects of the program on body composition, exercise function, quality of life and self-esteem in the elderly. As a result of measuring health related factors before and after applying the exercise program, it was found that long-term aqua exercise program had statistically significant change and increase in body composition (weight, body fat mass and percent body fat), exercise function (flexibility, balance, TUG, back muscle strength), quality of life and self-esteem. Therefore, it is considered that continuous aqua exercise program is needed to improve body composition, exercise function, quality of life and self-esteem of the old women in rural areas.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1994

This study was carried out to investigate the levels of copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, cadmium and mercury content in breast milk among urban, rural and industrial lactating women in Korea. A total of 59 samples, which were collected from 17 in urban, 20 in rural and 22 in industrial area, and from 21-38 years-old healthy lactating women, were analyzed by Rigaku Mercury Analyzer for mercury, and by atomic absorption apectrophotometry for the other metals. The results are summarized as follows : The mean trace metal contents in breast milk were determined to be 0.34$\pm$0.14 ppm for copper, 2.01$\pm$1.43 ppm for zinc, 8.49$\pm$5.11 ppb for manganese, 7.75$\pm$5.73 ppb for nickel, 1.65$\pm$2.42 ppm for cadmium, 34.45$\pm$26.71 ppb for lead and 0.90$\pm$0.68 ppb for mercury. For the trace metal content in breast milk by area, the highest of copper, zinc, cadmium and mercury content were in urban, the highest of manganese content was in industrial, and the highest of nickel and lesd content were in rural. For copper, zinc, manganese and lead content in breast milk by lactation period, the highest levels were found in under 4 weeks after lactating, and subsequently the levels declined as lactation progressed, but the levels of zinc and manganese content increased from over 25 weeks after lactating. For cadmium and mercury content in breast milk by lactation period, the lowest levels were found in under 4 weeks after lactating, the highest levels were found in 5-12 weeks after lactating, and subsequently the levels declined as lactation progressed.For nickel content in breast milk by lactation period, the highest level was in 13-24 weeks after lactating, the lowest level was in 5-12 weeks after lactating.