• Design & Manufacturing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2022

As meters become digital and smart, energy data such as electricity, gas, heat, and water can be accurately and efficiently measured with a smart meter, providing consumers with data on energy used, so that real-time demand response and energy management services can be utilized. Although it is developing from a simple metering system to a smart metering industry to create a high value-added industry fused with ICT, illegal counterfeiting of electronic meters is causing problems in intelligent crimes such as manipulation and hacking of SW. The meter not only allows forgery of the meter data through arbitrary manipulation of the SW, but also leaves a fatal error in the metering performance, so that the OIML requires the validation of the SW from the authorized institution. In order to solve this problem, a quantitative confirmation device was developed in order to eradicate the act of cheating the fuel oil quantity through encoder pulse operation and program modulation, etc. In order to prevent the act of deceiving the lubricator, a device capable of checking pulse forgery was developed, manufactured, and verified. In addition, the performance of the device was verified by conducting an experiment on the meter being used in the actual field. It is judged that the developed quantitative confirmation device can be applied to other flow meters other than lubricators, and in this case, accurate measurement can be induced.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1073-1081
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• 2024

Obesity is spawned by an inequality between the portion of energy consumed and the quantity of energy expended. Disease entities such as cardiovascular disease, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, and cancer, which are correlated with obesity, influence society and the economy. Suppression of adipogenesis, the process of white adipocyte generation, remains a promising approach for treating obesity. Oil Red O staining was used to differentiate 3T3-L1 cells for screening 20 distinct Lactobacillus species. Among these, Lactobacillus acidophilus DS0079, referred to as YBS1, was selected for further study. YBS1 therapy decreased 3T3-L1 cell development. Triglyceride accumulation and mRNA expression of the primary adipogenic marker, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), including its downstream target genes, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 4 and adiponectin, were almost eliminated. YBS1 inhibited adipocyte differentiation at the early stage (days 0-2), but no significant difference was noted between the mid-stage (days 2-4) and late-stage (days 4-6) development. YBS1 stimulated the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) during the early stages of adipogenesis; however, this effect was eliminated by the SB203580 inhibitor. The data showed that YBS1 administration inhibited the initial development of adipocytes via stimulation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, which in turn controlled PPARγ expression. In summary, YBS1 has potential efficacy as an anti-obesity supplement and requires further exploration.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.5
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• pp.936-948
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• 2024

The Conical 9 well dish (C9 well dish) is characterized by a decreasing cross-sectional area towards the base. This design was hypothesized to enhance embryonic development by emulating the in vivo physical environment through density modulation. Comparative analyses revealed no significant difference in nuclear maturation rates between the C9 well dish and the 5-well dish. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was lower in the C9 well dish compared to the 5-well dish; however, this difference was not statistically significant. On the second day of in vitro culture, the cleavage rate in the C9 well dish was 4.66% higher, although not statistically significant, and the rates of blastocyst development were similar across both dishes. No significant differences were observed in the intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH) and ROS, as well as in the total cell number within the blastocysts between the dish types. The expression of mitogen-related factors, TGFα and IGF-1, in the blastocysts was consistent between the dishes. However, PDGFβ expression was significantly lower in the C9 well dish compared to the 35 mm petri dish. Similarly, the expression of the apoptosis factor Bax/Bcl2l2 showed no significant differences between the two dishes. Despite the marked difference in PDGFβ expression, its impact on blastocyst formation appeared negligible. The study also confirmed the feasibility of culturing a small number of oocytes per donor, collected via Ovum Pick-Up (OPU), with reduced volumes of culture medium and mineral oil, thus offering economic advantages. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the C9 well dish is effective for in vitro development of a small quantity of oocytes and embryos, presenting it as a viable alternative to traditional cell culture dishes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1314-1319
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidative effects of Lycii fructus powder (LFP) solvent extracts and Maejakgwa made with LFP. The solvent extracts of LFP were added to soybean oil in the quantity of $0.05\%$. The solvents used were methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. Soybean oil without the addition of LFP was used as a negative control. Soybean oil with $0.02\%$ butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) and $\alpha$-tocopherol were used as positive controls. Each sample was stored at $50^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The oxidation level of these samples was determined by measuring the acid value, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value. The oxidation level of solvent extracts of $0.05\%$ LFP was lower than both the negative control and $\alpha$-tocopherol. Especially, methanol extract of $0.05\%$ LFP was the lowest. The methanol extract (320 min) and ethanol extract (316 min) demonstrated longer induction periods, compared to the control (253 min), $\alpha$- tocopherol (255 min) and BHT (309 min) by Rancimat method. Acid value of Maejakgwa was increased during the storage time, but it was lower in Maejakgwa made with LFP than in the control group. Peroxide value was increased rapidly for 30 days and then decreased. TBA value was lower in Maejakgwa made with 3, 6, $9\%$ LFP than in those made with $15\%$ LFP and the control.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.383-391
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• 2014

In this paper, temperature, pressure and flow analysis system for testing a fuel filter of a diesel engine at the low-temperature environment in winter, is proposed. The light oil of diesel engine below a specific temperature is changed to the waxing materials like paraffin, and it prevents engine to start easily because of reducing fluidity. Thus, built-in block heater should be installed with fuel filter in order to solve this problem. And it is necessary to design evaluation system that can analyze the performance according to temperature, pressure and flow characteristics near fuel filter at a very low temperature. In this paper, we measured a physical quantity related to the performance of around the fuel filter using the proposed system, and analyzed their characteristics. Also the measured data is transferred to remote user by using a web server of embedded systems, and analyzed their conditions in remote place via web browser in order to know the operating status of fuel filter. We installed the proposed system in a small test chamber to verify the performance and took an experiment in normal temperature and very low temperature, and could obtain temperature, pressure and flow of near the fuel filter. As a result, the fuel flow could be improved during operation of the fuel heater.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.187-205
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• 2014

The global price of oil, which is both finite and limited in quantity, has been rising steadily because of the increasing requirements for energy in both developing and developed countries. Furthermore, regulations have been strengthened across all industries to address global warming. Many studies of hull resistance, propulsion and operation of ships have been performed to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This study examined the design parameters of the propeller boss cap fin (PBCF) and hub cap for 6,000TEU container ships to improve the propulsion efficiency. The design parameters of PBCF have been selected based on the geometrical shape. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with a propeller open water (POW) test was performed to check the validity of CFD analysis. The design of experiment (DOE) case was selected as a full factorial design, and the experiment was analyzed by POW and CFD analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the correlation among design parameters. Four design alternatives of PBCF were selected from the DOE. The shape of a propeller hub cap was selected as a divergent shape, and the divergent angle was determined by the DOE. Four design alternatives of PBCF were attached to the divergent hub cap, and the POW was estimated by CFD. As a result, the divergent hub cap with PBCF has a negative effect on the POW, which is induced by an increase in torque coefficient. A POW test and cavitation test were performed with a divergent hub cap with PBCF to verify the CFD result. The POW test result showed that the open water efficiency was increased approximately 2% with a divergent hub cap compared to a normal cap. The POW test result was similar to the CFD result, and the divergent hub cap with the PBCF models showed lower open water efficiency. This was attributed to an increase in the torque coefficient just like the CFD results. A cavitation test was performed using the 2 models selected. The test result showed that the hub vortex is increased downstream of the propeller.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-36
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• 1984

Since 1973, the competition on the development of fuel saving type internal combustion engines has become severe by the two times oil shock, and new type engines are reported every several months. Whenever these new type engines are developed, new designs are required and they will be offered in the market after performing the endurance test for a long time. But the engine market is faced with a heavy burden of finance, as the developing of a new engine requires tremendous expenses. For this reason, the computer simulation method has been lately developed to cope with it. The computer simulation method can be available to perform the reasonable research works by the theoretical analysis before carrying out practical experiments. With these processes, the developing expenses are cut down and the period of development is curtailed. The object of this study is the development of simulation computer program for the small naturally aspirated four-stroke diesel engine which is intended to product by the original design of our country. The process of simulation is firstly investigated for the ideal engine cycle, and secondly for the real engine cycle. In the ideal engine cycle, each step of the cycle is simulated by the energy balance according to the first law of thermodynamics, and then the engine performance is calculated. In the real cycle imulation program, the injection rate, the preparation rate and the combustion rate of fuel and the heat transfer through the wall of combustion chamber are considered. In this case, the injection rate is supposed as constant through the crank angle interval of injection and the combustion rate is calculated by the Whitehouse-Way equation and the heat transfer is calculated by the Annand's equation. The simulated values are compared with measured values of the YANMAR NS90(C) engine and Mitsubishi 4D30 engine, and the following conclusions are drawn. 1. The heat loss by the exhaust gas is well agree with each other in the lower load, but the measured value is greater than the calculated value in the higher load. The maximum error rate is about 15% in the full load. 2. The calculated quantity of heat transfer to the cooling water is greater than the measured value. The maximum error rate is about 11.8%. 3. The mean effective pressure, the fuel consumption, the power and the torque are well agree with each other. The maximum error is occurred in the fuel consumption, and its error rate is about 7%. From the above remarks, it may be concluded that the prediction of the engine performance is possibly by using the developed program, although the program needs to reform by adding the simulation of intake and exhaust process and assumping more reliable mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, preparation rate and combustion rate.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.256-269
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• 2011

Omega-3 fatty acids are a specific type of unsaturated fat that the body cannot manufacture on its own, so they must be obtained from food which is essential fatty acids (EFAs). Omega-3 fatty acids consist of three types which are a-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Eicosapentaenoic (ELA), and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Especially, EFAs help to prevent skin and hair drying, acne, eczema, prevention from allergies, brittle nails, rashes, and tiny lumps. The aim of this study is to investigate improvement and protection for hair damaged by chemical treatment with omega-3 formulated shampoo. We selected virgin hair sample and divided into two groups for bleaching once and three times and then damaged hair by changing the number of hair bleaching (twice with interval of 15 minutes). Each bleached hair was treated by five different kinds of shampoo (Control, Horse shampoo, DHA shampoo, EPA shampoo, Omega-3 shampoo mixture). Apart from this, EPA/DHA 2, 5, 8, 10 and 12% shampoo were prepared and treated to hair for comparing rate of progress in damaged hair. To quantify improved condition of damaged hair, we performed Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for ultrastructure of damaged hair fraction, measurement of thickness change and BCA Protein Assay for recovery rate of damaged hair. The moisture in hair was measured by Thermal analysis machine. In results, we observed the particle of hair surface damaged by bleaching treatment were well improved with treatment with EPA and DHA shampoo. Also, quantity of protein was lowered with higher concentration of EPA & DHA i.e., 8 and 12 % then compared with horse oil shampoo in three times treatment group. It shows that bleached hair have been recovered by treating rapidly and get protective coat. In conclusion, EPA and DHA shampoo improved damaged hair, especially with EPA / DHA 12% shampoo. Also, EPA shampoo could protect the damaged hair depending on increasing concentration of EPA. Therefore, we conclude omega-3 shampoo could make damaged hair protect and get healthy hair environment.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.16 no.1 s.60
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• pp.50-57
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• 2006

Development of structures such as slope and tunnel, waste disposal, oil and LPG storages, and underground power house and so on, is increasing with the year. The method for appropriate estimation of rock state such as fresh or damaged rocks is also requested with increasing structural development. On these purposes, seismic logging system, which is a simple and easy way for handling as well as small and light, has been developed. Seismic logging method is one of logging tests, which is able to evaluate the state of rock mass with various shapes and is possible to obtain the relatively accuracy data at situ state. In addition, seismic logging method is at to apply to estimate structural behavior, before and after support installed. According to the results obtained from this study, firstly, it is clear that the extent of damage in rock slope due to blasting is able to be evaluated with quantity using seismic logging method, moreover to decide the damage zone in rock slope reasonably. Secondly, it is expected that installing depth of support is able to be decided more effectively and economically, using the results of seismic logging data. Finally, seismic logging method is also able to be applied safety supervision of structures, before and after support installed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.178-186
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• 2020

Verdigris is a traditional artificial pigment reported on old research papers and according to the methods mentioned in the literature, it is manufactured by the corrosion of copper or copper alloys using vinegar and by further scraping the generated rust. Since the Three Kingdoms Period, various household products with copper alloys, such as bronze and brass, have been used, and pigment analysis of these cultural heritage items has revealed the presence of tin, zinc, lead, and copper in green pigments. Based on these data, five types of verdigris were prepared from copper and copper alloys, and analyzed. the analysis results revealed a bluish green pigmentation, and the chromaticity, particle shape, and oil absorption quantity of each verdigris differed based on the type of copper alloy used in its preparation. The main components of verdigris are Cu, Sn, Zn and Pb, and their proportions depended on the type of copper alloy used during manufacturing. However, the main constituent mineral of the pigments is the same as 'hoganite[Cu(CH₃COO)₂·H₂O]', regardless of the copper alloy used. The result of accelerated weathering test for stability evaluation revealed that verdigris was discolored rapidly, thereby indicating that its stability was low, in particular, the pigments comprising lead presented relatively lower stability.