• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2008

To utilize Cheonggukjang as a raw material of diverse foods, the quality characteristics of Cheonggukjang and its processed food were compared. Cheonggukjang (CGJ), red ginseng Cheonggukjang (RCJ), and red ginseng Cheonggukjang hydrolysate (RCH) were powdered, and their quality and functional characteristics were examined. The result showed that in regard to general components, carbohydrate content of RCJ was higher than other samples while crude protein content was lower. Free amino acid content of RCH was 2,157.16 mg%, which was approximately 2 times higher than CGJ, and the content of essential amino acid was 812.18 mg%, which was the highest. The result of SDS-electrophoresis pattern showed that CGJ and RCJ showed a molecular weight smaller than 33 kDa, and RCH showed a smaller than 17 kDa low molecular weight, confirming the hydrolysis to small molecular weight. Among the samples, free radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, and ACE inhibitory activity did not show a significant difference; nonetheless, RCH showed the highest activity while CGJ showed the highest fibrinolytic activity of 111.38 unit. In addition, in sensory evaluation, the peculiar bitter taste of red ginseng could be detected while the overall acceptability was improved. Based on the above results, in comparison with CGJ, as for RCJ and RCH, their function was strengthened and unpleasant odor was reduced, and thus it is anticipated that they could be used as a raw material of diverse foods.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.592-599
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• 2019

This study is to stabilize insoluble and unstable active ingredient which is Idebenone (INCI name: hydroxydecyl ubiquinone) in a multi-lamellar vesicle (MLV) and to stabilize it in the skin care cosmetics. Idebenone is good effective raw material in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the medical field and a powerful antioxidant in dermatology. It is well known as a substance that inhibits the formation of melanin and cleans the skin pigment. However, it did not dissolve in any solvent and it was difficult to apply in cosmetic applications. Niosome vesicle was able to develop a nano-particle by making a multi-layer of idebenone encapsulated with a nonionic surfactant, hydrogenated lecithin and glycine soja (soybean) sterols and passing it through a high pressure microfluidizer. Idebenone niosome vesicle (INV) has been developed to have the ability to dissolve transparently in water and to promote transdermal penetration. The appearance of the INV was a yellowish liquid having specific odor, and the particle size distribution of INV was about 10~80 nm. The pH was 5~8 (mean=6.8). This capsulation with idebenone was stored in a $45^{\circ}C$ incubator for 3 months and its stability was observed and quantitatively measured by HPLC. As a result, the stability of the sample encapsulated in the niosome vesicle (97.5%) was about 66.3% higher than that of the non-capsule sample of 32.5%. Idebenone 1% INV was used for the efficacy test and clinical trial evaluation as follows. The anti-oxidative activity of INV was 38.2%, which was superior to that of 12.8% tocopherol (control). The melanin-reducing effect of B16 melanoma cells was better than INV (17.4%) and Albutin (control) (9.6%). Pro-collagen synthesis rate was 128.2% for INV and 89.3% for tocopherol (control). The skin moisturizing effect was 15.5% better than the placebo sample. The elasticity effect was 9.7% better than the placebo sample. As an application field, INV containing 1% of idebenone is expected to be able to develop various functional cosmetic formulations such as skin toner, ampoule essence, cream, eye cream and sunblock cream. In addition, it is expected that this encapsulated material will be widely applicable to emulsifying agents for skin use in the pharmaceutical industry as well as the cosmetics industry.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.460-465
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• 2019

In this study, the optimization of active materials and the preparation of particulate adsorbents for the application of metal oxide-based adsorbents for the treatment of $H_2S$, an air pollutant and odorant, occurred in various industrial facilities were investigated. The adsorbents were prepared by using $TiO_2$, which has a high physicochemical stability and relatively high specific surface area among metal oxides and also by different kinds and contents of active materials. The correlation between the physicochemical property and adsorption performance of the adsorbents confirmed that the adsorbent containing KI, which is a typical alkali metal among the active metals, showed the highest adsorption performance. The relationship between the contents and the adsorption performance was non-proportional, but a volcano plot. From XRD, SEM and BET analyses, it was confirmed that the active material was exposed to the surface above a certain amount and also the adsorption performance was the best when the specific surface area and pore volume were $40{\sim}100m^2/g$ and $0.1{\sim}0.3cm^3/g$, respectively. For practical application, the adsorbent was granulated or coated on a ceramic support. It was also confirmed that the adsorbent showed high adsorption performance when the adsorbent was coated on the ceramic rather than that of the granulated support.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.1285-1297
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• 2020

In this study, we report the results of a study on the clinical evaluation of wrinkle improvement by developing a method for liposome of high-purity Centella asiatica extract used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, and a cream using the same. In order to make Centellasome-10EX stabilizing centella asiatica extract in liposome lamella vesicle, it could be completed using 5% hydrogenated lecithin and 2% sucrose distearate. The appearance of Centellasome-10EX was a creamy form of low viscosity, the color was pale yellow, and the odor had the inherent odor of the raw material. The pH was about 6.12, the specific gravity was 1.09, and the acid value was about 0.35. The content of the main constituents of centella asiatica extract contained in the liposome vesicle contains 10,800 ppm of asiatic acid, 10,900 ppm of asiaticoside, 6,000 ppm of madecasic acid, and 1,600 ppm of madecassoside, and long-term storage. There was no discoloration even at the time, and it was found that the main component remained stable thermodynamically. To mechanistically analyze the structure of the liposome vesicle of Centellasome-10EX, as a result of observation with a transmission electron microscope (Cryo-TEM), the multilayer vesicles are formed and filled with moisture, and there are 10 to 60 multilayers around it. It was confirmed that the liposome lamella vesicle was formed. As a clinical trial (in-vivo) test, the moisturizing effect of centellasome cream after application for 5 weeks was 28.3%, which was significantly increased compared to placebo. The skin elasticity effect was 13.6%, which significantly increased the moisturizing power than the placebo. The effect of improving fine wrinkles around the eyes was improved by 23.52% compared to placebo cream. Through the results of this study, it was possible to study the formulation and manufacturing method for encapsulation and stabilization of the developed Centellasome-10EX in the liposome vesicle. It is expected that the results obtained through clinical research on the wrinkle improvement effect of the cream using this can be widely used to study skin science in the cosmetic industry and to develop high-quality cosmetics with high efficacy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.564-572
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• 2015

Nutritional compositions, volatile compounds, and sensory attributes of Cynanchi wilfordii Radix were analyzed in order to examine its practical utilization as a food resource. In the proximate analysis, protein and lipid contents were shown to be 14.6 and 5.0 mg/100 g, respectively, in C. wilfordii Radix. Potassium was the most predominant mineral (809 mg/100 g), as determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry in parallel with microwave acid digestion. Total phenolic content was found to be 410 mg/100 g. Further, arginine and linoleic acid were the most abundant amino acid and fatty acid of C. wilfordii Radix, respectively. To examine its functional properties, classical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis was performed. As a result, the concentration of C. wilfordii Radix required to scavenge 50% of DPPH radicals was 1.16 mg of dried material. Lastly, in olfactory and sensory tests, ${\beta}$-eudesmol (woody odor) was the major flavor compound responsible for the bitter taste and sensory attributes of C. wilfordii Radix. Taken altogether, the above results provide important preliminary results for utilization of C. wilfordii Radix as a food resource.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2020

All coal ash, generated from coal-fired power plants, is entirely dumped onto a landfill site. As coal ash contains 80% fly ash, a clean floating process was developed in this study to recover useful components from coal ash and to use them as high value-added industrial materials. When the unburned carbon (UC) was recovered from the fly ash, soybean oil, an eco-friendly vegetable oil, was used as collector instead of a non-ionic kerosene collector to prevent the occurrence of odor from the kerosene. After the UC was separated by flotation, particulate ceramic microsphere (CM) was recovered, without generating acidic wastewater, through hydro-cyclone instead of sulfuric acid solution in order to separate ceramic microsphere (CM) and cleaned ash (CA) from the residue. By utilizing soybean oil as a collector, the recovery rate of UC turned high at 85.8% due to the increased adsorption of UC, the high viscosity of soybean oil, and the increase in floating properties caused by the linoleic acid contained in soybean oil. All of the combustible components contained in the recovered UC were carbon components, with the carbon content registering high when soybean oil was used. The recovered UC had many pores with a rough surface; thus, it could be easily ground and then used as an industrial material for its fine particles. The CM and CA recovered by the clean separation process using hydro-cyclone had a spherical shape, and the particles were clearly separated without clumping together. The average diameter (D₅₀) of the particles was 5 ㎛, so it was possible to realize the atomization of CM through a process change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aims to compare the physicochemical characteristics, toxicological data with Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) of chemicals under the Occupational Safety and Health Act(OSHA) regulated by the Ministry of Employment and Labor of Korea. Methods: Information on chemicals which have OELs on physicochemical characteristics and toxicological data was collected using Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) from Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency(KOSHA) and the Korea Information System for Chemical Safety Management(KISChem) in 2014. Statistical analyses including correlation and simple regression were performed to compare the OELs with chemical characteristics including molecular weight, boiling point, odor threshold, vapor pressure, vapor density, solubility and octanol-water partition coefficient(OWPC) and toxicological data such as median lethal dose($LD_{50}$) and median lethal concentration($LC_{50}$). Results: A total of 656 chemicals have OELs under OSHA in Korea. The numbers of chemicals which have eight-hour time weighted average(TWA) and short term exposure limits(STEL) are 618 and 190, respectively. TWA was significantly correlated with boiling point and STEL was only correlated with vapor pressure among physicochemical characteristics. Solubility and OWPC between "skin" and "no skin" substances which indicate skin penetration were not significantly different. Both $LD_{50}$ and $LC_{50}$ were correlated with TWA, while the $LC_{50}$ was not with STEL. As health indicators, health rating and Emergency Response Planning Guidelines(ERPG) rating as recommended by the National Fire Protection Association(NFPA) and American Industrial Hygiene Association(AIHA) were associated with OELs and reflect the chemical hazards. Conclusions: We found relationships between OEL and chemical information including physicochemical characteristics and toxicological data. The study has an important meaning for understanding present regulatory OELs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.386-390
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• 2005

This study was conducted to develop the biofilter fur reducing ammonia $(NH_3)$ and hydrogen sulfide $(H_2S)$ gas emission from a pig house. A biofilter was designed and constructed by a type of squeeze air into the column type of air flow upward. Its column size was ${\Phi}260{\times}360mm$. It was used pressure drop gauge, turbo blower, air temperature, velocity sensor and control program that was programed by LabWindows CVI 5.5. Mixing materials were consisted with composted pine tree bark and perlite with 7:3 ratio (volume). The biofilter media inoculated with ammonia (Rhodococcus equi A3) and hydrogen sulfide (Alcaligenes sp. S5-5.2) oxidizing microorganisms was installed in a commercial pig house to analyzed the effectiveness of biogas removal for 10 days. Removal rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases were 90.8% and 81.5%, respectively. This result suggests that the pine compost-perlite mixture biofilter is effective and economic for reducing ammonia ana hydrogen sulfide gases.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.12 no.3 s.18
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• pp.117-130
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to introduce the differential standard of Mok-Hyaeng Radix species. We established the classificatory standard according to the external and internal morphology and the pattern in 4 kinds of Mok-Hyaeng Radix. The results follow: 1. On the external morphology, Radix of Vladimiria souliei had a sticky material in the head of roots and it was yellowish white in the cut surface. It attached to teeth during chewing. Radix of Aucklandia lappa (=Saussurea lappa) was dark grayish brown and was grayish brown in the cut surface. It had special odor and was not attache to teeth chewing it. On the other hand, Radix of Inula helenium was dark brown. In the cut surface, cortical layer was different from wood layer. Radix of Aristolochia contorta was yellowish brown. In the cut surface, it was not smooth and cortical layer was different from wood layer. 2. On the internal morphology, Radix of Vladimiria souliei had many fascicular fibers and scattered large oil chambers in the bast ray, xylem ray, and parenchyma. On Radix of Aucklandia lappa (=Saussurea lappa), it was difficult to find out the trace when the cork layer was exfoliated. The cambium formed circle and the large oil chambers were scattered in the phloem and xylem. On the other hand, external cortical layer of Radix of Inula helenium was detached and cambium was formed to indistinct circle and large oil chambers were scattered in the phloem and xylem. On Radix of Arustolochia contorta, the large oil chambers were scattered in the surface later, bast part was relatively broad and cambium formed circle. 3. On the TLC pattern, Radix of Aristolochia contorta, Inula helenium, Aucklandia lappa, and Vladimiria souliei were chromogenic to violet and purple according to sulfuric acid colour pattern, especially faint on Aristolochia contorta. 4. On the pattern analysis of HPLC, we compared the content and the pattern of constunolide and dehydrocostus lactone, Radix of Aucklandia lappa was similar to Radix of Vladimiria souliei and Radix of Aristolochia contorta was similar to Radix of Inula helenium. On the total HPLC component pattern, constunolide and dehydrocostus lactone were similar in all four types, but it showed the Rf 5-6 peak was only in Radix of Aristolochia contorta, not in Radix of Inula helenium, Aucklandia lappa, and Vladimiria souliei. It is considered the results of this study will be furnished the basis to succeeding studies and it is needed to extensive comparative study for the same genus-degree of relatedness.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.402-411
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• 2012

Natural Bokbunja is used as a material of oriental medicine which it obtains from Rubus or Raspberry. Natural Bokbunja Rubus has natural odor and taste, natural color, and pharmaceutical & chemical characteristics. This experiment tested antimicrobial experiment against microbe and dye experiment against fiber using natural Bokbunja extract. Some conclusions from this characteristics experiment were obtained as follow. The result of antimicrobial experiment could know that ATCC-001(staphylococcus aureus) does not show nearly from 72hrs after cultivation test and ATCC-002(aspergillus niger) shows to propagate continuously according to passage of time. Also, the result of dye experiment could know that cotton and silk using alum mordant($Al_2(SO_4)_3{\cdot}13-14H_2O$) against fiber shows in direction of light beige color. The result of instrument analysis ascertained inorganic components of K(221.100ppm), Mg(17.920ppm), Ca(5.129ppm), Na(2.940ppm), Si(0.638ppm) etc from Bokbunja with ICP/OES, and ascertained organic components of boric acic(1.711), silane(2.142), pyrazole(3.481), propyl isothiocyanate(2.565), furfurole(11.521) etc from Bokbunja with GC/MSD.