• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2002

Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi(Kalt.) plays a key role in determining the productivity of rapeseed-mustard. This pest alone attributes 30-70% losses in yield potential in different agro climatic zones with a mean loss of 54.2% in India. Considering the extent of damage caused by the pest, the present experiment was conducted at Pulses and Oilseeds Research Station during 1992-93 to 1994-95 to study the migratory nature of mustard aphid by trapping them in yellow colour pan tray and their simultaneous growth and development on three different genotypes. The temperature during noon hours is the predominant factor to govern the appearance of alate mustard aphid in rapeseed-mustard field. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that temperature and relative humidity played an important role for its development. The variety RW white flower glossy stem harboured minimum number of aphid in comparison to other two varieties B 9 and T6342. The population reached a peak of 61.28 aphids/10 cm central twig during $6^{th}$ standard week irrespective of varieties.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.200-218
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• 2003

Phenolic compounds in food and plant materials belong to the simple phenols, phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, lignans and lignins, all of which are considered as secondary plant metabolites. These compounds may be synthesized by plants during normal development or in response to stress conditions. Phenolics are not distributed uniformly in plants. Insoluble phenolics are components of cell walls while soluble ones are present in vacuoles. A cursory account of phenolics of cereals, beans, pulses, fruits, vegetables and oilseeds is provided in this overview. The information on the bioavailability and absorption of plant phenolics remains fragmentary and diverse. Pharmacological potentials of food phenolics ave extensively evaluated. However, there are many challenges that must be overcome in order to fully understand both the function of phenolics in plant as well as their health effects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1743-1748
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• 2003

The effect of pH on the fermentation characteristics and the formation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid by mixed ruminal bacteria was examined in vitro when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. Concentrate (1%, w/v) with ground linseed (0.6%, w/v) or rapeseed (0.5%, w/v) was added to 600 ml mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v), and was incubated anaerobically for 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. The pH of culture solution was maintained at level close to 4.5, 5.3, 6.1 and 6.9 with 30% $H_2SO_4$ or 30% NaOH solution. pH increment resulted in increases of ammonia and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in culture solutions containing both oilseeds. Fermentation did not proceeded at pH 4.5. Molar proportion of acetate decreased but that of propionate increased as pH increased when incubated with oilseeds. While the hydrogenating process was very slow at the pH range of 4.5 to 5.3, rapid hydrogenation was found from the culture solutions of pH 6.1 and 6.9 when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. As pH in culture solution of linseed or rapeseed increases proportions of oleic acid (cis-9 $C_{18:1}$) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid increased but those of linoleic acid and linolenic acid decreased. The CLA proportion increased with pH in culture solution containing rapeseed but CLA was mostly not detected from the incubation of linseed.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.197-201
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• 1997

Plant seed oil-bodies or oleosomes ate the repository of the neutral lipid stored in seeds. These organelles in many oilseeds may comprise half of the total cellular volume. Oleosomes are surrounded by a half-unit membrane of phospholipid into which are embedded proteins called oleosins. Oleosins are present at high density on the oil-body surface and after storage proteins comprise the most abundant proteins in oilseeds. Oleosins are specifically targeted and anchored to oil-bodies after co-translation on the ER. It has been shown that the amino-acid sequences responsible for this unique targeting reside primarily in the central hydrophobic tore of the oleosin polypeptide. In addition, a signal-like sequence is found near the junction of the hydrophobic domain and ann N-terminal hydrophilic / amphipathic domain. This "signal" which is uncleaved is also essential for correct targeting. Oil-bodies and their associated oleosins may be recovered by floatation centrifugation of aqueous seed extracts. This simple partitioning step results in a dramatic enrichment for oleosins in the oil-body fraction. In the light of these properties, we reasoned that it would be feasible to create fusion proteins on oil-bodies comprising oleosins and an additional valuable protein of pharmaceutical or industrial interest. It was further postulated that if these proteins were displayed on the outer surface of oil-bodies, it would be possible to release them from the purified oil-bodies using chemical or proteolytic cleavage. This could result in a simple means of recovering high-value protein from seeds at a significant (i.e. commercial) scale. This procedure has been successfully reduced to practice for a wide variety of proteins of therapeutic, industrial and food no. The utillity of the method will be discussed using a blood anticoagulant, hirudin, and industrial enzymes as key examples.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.687-694
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• 2002

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of addition level of concentrate on fermentation characteristics and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-octadecenoic acid (t-FA) by mixed ruminal bacteria when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. Four levels (0.83, 1.25, 1.67 and 2.08%, w/v) of concentrate and ground oilseeds (linseed or rapeseed; 0.83%, w/v) were added to mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v) in the glass jar with a glass lid equipped with stirrer, and was incubated anaerobically for 24 h at $39^{\circ}C$. Addition level of concentrate slightly reflect on pH and ammonia concentration of the culture solution at the various incubation times when incubated with both linseed and rapeseed. Total VFA concentration slightly increased with incubation times and concentrate levels for incubations with oilseeds. While CLA composition had a clearly increasing trend with incubation time when incubated with linseed, percent CLA was relatively stable when incubated with rapeseed. Percent CLA, however, had a clearly decreasing trend with concentrate level throughout incubation times with significances at 3 h incubations when incubated with linseed (p<0.038) and rapeseed (p<0.0009). The differences in compositions of t-FA were relatively small among concentrate levels for both incubations with linseed and rapeseed. The ratios of t-FA to CLA were lower for linseed with increased proportion of CLA than for rapeseed.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.219-228
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• 2007

본 연구는 호밀 건초를 급여하는 조건하에 알코올 발효사료에 대한 면실, 아마 및 대두종실의 첨가가 in vitro 반추위 발효특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 시험구 처리는 전지종실을 첨가하지 않고 발효한 알코올 발효사료구(대조구: T1), 면실종실을 첨가하여 발효한 면실 알코올 발효사료구(T2), 아마종실을 첨가하여 발효한 알코올 발효사료구(T3) 및 대두종실을 첨가하여 발효한 알코올 발효사료구(T4)의 4처리로 하였다. 배양시간에 따른 pH는 면실 종실을 첨가한 T2구는 대조구에 비해 배양 6시간에서 12시간까지 감소하는 결과를 보였으며(p<0.05), 대두종실을 첨가하는 T4구의 pH는 대조구보다 배양 3시간에서 12시간까지 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 아마종실을 첨가하는 T3구의 pH는 배양 초기부터 배양 9시간까지 대조구에 비해 차이가 없는 결과를 보였다(p>0.05). 배양액의 ammonia 농도는 T2구가 대조구에 비해 배양 6시간경에 현저하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.05), T4구의 ammonia 농도는 대조구에 비해 배양 6 및 9시간에서 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 배양시간에 따른 반추위액 배양액의 휘발성 지방산 농도는 대조구에 비해 전지종실 처리구들이 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 배양 3시간경에서 면실, 아마 및 대두종실을 첨가하는 T2, T3 및 T4구의 acetate, butyrate 및 propionate 농도가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 증가하는 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 특히, 대두 종실을 첨가한 T4구의 휘발성지방산은 배양초기부터 12시간까지 전체 배양시간 동안 대조구에 비해 현저하게 증가하는 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서 면실, 아마 및 대두의 전지종실을 첨가하여 발효한 알코올 발효사료는 반추위 배양액의 pH를 다소 감소시키며, ammonia 및 휘발성지방산 농도를 증가시키는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 호밀 건초를 급여하는 조건에서 면실, 아마 및 대두 종실 처리하는 알코올 발효사료는 반추위내 발효양상을 개선할 수 있는 처리임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물생명공학회 2003년도 식물바이오벤처 페스티발
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• pp.124-124
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• 2003

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.255-255
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• 2017

Sesame has been consumed for centuries as flavoring ingredient in eastern Asian countries, especially Korea. Sesame seeds have been used as health food for traditional medicine to prevent disease in Asian countries for several thousand years. Sesame seed has higher oil content (around 50%) than most of the known oilseeds. Sesame oil is rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Extraction of sesame has developed significantly over the years. The mechanical method was an early means of separation which was physical pressure to squeeze the oil out. Nowadays, solvent extraction becomes the commonly used commercial technique to recover oil from oilseeds. In this study, we investigated extraction efficiency and quality of oil affected by cultivars and extraction methods of sesame seed. Different variables were investigated; roasting temperature ($170{\sim}220^{\circ}C$), extraction methods (solvent and physical pressure), forced ventilation system and cultivars. The Contents of B(a)P in sesame oil after roasting at $170{\sim}220^{\circ}C$ were 0.30~2.53 ppm. When we introduced forced ventilation system during roasting, B(a)P Contents were decreased up to 36%. The Oil extraction efficiency on sesame seed was statistically depending on the cultivars and extraction methods. The oil extraction yields of solvent and physical pressure extraction were 56.3% and 44.6%, respectively. Many of sesame cultivars and genetic resources are linolenic acid content of less than 0.5%. The results supported that we have developed a safe and high quality sesame oil processing methods for small and medium-sized companies.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.470-476
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• 2017

시중 유통 중인 곡류, 콩류, 견과류, 종실류 등 134건에 대하여 8종의 곰팡이독소를 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 동시 분석하였다. 전체 시료 중 22건에서 fumonisin $B_1$, $B_2$, zearalenone, ochratoxin A 등 4종이 검출되어 16.4%가 곰팡이독소에 오염된 것으로 나타났으며 독성이 강한 aflatoxin $B_1$, $B_2$, $G_1$, $G_2$는 검출되지 않았다. 검출된 곰팡이독소 중 fumonisin ($B_1+B_2$)은 $0.48{\sim}560.2{\mu}g/kg$, zearalenone은 $0.22{\sim}28.6{\mu}g/kg$ 수준으로 검출되었고 평균 검출량은 fumonisin이 곡류 $49.3{\mu}g/kg$, 유지종실류 $10.1{\mu}g/kg$, zearalenone이 곡류 $1.9{\mu}g/kg$, 콩류 $1.5{\mu}g/kg$이었으며, ochratoxin A는 곡류에서 $0.08{\mu}g/kg$ 수준으로 검출되었다. 기장에서 검출된 ochratoxin A는 $4.8{\mu}g/kg$으로 기준치인 $5.0{\mu}g/kg$에 근접하여 검출되었는데 생산년도가 2016년인 것을 감안하면 상당히 높은 수준으로 지속적인 관심이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 곰팡이독소가 검출된 나머지 품목은 2015년에 생산되었는데 특히 곡류 중 율무와 수수는 대부분의 시료에서 곰팡이독소가 검출됐으며 땅콩 및 견과류에서는 검출되지 않았다. 곰팡이독소가 검출된 품목의 검출빈도를 살펴보면 율무 66.7%, 수수 87.5%, 조 20%, 기장 20%로 곡류 중 약 27%가 독소에 오염된 것으로 나타났고, 콩류는 팥에서 60%가 검출되어 콩류 전체로는 12.5%가 오염됐으며 유지종실류는 깨에서 33.3%가 검출되어 유지종실류 전체로는 11.8%가 독소에 노출된 것으로 나타났다. 한편 곰팡이독소 중 fumonisin과 zearalenone이 동시에 검출된 품목은 율무 2건, 수수 3건이었으며 fumonisin이 검출된 경우 대부분의 시료에서 fumonisin $B_1$, $B_2$ 가 동시에 검출되었으나 율무, 조, 참깨 각 1건에서 fumonisin $B_1$만 검출되었다. 본 연구결과를 기초로 하여 산출한 1인 1일 노출량은 곡류의 경우 fumonisin $1.4{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/kgb\;.w./day$, zearalenone $5.6{\times}10^{-4}{\mu}g/kg\;b.w./day$, ochratoxin A $2.2{\times}10^{-5}ng/kg\;b.w./day$이었으며 콩류에서는 zearalenone $5.4{\times}10^{-5}{\mu}g/kg\;b.w./day$, 종실류는 $7.4{\times}10^{-5}{\mu}g/kg\;b.w./day$으로 이를 바탕으로 WHO/JECFA에서 제시한 자료를 바탕으로 PMTDI 대비 인체 노출량을 산출한 결과 fumonisin은 곡류 0.72% 종실류 0.004% zearalenone 곡류 0.11%, 콩류 0.01%에 해당하는 양이었으며 ochratoxin A는 PTWI 대비 0.14%, EC의 TDI 대비 0.45%로 검출된 곰팡이독소가 인체에 대한 유해할 가능성은 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구결과 곰팡이독소는 기준치 이내의 아주 적은 양 검출되었지만 기후 온난화로 인해 독성이 강한 곰팡이독소가 생성되기 쉬운 환경으로 변해가고 있어 농산물의 생산, 저장, 포장 과정에 이르기까지 보다 폭 넓은 연구가 이루어져 곰팡이독소로 인한 안전성 논란에 대비해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.316-323
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• 2021

본 연구는 견과종실류 및 그 가공품을 대상으로 LC/MS/MS를 이용하여 aflatoxin (B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂), ochratoxin A, fumonisin (B₁, B₂), zearalenone을 동시 분석하여 오염 실태를 조사하였다. 연구 대상 106건 중 37건(35%)에서 곰팡이독소가 검출되었으며, 2항목 이상의 곰팡이독소가 동시에 검출된 경우는 8.5%로 조사되었다. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, zearalenone은 각각 0.08-1.45 ㎍/kg, 17.29 ㎍/kg, 1.16-14.89 ㎍/kg, 0.12-12.69 ㎍/kg의 농도범위로 검출되었다. 검출 빈도로 보면 zearalenone (23%), aflatoxin (13%), fumonisin (8%), ochratoxin A (1%) 순으로 높은 검출율을 보였다. 원물 형태인 견과류와 유지종실류는 각각 35%, 33%의 검출율을 나타내었고 이를 가공한 견과류가공품과 유지종실류가공품은 각각 44%, 46%의 검출율을 나타내어 가공 식품에서의 곰팡이독소 검출율이 10% 이상 높게 나타났다. 곰팡이독소는 물리화학적으로 안정한 물질로서 가공이나 조리 과정 중에도 그대로 남아있어 식품 원료에서의 곰팡이독소 관리가 더 중요할 것으로 판단된다.