• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.99-107
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• 2013

In this study, field scale test was conducted to estimate the TMDL coefficients (runoff and leachate:(${\beta}4$)(${\beta}5$)(${\beta}8$)) for the livestock resources applying to agricultural crop land as fertilizer, and the results were obtained as follows. Each waste reduction coefficient(${\beta}4$) was shown to be in the range of 0.94~0.75 for public waste treatment plants and 0.99~0.83 for private waste treatment in the analysis of BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P, TOC. Thus private plants showed higher rate. Waste treatment discharge into the land coefficient (${\beta}5$) was also shown to be in the range of 0.4.~0.24 for public plants and 0.75~0.16 for private plants, so it is much lower than other coefficients. However SS and T-P were shown to be much higher for land discharge in private plants than in public plants. Treatment coefficient in the public plants (${\beta}8$) appeared to be average 0.75 for T-P but over 90% treatment efficiency and also large deviation were observed due to 0.2 of some other treatment plants.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1471-1475
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• 2014

Background: The epidemiological patterns of cancer incidence have been investigated widely in western countries. Nevertheless, information is quite limited in Jiangxi province, southern China. Materials and Methods: All data were reported by 6 population-based cancer registries in Jiangxi Province. The results were presented as incidence rates of cases by site (ICD-10), sex, crude rate (CR), age-standardized rates (ASRs) and truncated incidence rate (TR) per 100,000 person-years, using the direct method of standardization to the world population. Results: 8,765 new cancer cases were registered in our study during the period 2009-2011. Diagnosis of cancer was based on histopathology in 61.0%, clinical or radiology findings in 4.87% and death certificate only (DCO) in 3.0% of the cases. The median age at diagnosis was 62.0 years (mean, 61; standard deviation, 15). The ASRs were 170.8 per 100,000 for men and 111.2 for women. The ASRs for all invasive cancers from the urban areas (145.7 per 100,000) was higher than that of rural areas (137.1). Incidence rates for lung cancer were higher in rural (35.8) than in urban areas (27.0). Similarly, relatively high rates were observed for stomach cancer in rural (20.1) relative to urban areas (15.5). Conclusions: Our results reveal that the most common cancers were breast and lung in women and lung and liver in men. Interestingly, this study suggested a higher incidence rates for lung and stomach cancer in rural males than in urban population, which may suggest other potential causes, such as over-consumption of smoked meats and high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, respectively. Public education and the promotion of healthy lifestyles should be actively carried out.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.659-669
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine, among quality improvement (QI) department employees, the effects of perception of the healthcare accreditation on job stress and to identify factors affecting turnover intention. Research data was collected between 1 June and 15 June 2016. The sample included QI department employees who had participated in a healthcare accreditation survey. The collected data were analyzed to obtain frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation results, which were assessed by using Student's t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The scores for QI employees' perceptions of the healthcare accreditation, job stress, and turnover intention were 3.35, 3.66, and 3.32 of the perception by general characteristics. There were significant differences between scores according to gender, age, QI department section, position, and job satisfaction. In addition, job stress and turnover intention scores showed significant differences according to position, age, QI department section, and job satisfaction. A positive correlation was observed between healthcare perception and job stress, while turnover intention was negatively correlated with healthcare perception. The results indicate that the perception of healthcare accreditation positively affects job stress; in contrast, it decreases the number of people intending to change departments. Among the sample of lower level workers, the younger age workers who were employed for more than 10 years expressed lower satisfaction with their job, which indicates that they are affected by their notion of healthcare accreditation more than by other factors. Thus, in order to lessen work stress and employees' thoughts of leaving the department, the QI department should be encouraged to lessen job stress and provide various supports to the employees.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.391-401
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• 2017

This study develops an indicator to manage regional variations of approval rates for long-term care (LTC) service. We used LTC insurance data for grade assessment that include 433,155 applicants from 227 LTC centers across Korea in 2015. The approval rate for each center was defined as the proportion of the numbers of approved applicants out of all applicants. We assumed that the approval rates depended on the characteristics of applicants. We estimated the 'standard' approval rates from a multiple linear regression analysis using the characteristics of applicants as independent variables. The difference between the observed and the standard rates was then defined as an indicator for deviation. A center having a large difference could be considered as a center with a potential error in grade assessment. We also examined if the characteristics of investigators affected the approval rates. We found that the socio-demographic characteristics of applicants and reapplication rate for LTC grade were independent factors affecting the approval rates. Centers having the management indicator values falling outside the middle 95% of the distribution were identified as centers with an error in grading. We expect that this study will contribute to enhancing reliability and equity in LTC grading.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.845-855
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• 2009

In this study, changing characteristics of bed materials downstream of Daecheong Dam by flushing flow was investigated. Flushing flow affected the downstream environment in such a way that the mean diameter of bed material was increased and the standard deviation was decreased. The vertical sorting of bed materials composed of mixed sediment in the sediment box was observed. The surface layer was composed of gravels, and uniform sand material was buried below it. Relative fractions (Di/D50) of the bed material trapped in the box was nearly 1.0 for the bed material coarser than D$_{50}$ at Hyundo gauging station, and was between two values on the bed surface before and after the flushing flow at Bugang gauging station. Ratio of driving force to resisting force for each fraction ($\tau_i^*$) with the faction size maintained constant for the bed material coarser than D$_{50}$ at Hyundo station. At Bugang station, however, it was rapidly decreased. It means that pavement of the surface layer of bed material at Bugang station was developed, with the sediment particles moving downstream uniformly by flushing flow.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 2014

Purpose: It aims to verify the applicability of existing age estimation methods derived from data of foreign population groups to Korean population groups. Moreover it is to suggest a new way applicable to practical age estimation on the basis of newly calculated regression formulae from data of Korean population groups and develop a subsidiarily applicable method to the existing method. Methods: Ratio of pulp cavity to dental crown was calculated by measuring the height and width of dental crowns and pulp cavities at the cervical line from 4,034 first and second upper molars, first and second upper premolars, first and second lower molars and first and second lower premolars on both left and right sides of 400 patients who had been treated in Dental Hospital of Yonsei University College of Dentistry, and regression equations were derived from the values of the ratio. Results: The equation with correlation coefficients the highest among females was as follows: age=$107.96-75.684{\times}{\sharp}17$ TCHI-$53.741{\times}{\sharp}26$ TCVI-$40.664{\times}{\sharp}45$ TCVI-$56.307{\times}{\sharp}46$ TCVI. Randomized anohter Korean female subjects (n=20) are applicated to the new equation. Mean of error of estimate is 10.322 years, standard deviation is 12.852 years. Minimum of error of estimate is 1.018 years, maximum is 21.365 years Conclusions: The error range of age estimation was found to be slightly wider when the existing regression formulae of Drusini were applied to Korean population groups. Also age estimation in females using the ratio of pulp cavity to dental crown measured with the length and width of dental crowns and pulp cavities from maxillomandibular molars was observed to have the highest reliability in the research. However, we consider that advanced equations of regression are needed to apply to both molars and premolars of males and females in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 1988

The electrochemical behavior of 2-Amino-1-cyclopentene-1-dithiocarboxylate (acdc) was investigated by the use of polarography, cyclic voltammetry and cathodic stripping voltammetry at glassy carbon electrode. In this study, it was found that the dimer of the acdc was deposited on the glassy carbon electrode via one-electron oxidation process at +0.25V vs. SCE. The ring formation between two dithio group occurs along with the elimination of one sulfur atom. The elimination of sulfur atom occurs via two electron oxidation process at +0.8V vs. SCE. The most sensitive cathodic stripping peak due to the formation of the dimer was observed at -0.85V vs. SCE. The peak relationship between current and concentration was fairly linear in the range of 3${\times}10^{-5}{\sim}1.0{\times}10^{-6}$M. The preconcentration procedure enhanced the sensitivity about 100 times for the analysis of acdc using diffusion current. Detection limit was found to be $2.5{\times}10^{-7}$M and relative standard deviation was ${\pm}$4.1 % at $5.0{\times}10^{-6}$M DC polarography.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.211-228
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• 2014

The present study aims to identify the ego, marriage and parenting-related psychological characteristics of mothers of infants with developmental risk, as well as to perform comparative analysis between their psychological characteristics and those of mothers of normal infants. For this purpose, we used SPSS 21 statistical software to calculate the average and standard deviation values, and also conducted frequency analysis and t-tests. The study subjects were mothers of 1584 normal infants and 186 infants with developmental risk, who were classified by Korean Denver II developmental screening test from a total of 1802 families listed in the 3rd year data from the Panel Study on Korean Children in 2010. Our results revealed a significant difference in the martial satisfaction and husbands' parenting participation between two groups, among the marriage-related psychological characteristics. There was also a significant difference in the parenting knowledge, style and stress among the parenting-related psychological characteristics. However, a statistically significant difference was not observed in the ego-related psychological characteristics of mothers. These results are thought to serve as baseline data for the infants with developmental risk at the precautionary level.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.83-87
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• 2011

We have analyzed the torque signals measured in synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) coupled CoFeB/Ru/CoFeB thin film, which signals were drastically changed at flopping field ($H_F$) and saturation field ($H_s$). The minimum value of negative uniaxial anisotropy constant ($-\;K_1$) was appeared at HF. The $-\;K_1$ was due to the zero net magnetization by the antiferromagnetic coupling between two ferromagnetic layers. Whereas, the biaxial anisotropy constant (K2) was induced in the field range of $H_F$ < H < $H_s$. The induced $K_2$ was originated from deviation angles between magnetization directions of two ferromagnetic layers. And at H > $H_s$, intrinsic uniaxial anisotropy constant of CoFeB layer was observed. These change of the anisotropy constant with magnetic field was explained by the magnetization process of two ferromagnetic layers based on Stoner-Wohlfarth model calculation for SAF thin film.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.2 s.67
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• pp.285-295
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• 1998

In clinical orthodontics, it is significant to understand the stage of growth in a growing patient. In order to assess the skeletal maturity of the patients, the hand-wrist radiograph and the cervical vertebrae (Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Indicators : CVMI) was evaluated from the lateral cephalograph and the skeletal maturity determined from the hand-wrist X-ray (Skeletal Maurity Indicators : SMI) taken on the same day in the same patients, and its interrelationship examined to come up with the following results: 1. The skeletal maturity evaluated from the hand-wrist radiograph and the maturation of the cervical vertebrae from the lateral cephalograph showed a significant interrelationship with each other. 2. In the evaluation of the skeletal maturity using the SMI and CVMI, the CVMI 1 showed a siginificant correlation with SMI 1, 2, the CVMI 2 with SMI 3, 4, CVMI 3 with SMI 6, 7, CVMI 4 with SMI 7, 8, CVMI 5 with 9, 10 and CVMI 6 with SMI 11. 3. When the morphological changes in the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae were separately observed, it was seldom that the concavity appeared in the lower border of the 2nd cervical vertebra and at the same time not appear in the 3rd cervical vertebra (CVMI 2 : 10.38%, CVMI 3 : 6.56%) 4. In each of the skeletal maturation stage evaluated from the hand-wrist and the cervical vertebra, the average age and its standard deviation in male and female patients appeared to have large differences among individuals. Skeletal maturation seemed to appear earlier for the girls than for the boys, and its termination 24 months faster for girls.