• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.563-572
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• 2017

The Electrocoagulation-Flotation (ECF) process has great potential in wastewater treatment. ECF technology is effective in the removal of colloidal particles, oil-water emulsion, organic pollutants such as microalgae, and heavy metals. Numerous studies have been conducted on ECF; however, many of them used a conventional plate-type aluminum anode. In this study, we determined the effect of changing operational parameters such as power supply time, applied current, NaCl concentration, and pH on the turbidity removal efficiency of kaoline. We also determined the effects of different electrolyte types (NaCl, $MgSO_4$, $CaCl_2$, $Na_2SO_4$, and tap water), as well as the differences caused by using a plate-type and mesh-type aluminum anode, on the turbidity removal efficiency. The results showed that the optimal values of ECF time, applied current, NaCl concentration, and pH were 5 min, 0.35 A, 0.4 g/L NaCl in distilled water, and pH 7, respectively. The results also revealed that the turbidity removal efficiency of kaoline in different electrolytes decreased in the following sequence, given the same conductivity: tap water > $CaCl_2$ > $MgSO_4$ > NaCl > $Na_2SO_4$. The turbidity removal efficiency of the mesh-type aluminum anode was significantly greater than the plate-type aluminum anode.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.25-32
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• 2010

Contamination of soil and groundwater by the compounds of hydrocarbon petroleum has been widely accepted as the main cause that harms the environments and health. To remove those pollutants, absorbing clothes, activated carbons, or oil-water separation devices with the gravity method are employed for treatment. However, those materials and devices cannot remove the emulsion pollutants despite of their efficiency for removing free products. Therefore, we investigated the problems which occur during the groundwater treatment for the highly concentrated suspended solid particles, which can be resulted from excavation, and to propose methods to remove TPH(Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon). After coagulation experiment with high molecular polymers, the concentration of SS(Suspended Solids) and COD(Chemical Oxygen Demand) turned to satisfy the groundwater quality criteria within 5 minutes while the concentration of TPH failed to meet the water quality standard of effluent. Consequently, the water quality criteria for effluent could not be met by single DAF(Dissolved Air Flotation) process. However all water quality criteria could be satisfied after 20 minutes when coagulation reactions are carried out simultaneously in the DAF reactor.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.93-106
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• 2000

One phase liquid crystal formula was developed by using of nonionic surfactants, polyols, water and oils and its physical property was investigated. At the system oft to 1 ratio of POE octyldodecyl ether series, which have Y type (branch type) hydrophobic group, and POE glyceryl monostearate series, Y type hydrophilic group, it was examined that the formula at 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 ratio of nonionic surfactant : polyols, shows L$\alpha$ , a pattern which is a typical characteristic of liquid crystal structure under the cross microscope polarized film. As results of L$\alpha$ phase diagram study, the formula which had high hydrophilic nonionic surfactant and the 7:3 ratio of nonionic surfactant : polyol appeared to increase the amount of oil containment and to be capable of the lamella formation. Besides it was examined that lamellar liquid crystal formula could contain about 25-40% water between lamella layers and it was transformed into w/o emulsion following as water content increased. When the lamella gel was applied into a human skin, it was investigated that it had effectiveness in increasing transepidermal water content of the skin.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.239-243
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• 2007

When Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) are applied in cosmetic products, they have many merits because of unique feeling and characters. However, it is very difficult to use them as cosmetic ingredients because they are insoluble material in oil and water and have high specific gravity. To develop a special system to stabilize PFCs in cosmetic products, we compared three systems, of gel network system, spherulite lamellar system, and nanostructure system. We found that nanostructure system was the optical system for stabilizing PFCs.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2015

A synthesis method for a chitosan-coated magnetic drug-delivery system of cisplatin is proposed. Here, cisplatin was conjugated to the surface of Magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) nanoparticles via a (3-Aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (APTS) coupling agent. To reduce the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin, the magnetic drug was then encapsulated in chitosan (CS-cisplatin-$Fe_3O_4$) through the water/oil (W/O) emulsion method. The CS-cisplatin-$Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles were synthesized in a spherical shape with a diameter of 190 nm. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using HeLa cells. The cisplatin uptake of the cells was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to calculate the drug content. The controlled release of cisplatin was demonstrated by regulating the dissolution and diffusion of the drug through the chitosan matrix.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.439-446
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• 2013

Chitosan (CS) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) blend microspheres were prepared by water-in-oil emulsion technique and were loaded with an anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). CS-HPMC microspheres were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the cross-linking reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to assess the surface morphology of particles prepared. The quantity of release of 5-FU from the microspheres have been studied in terms of blend composition and amount of cross-linking agent. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction techniques indicated a uniform distribution of 5-FU particles in microspheres, whereas SEM suggested the spherical structure of the microspheres with slight rough surface. The in vitro drug release indicated that the particle size and release kinetics depend upon blend composition, amount of cross-linking agent used and amount of 5-FU present in the microspheres.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.410-415
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• 2007

Functional cosmetics are intensively investigated for the effectiveness of skin whitening, anti-aging and slimming. For enhancing the effectiveness, active ingredients should be delivered into the cell in the dermis. The amounts of penetration of caffeine and $Arbutin^{(R)}$ were tested, in vitro, using Franz diffusion cell. Oil-in-water emulsions were used for the vehicles of the transport. For the measuring the amounts of active ingredients delivered into the dermal skin, tape stripping was done after finishing the penetration experiments. The amounts of delivered caffeine were $8.45{\pm}$ 1.26ug/ml before tape stripping and $3.45{\pm}$ 1.80ug/ml after tape stripping, however, the amounts of delivered $Arbutin^{(R)}$ was quite small to detect. From now on, proper vehicles are considered for enhancing the delivery of $Arbutin^{(R)}$ Hairless mouse skin was compared with pig skin as a transdermal delivery membrane. The aspects of delivery were similar, but the amount of delivered ingredients using pig skin was larger than that of using hairless mouse skin. Therefore, the pig skin would be considered as a membrane for drug delivery experiments.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.549-556
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• 2007

The study was carried out to examine on the refiner discharge from Alaska pollock as a collagen resource by characterizing biochemical and functional properties of collagen. The refiner discharge from Alaska pollock surimi manufacturing was a good resource for collagen extraction according to the results of total protein, heavy metal, volatile basic nitrogen, collagen content, amino acid composition, and thermal denaturation temperature (TDT). TDT of acid soluble collagen from refiner discharge showed $20.7^{\circ}C$, which was similar to that of collagen from Alaska pollock muscle and was higher than that of collagen from Alaska pollock skin. TDT of acid-soluble collagen from refiner discharge was, however, lower than those of skin collagens from warm fish and land animal. Acid-soluble collagen from refiner discharge of Alaska pollock could be used as a functional ingredient for food and industrial applications according to the results of water and oil absorption capacities, and emulsion properties. In addition, if the thermal stability of the acid-soluble collagens is improved, collagen from refiner discharge from Alaska pollock could be more effectively used.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2010

This study concerned about "Gemini type co-surfactant" which has very interesting properties with new components. They were synthesized by reaction of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and dicarboxylic acid. The structure could be comfirmed with FT-IR and $^1H$-NMR. Surface active properties such as surface tension, evaluated cmc, cloud point, emulsing power were measured respectively at given conditions. Their surface tensions in the aqueous solution were decreased to 33~35 dyne/cm, which was lower than 39 dyne/cm of SDS, and their cmc values evaluated by surface tension method were $5.0{\times}10^{-1}\sim7.5{\times}10^{-1}$ mol/L. And the emulsifying power was excellent in jojoba oil. All of the synthesized Gemini surfactants possessed good water solubility and their cloud point were $48\sim58^{\circ}C$. As results, Gemini surfactants which were synthesized are expected to be applied as O/W emulsifiers.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.598-604
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• 2006

In many conventional drug delivery systems in vogue, failure to deliver efficient drug delivery at the target site/organs; is evident as a result, less efficacious pharmacological response is elicited. Microspheres can be derived a remedial measure which can improve site-specific drug delivery to a considerable extent. As an application, Lung-targeting Ofloxacin-loaded gelatin microspheres (GLOME) were prepared by water in oil emulsion method. The Central Composite Design (CCD) was used to optimize the process of preparation, the appearance and size distribution were examined by scanning electron microscopy, the aspects such as in vitro release characteristics, stability, drug loading, loading efficiency, pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in albino mice were studied. The experimental results showed that the microspheres in the range of $0.32-22\;{\mu}m$. The drug loading and loading efficiency were 61.05 and 91.55% respectively. The in vitro release profile of the microspheres matched the korsmeyer’s peppas release pattern, and release at 1h was 42%, while for the original drug, ofloxacin under the same conditions 90.02% released in the first half an hour. After i.v. administration (15 min), the drug concentration of microspheres group in lung in albino mice was $1048\;{\mu}g/g$, while that of controlled group was $6.77\;{\mu}g/g$. GLOME found to release the drug to a maximum extent in the target tissue, lungs.