• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.85.2-86
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• 2015

The YORP effect is non-gravitational force that changes the spin-status of asteroid. So far this effect has been directly detected only from the Near-Earth asteroids (Taylor et al. 2007; Lowry et al. 2007, 2014; Breiter et al. 2011; Durech et al. 2008, 2012). Pravec at el. 2008 found the evidences for changing spin rate of small asteroids (3 - 15 km) by the YORP effect in the Main-Belt and Mars-crossing asteroids. The Mars-crossing asteroids (1.3 < q < 1.66 AU) are objects that cross orbit of the Mars. The Mars-crossing asteroids are regarded as one of the main sources for the Near-Earth asteroids. We expect that rotation of Mars-crossing asteroids would be influenced by the YORP effect. We try to search observational evidence of the YORP effect for the Mars-crossing asteroid. Our target 2078 Nanking is a population of the Mars-crossing asteroid. First light-curve of 2078 Nanking was obtained from Mohamed et al. 1994, and Warner et al. 2015 recently published new observational data. We observed this asteroid on 26th Nov. 2014 and 17th Jan. 2015 using SOAO (Sobaeksan Optical Astronomy Observatory) 0.61 m telescope with 4K CCD. Using light-curve inversion method (Kaasalainen & Torppa 2001; Kaasalainen et al. 2001), we try to determine the pole orientation and shape model of this asteroid based on the combination of our light-curve and literature photometric data. Knowing spin parameters, such as rotational period and spin axis, are essential for studying the YORP effect. In this presentation, we provide some preliminary results of our recent study: light-curve and processing of shape modeling of 2078 Nanking. We plan to find observational clue for the YORP effect on the Mars-crossing asteroids.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.180-191
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• 2014

In this study, a geological field trip learning program using 3 Dpanorama virtual reality (PVR) techniques is developed to learn about the Chaeseokgang area located in a national park near Byeonsan-bando, Jeonbuk, Korea. The developed $360^{\circ}{\times}180^{\circ}$ PVR program can show every face of observational points and interact as zoom-in, zoom-out and image rotation. For the educational effects of the materials, it is provided with a compass, a protractor for measuring the dip of strata and observation of specimen of observational points. It also assists students to learn by providing enlarged images, pop-up windows, and expert explanation main observational points. The program is applied to the class of 35 gifted students in middle school to investigate the effectiveness of the program. The results showed that positive responses of the students were 85% or more. It is suggests that this program be used as indirect situated learning material and a solution to geological field trip problems like cost, safety, distance, and so on geological learning of middle school science.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.133-140
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• 2016

PURPOSE: This study's aim was to investigate the effects of an action observational training in subactue stroke patients with moderate impairment. METHODS: 22 participants (men=13, women=9) with hemiparesis were randomly assigned to action observation training group or task-oriented training group. Patients in both group underwent a patient-specific multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Participants in the action observation group (mean age, $62.78{\pm}9.85$) were asked to watch the video scene, in the knowledge that they would then attempt to perform the same movement task after watching. The control group (mean age, $61.49{\pm}8.64$) practiced the same tasks, without watching the video. To evaluate upper limb function, the upper extremity part of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity and the Box and Block Test were used. The modified Barthel index was used to assess ADLs, and the modified Ashworth scale were used to assess spasticity in the upper extremity. RESULTS: The action observational training group exhibited greater changes in the Fugl-Meyer assessment upper extremity (P<0.05; 95% CI, 0.929 - 6.403), the Box and Block test (P<0.05; 95% CI, 0.086 - 5.913), and the modified Barthel index (P<0.01; 95% CI, 2.483 - 12.627) between groups. And the modified Ashworth scale (P>0.05; 95% CI, -0.402 to 0.624) did not show significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that action observational training may be more helpful to improve upper-extremity function than physical training only in subactue patients with moderate impairment after stroke.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2001

Global exposure time distribution through all-sky survey, one of main science missions of KAISTSAT-1, has been simulated. Exposure time distribution has its minimum on the celestial equator and increases with moving to polar regions according to the present mission operation scenario. SAA (South Atlantic Anomaly) and the moon can make further decreases of exposure time around the celestial equator Effects of SAA on all-sky survey exposure time can be compensated with a simple observational scheduling, orbit exchange between orbits allocated to all-sky survey passing through the SAA region and ones allocated to upper atmosphere observations not affected by SAA. It, however, seems that present exposure time distribution is not adequate for the concrete study of the evolution of interstellar medium. A scheme for active time allocation is needed for redistribution of exposure times weighted around the celestial poles, and additional studies on the advanced mission operation and the observational scheduling are also needed.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.44-62
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to systematically review the measurement tools that are used to assess the pain of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Method : In this systematic review, the studies published between 2009 and 2018 were selected based on the PRISMA flow chart. Data sources included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochran. We assessed the quality of pain assessment tools reported in individual studies using Terwee et al.'s the Quality Criteria for Measurement Properties. Results : We reviewed 67 studies and 12 pain assessment tools that included two self-reported, seven observational, and three multifaced tools with observations and physiological indicators. The most frequently used tool was the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool. The Multidimensional Observational Pain Assessment Tool was rated the highest quality. Nine of the ten tools that included observations reported content validity, four reported construct validity and nine reported correlation coefficient. Conclusion : It was found that observational tools are appropriate for assessing pain in ICU patients with limited communication skills. To increase the validity and reliability of pain assessment in ICU patients, further research on the physiological indicators of pain is needed.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.338-342
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• 2015

PURPOSE. This retrospective study evaluated the outcome of implant-retained overdentures (IODs) after 5-19 years of clinical function. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective analysis of patient files was performed referring to 27 patients who received 36 IODs with 3 different bar designs (group A=prefabricated round bars, n=7; group B=one-piece anterior milled bars, n=20; and group C=two bilaterally placed milled bars, n=9) in the mandible (n=24) and/or in the maxilla (n=12). The analysis focused on the survival and success rates (according to Kaplan-Meier) of the implants and prostheses. Technical complication rates for each type of restoration were analyzed and compared via one-way ANOVA and the Chi-squared test. The prevalence of peri-implantitis (radiographic bone loss ${\geq}3.5mm$) was evaluated by digital analysis of panoramic radiographs taken postoperative (baseline) and after 5-19 years of clinical function (follow-up). RESULTS. The mean observational time was 7.3 years. The survival rates of the prostheses and implants were 100% and 97.7%, respectively. Technical complications occurred more frequently in group A (mean: 3.5 during observational time) than in the other two groups (B: 0.8; C: 1.0). However, this difference was not statistically significant (P=0.58). Peri-implantitis was diagnosed for 12.4% of the implants in 37% of the patients. CONCLUSION. Bar-retained IODs are an adequate treatment option for edentulous jaws. These restorations may exhibit high implant/prosthesis survival rates (>97%), and a limited incidence of technical complications after a mean observational period of >7 years. Nevertheless, peri-implantitis was identified as a frequent and serious biological complication for this type of reconstruction.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.639-648
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• 2018

The pyranometer for observing the solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth is manufactured by various companies around the world. The sensitivity of the pyranometer at the observatory is required to be properly controlled based on the reference value of the World Radiometric Center (WRC) and the observatory environment; otherwise, the observational data may be subject to a large error. Since the sensitivity of the pyranometer can be calibrated in an indoor or outdoor calibration, this study used a CSTMUSS-4000C Integrating Sphere by Labsphere Inc. (USA) to calibrate the sensitivity of CMP22 pyranometer by Kipp&Zonen Inc. (Netherlands). Consequently, the factory sensitivity of CMP22 was corrected from $8.68{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1}$ to $8.98{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1}$, and the result from the outdoor calibration according to the observatory environment was $8.90{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1}$. After the indoor calibration of the pyranometer sensitivity, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the observational data at the observatory on a clear day without clouds (July 13, 2017) was $7.11Wm^{-2}$ in comparison to the reference pyranometer. After the outdoor calibration of the pyranometer sensitivity based on these results, the RMSE of the observational data was $1.74Wm^{-2}$ on the same day. Periodic inspections are required because the decrease of sensitivity over time is inevitable in the pyranometer data produced at the observatory. The initial sensitivity after indoor calibration ($8.98{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1}$) is important, and the sensitivity after outdoor calibration ($8.90{\mu}V{\cdot}(Wm^{-2})^{-1})$ can be compared to the data at the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) or can be used for various studies and daily applications.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing intra-operative core body temperature (CBT), and to develop a predictive model for intra-operative CBT in laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Methods: The prospective observational study involved 161 subjects, whose age, weight, and height were collected. The basal pre-operative CBT, pre-operative blood pressure, and heartbeat were measured. CBT was measured 1 hour and 2 hours after pneumoperitoneum. Results: Explanatory factors of intra-operative hypothermia (< $36^{\circ}C$) were weight (${\beta}=.361$, p< .001) and pre-operative CBT (${\beta}=.280$, p= .001) 1 hour after pneumoperitoneum (Adjusted $R^2=.198$, F= 7.56, p< .001). Weight was (${\beta}=.423$, p< .001) and pre-operative CBT was (${\beta}=.206$, p= .011) 2 hours after pneumoperitoneum (Adjusted $R^2=.177$, F= 5.93, p< .001). The researchers developed a predictive model for intra-operative CBT ($^{\circ}C$) by observing intra-operative CBT, body weight, and pre-operative CBT. The predictive model revealed that intra-operative CBT was positively correlated with body weight and pre-operative CBT. Conclusion: Influence of weight on intra-operative hypothermia increased over time from 1 hour to 2 hours after pneumoperitoneum, whereas influence of pre-operative CBT on intraoperative hypothermia decreased over time from 1 hour to 2 hours after pneumoperitoneum. The research recommends pre-warming for laparoscopic surgical patients to guard against intra-operative hypothermia.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.293-306
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• 2019

In this study, the observational arc-length effect on orbit determination (OD) for the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) in the Earth-Moon Transfer phase was investigated. For the OD, we employed a sequential estimation using the extended Kalman filter and a fixed-point smoother. The mission periods, comprised between the perigee maneuvers (PM) and the lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver in a 3.5 phasing loop of the KPLO, was the primary target. The total period was divided into three phases: launch-PM1, PM1-PM3, and PM3-LOI. The Doppler and range data obtained from three tracking stations [included in the deep space network (DSN) and Korea Deep Space Antenna (KDSA)] were utilized for the OD. Six arc-length cases (24 hrs, 48 hrs, 60 hrs, 3 days, 4 days, and 5 days) were considered for the arc-length effect investigation. In order to evaluate the OD accuracy, we analyzed the position uncertainties, the precision of orbit overlaps, and the position differences between true and estimated trajectories. The maximum performance of 3-day OD approach was observed in the case of stable flight dynamics operations and robust navigation capability. This study provides a guideline for the flight dynamics operations of the KPLO in the trans-lunar phase.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1265-1272
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• 2015

To investigate the thermal environment over the summertime asphalt pavements, an automatic weather observation system was installed at a parking lot paved with asphalt to observe various meteorological parameters and surface temperature from July 1 to September 30, 2014. Since the number of rainy days in summer of 2014 particularly after the mid July is more than that of average data, a ratio of daily peak surface temperature above $45^{\circ}C$ was 28% which was lower than the average. The observational data about hourly average surface temperature and various heat balance factors at days where daily peak surface temperature is above $45^{\circ}C$ are as follows: An hour that had the daily maximum temperature was around 15 pm and the value was $49^{\circ}C$ approximately. Net shortwave radiation was the highest at 12pm as $800W/m^2$ and much radiation of $500W/m^2$ was absorbed at the ground between 11am and 17pm. Sensible heat that was delivered from the ground to the atmosphere was evaluated as $200W/m^2$ between 10am and 19pm. underground transfer heat up to $100W/m^2$ was measured as negative from 19pm to the next day 8am, which indicated the lower atmosphere was heated at night.