• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2005

Genomic DNA samples isolated from Fenneropenaeus chinensis (fleshy prawn; FP) and Palaemon gravieri (Chinese ditch prawn; CDP) collected in the West Sea, off the Korean Peninsula, at Buan, were PCR-amplified repeatedly. The sizes of the DNA fragments generated by seven different primers varied from 50 bp to 1,600 bp. We identified 358 fragments for the FP species and 301 fragments for the CDP species. There were 18 polymorphic fragments (5.03$\%$) for the FP species and 12 (3.99$\%$) for the CDP species. In total, 66 common fragments (average of 9.4 fragments per primer) were observed for the FP species and 44 fragments (average of 6.3 fragments per primer) were observed for the CDP species. The numbers of specific fragments seen for the FP species and CDP species were 38 and 47, respectively. The complexity of the banding patterns varied dramatically between the primers and the two species. In the FP species, a specific fragment of approximately 1,200 bp generated by primer OPB-04 exhibited inter-individual-specific characteristics that were indicative of DNA polymorphisms. Moreover, in the CDP species, a major fragment of approximately 550 bp generated by primer OPB-20 was found to be specific for the CDP. The average bandsharing value between the two prawn species was 0.421$\pm$0.006, and ranged from 0.230 to 0.611. The dendrogram obtained using the data from the seven primers indicated seven genetic clusters: cluster 1, FLESHY 01, 02, 03, and 04; cluster 2, FLESHY 05, 06, and 07; cluster 3, FLESHY 08, 09, 10, and 11; cluster 4, DITCH 13, 14, 16, and 18; cluster 5, DITCH 12, 15, and 17; cluster 6, DITCH 19, 20, and 21; and cluster 7, DITCH 22. The genetic distance between the two prawn species ranged from 0.071 to 0.642. Thus, RAPD-PCR analysis revealed a significant genetic distance between the two prawn species. Using various arbitrary primers, RAPD-PCR may be applied to identify specific/polymorphic markers that are particular to a species and geographic population, and to define genetic diversity, polymorphisms, and similarities among shrimp species.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• no.nspc2
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• pp.233-241
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• 1988

The crab, Macrophthalmus (Mareotis ) japonicus , collected in 1983 from CHojijin tidal flat, southeastern part of Kangwha Island , Korea, was studied. Its caraace breadth, the carapace length , and body height were checked , and the measured raw data were analysed for the growth ratios by the mode subtraction method from the frequency distribution compared with the probability graphs. The growth rate of the crab rose more in summer than in fall and exceeded 10% during the same period on Chojijin tidal flat in Kangwha Island , Korea. Four size groups of the crab appeared in June, 1983 , but they were put together into only on emixed group by autumn. The rapid growth of the crab in summer in middle latitude comes from the seasonal bio-rhythm and the best conditions for food. But the physiological activities of the crab are reduced from autumn and the growth rate reaches the upper limits in many individuals on this tidal flat. The more the crabs grow, the more the breadth ratios to the carapac length become larger and the slopes of correlation curve get smaller. The measured values from the carapace breadth of the crab are more useful for morphological studies than those values from the carapace length or body height.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.130-143
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• 2021

Wetlands are one of the most representative groundwater dependent ecosystems(GDEs) that require access to groundwater on a permanent or intermittent basis to maintain their biological communities and ecological processes. In this study, the seasonal characteristics of the GDEs in Baekseok Reservoir Wetland were evaluated through the monitoring of the temporal and spatial community of benthic macroinvertebrates in the wetland. The appearance of benthic macroinvertebrates appearance was changed seasonally depending on environmental factors such temperature, precipitation and water level for their habitat and it also showed the clear spatial difference in the wetland. The scores of Diversity index(H'), Richness Index (R1) and the Ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrates (TESB/AESB) were relatively high at St.3 and 4(i.e., north area) where groundwater inflows into wetland(i.e., high ²²²Rn conc.). The statistical analysis (ANOVA test and PCA) investigated the correlation among the benthic macroinvertebrates' community, groundwater level, wetland water level and water quality. The results showed that the community of benthic macroinvertebrates at St. 3 and 4 in Baekseok Reservoir Wetlands was spatially dependent on groundwater level and groundwater inflow. The characterization and assessment of GDEs requires understanding the hydrological, biogeochemical and biological process and this study will provide information for characterization and assessment of GDEs.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.165-174
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• 2019

As a nonstationarity is observed in hydrological data, various studies on nonstationary frequency analysis for hydraulic structure design have been actively conducted. Although the inherent diversity in the atmosphere-ocean system is known to be related to the nonstationary phenomena, a nonstationary frequency analysis is generally performed based on the linear trend. In this study, a nonstationary frequency analysis was performed using climate indices as covariates to consider the climate variability and the long-term trend of the extreme rainfall. For 11 weather stations where the trend was detected, the long-term trend within the annual maximum rainfall data was extracted using the ensemble empirical mode decomposition. Then the correlation between the extracted data and various climate indices was analyzed. As a result, autumn-averaged AMM, autumn-averaged AMO, and summer-averaged NINO4 in the previous year significantly influenced the long-term trend of the annual maximum rainfall data at almost all stations. The selected seasonal climate indices were applied to the generalized extreme value (GEV) model and the best model was selected using the AIC. Using the model diagnosis for the selected model and the nonstationary GEV model with the linear trend, we identified that the selected model could compensate the underestimation of the rainfall quantiles.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.151-170
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• 2019

This study deals with the rent-seeking behavior that exist in cultural voucher from the viewpoint of culture and arts management. Art organizations open to consumers, producers and governments of the arts are dependent on the internal and external influence of an open system. Researcher has found rent-seeking in the course of introducing policies and legalization of the cultural voucher business which has been promoted in the direction of democratization of culture or cultural democracy. Cultural voucher business is a legal term. Although the government has increased the budget or tried to change the policies of the cultural voucher business, the implementation of the cultural voucher business has been opposed to the diversity of consumption and equity as the consumption of genre and the concentration of the capital region have increased. These results were structurally related to the process of legalization and rent-seeking behavior in bureaucracy. This study reaffirms that the efficient operation standard of the cultural voucher business is a balance between the choice of the beneficiary, the competition of the supplier, and access to the cultural voucher. And the theory of rent-seeking was applied as a criterion to analyze this balance. Thus, it is suggested that the criteria of evaluation and improvement to check the conservativeness of bureaucrats are needed to establish a legal system applied to the purpose of 'cultural democracy' and 'democratization of culture' ideology and to guarantee individual creativity and autonomy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.721-728
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• 2022

This study investigated the diversity of intestinal microbial communities isolated from the intestine of topshell (Turbo cornutus) from the coast of Jeju Island (Beobhwan, Seogwipo city). Pure cultivation using the standard marine agar (MA) medium showed the most significant number of clusters. Aerobic and anaerobic culture allowed isolation of strains of 1.8×10⁵ CFU·g^-1 and 0.4×10 CFU·g^-1 on average, respectively. The microbial population in the topshell intestine was classified into 4 phyla, 12 families, 26 genera, and 67 species. The microbes in the topshell intestine were detected by homology with 93~100% with standard strains. The microbes in the topshell intestine consisted of Proteobacteria 39%, Firmicutes 34%, Actinobacteria 21%, and Bacteroidets 6%. The identified families were Alteromonadaceae (1), Shewanellaceae (4), Vibrionaceae (12), Phyllobacteriaeceae (1), Rhodobacteraceae (8), Bacillaceae (21), Paenibacillaceae (2), Cellulomonadaceae (1), Mycobacteriaceae (6), Nocardiaceae (4), Streptomycetaceae (3) and Flavobacteriaceae (4). Bacillus sp. and Vibrio sp. accounted for the greatest portion of the separated strains. Among the isolated microorganisms, some strains had probiotic functions.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.70-82
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• 2023

Recently, Korean government has introduced Multi Metric Indices (MMI) using various biocommunity information for aquatic ecosystem monitoring and ecosystem health assessment at the national level. MMI is a key tool in national ecosystem health assessment programs. The MMI consists of indices that respond to different target environmental factors, including environmental disturbance (e.g. nutrients, hydrological and hydraulic situation of site etc.). We used zooplankton community information collected from Korean lakes to estimate the availability of candidate zooplankton MMI indices that can be used to assess lake ecosystem health. First, we modified the candidate indices proposed by the U.S. EPA to suit Korean conditions. The modified indices were subjected to individual index suitability analysis, correlation analysis with environmental variables, and redundancy analysis among indices, and 19 indices were finally selected. Taxonomic diversity was suggested to be an important indicator for all three taxonomic groups (cladoceran, copepod, rotifer), on the other hand, the indices using biomass for large cladocerans and copepods, while the indices using abundance were suggested for small cladocerans and rotifers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.298-310
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• 1997

The aim of this research was to evaluate the biotic environments based upon the community pattern of demersal fishes in the Masan bay which is heavily polluted area in the southern part of Korea. The baited traps or bottom gillnet sampled bottom fishes at four sites totally 14 tunes from March 1994 to December 1996 with 2~3 months interval. The baited trap caught 0~ 10 species which were mainly starfish, crabs, conger eel, rockfish, or blenny with 0~50 individuals per a trap. Small crab(Atergatis sp.) was significantly dominant in the S1 site, most heavily polluted area, and starfish(Asterias sp. and/or Asterina sp.) in the other three sites. There was no animals at the S1 site in the March and July in 1994 and August in 1996. The gillnets caught 0~7 species which were mainly mantis shrimp, jellyfish, flounder, starfish, crabs, or sea weeds with 0~30 individuals per a pannel of bottom gillnet. Jellyfish was significantly dominant in the S1 site and mantis shrimp in the all four sites. There was no animals in the July 1994 at S1 site and in the August and December 1996 at S4 site. But at the August in 1995 or 1996 in the S1 site, the bottom gillnets caught mackerel, anchovy, gizzard-shad or mullet which was dead all. The species diversity index of samlings by trap or gillnet showed less than 1.0 in the 80% of the totally 56 samplings. This means that the stability of demersal fishes' community is very low owing to the poor biotic environments. But most of fishes living at Masan bay appeared well fitting with the heavily polluted environments. And some fishes, like mackerel, anchovy, gizzard-shad or mullet migrated into polluted Masan bay with the seasonal or annual fluctuation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.601-609
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• 2020

This study aims to draw suggestions for establishing the Post-2020 national policy direction and goals related to protected areas in Korea by analyzing the trends of major discussion issues on protected areas in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and reviewing the achievement progress of the Aichi target-11. Regarding the CBD decisions on protected areas, two decisions (Decisions II/7 and II/8) were adopted in 1995, and then the Program of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA), which presented an ideal blueprint for protected areas, was adopted at the 7th Conference of the Parties (COP) in 2004. At the 10th COP in 2010, the "Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Target" (Decision X/2) was adopted along with the Decision X/31, which presented ten key issues related to protected areas. The global outcomes of the Aichi Target-11 include 15% of the earth's land area and 7.4% of the ocean being designated as protected areas. In Korea, 16.63% of the land and 2.12% of the ocean have been designated as protected areas. However, the outcomes of the effective and equitable management, protection of areas important to biodiversity and ecosystem services, and identifying "Other effective area-based conservation measures" (OECMs) and linking them with protected areas have been found to be significantly short of global goals. The first draft of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (Post-2020 GBF) prepared in January 2020 presented multi-step objectives. They included protecting at least 60% of particularly important sites for biodiversity through protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, at least 30% of the entire land and sea areas, and at least 10% of them under strict protection by 2030. The Updated Zero drafted in August 2020 concisely set out one quantitative goal of at least 30% of the globe by 2030, adding qualitative goals that these areas should be protected and conserved through "well connected and effective system of protected areas and OECMs at least 30 % of the planet with the focus on areas particularly important for biodiversity." Based on the draft Post-2020 GBF's targets related to protected areas and Korea's national targets reflecting the current state of Korea and established national plans, we suggest the national targets "to protect and conserve at least 30% of the land area and 10% of the marine area and to strengthen the means of qualitative achievement by establishing sub-targets through an effective system of protected areas and OECMs by 2030.".

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.183-201
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• 2018

The tolerance of Korean benthic macroinvertebrates to organic pollution has been analyzed since the early 1990s. However, considering the fact that there have been related studies carried out in some European countries since the early 20th century, the history of the research in Korea is very short and there is still much knowledge to supplement. We revised the saprobic valency, the saprobic value and the indicator weight value of 190 benthic macroinvertebrates taxa through the data of water quality and individual abundance collected from 7,086 sampling units in Korea from 2008 to 2014. The individual abundance of Uracanthella (Ephemeroptera) as a representative, one of the most common and abundant taxa in Korea, showed a typical lognormal distribution to 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentration, and a normal distribution to the class interval of BOD5 concentration according to saprobic series. The value combining the mean individual abundance and the relative frequency of occurrence was a more efficient indicator value than that of each property alone. Benthic Macroinertebrates Index (BMI) was newly proposed as a modification of the saprobic index of Zelinka and Marvan (1961). BMI showed extremely significant correlation (determination coefficient $r^2$ > 0.6, n = 569 sites) with the concentration of BOD5, and the coefficient was a little higher than those of the previous indices. Until now, there has been very little research on the assessment of biological integrity of benthic macroinvertebrates community in Korea. While continuing researches into improve the reliability of BMI, it is necessary to develop multimetric indices for evaluating the integrity, including the composition of species and functional guilds, and the richness and diversity of the community.