• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.334-339
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• 2017

Objective: Teeth discoloration is a rare orthodontic complication. The aim of this study was to report the clinical progression of discoloration during orthodontic treatment. Methods: Discolored teeth, detected during orthodontic treatment between January 2003 and December 2012 by a single dentist using similar techniques and appliances, were analyzed. Results: The total number of teeth that showed discoloration was 28. Progression of discoloration was evaluated in only 24 teeth that were observed without any treatment. During the observation period, the discoloration "improved" in 8 of the 24 teeth (33.3%) and was "maintained" in 16 (66.6%). The electric pulp test performed at the time of initial detection of discoloration showed 14.3% positivity, which improved to 21.4% at the final follow-up. None of the initial and final follow-up radiographic findings showed any abnormalities. Conclusions: When teeth discoloration is detected during orthodontic treatment, observation as an initial management is recommended over immediate treatments.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2009

Korean Land Spatialization Program (KLSP) is an R&D program of the National GIS Project for developing ubiquitous GIS technologies under the control of the M inistry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (M LTM). The first program of the KLSP, which lasts from 2006 to 2012, initiated with $132 million of national funds and $42 million of private matching funds. Aiming to develop the 'Innovation of GIS technology for ubiquitous Korean land', the KLSP consists of five core research projects and one research coordination project to practically utilize and commercialize the results of core research projects. The Korean Land Spatialization Group (KLSG) is planning the KLSP Test-Bed for testing, integrating, and exhibiting the KLSP's outcomes. About 40% of the outcomes are related products to geo-sensor and wireless sensor network (W SN). Thus, interoperable, scalable and web accessible frameworks like an OGC SWE (Open Geospatial Consortium Sensor Web Enablement) are mandatory because some of the products must be connected to each other in a KLSG Test-Bed. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the KLSP Test-Bed and the SWE SOS (Sensor Observation Service) prototype, which is developed for interoperable geo-sensor networks of the KLSP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 1999

A new urban design method from the viewpoint of climate is considered to be desired for urban life. The authors verified on an environmental planning based on new urban design concept which introduced the effect of sea breeze blowing along canals. The field observation of urban thermal environment were carried out to examine the cooling effects of a river through city. The observations were conducted to find the effect of a sea breeze and climate in summer along canals. Effective distance from the sea and cooling effect of the sea breeze on urban temperature was analyzed. The thermal index using outdoor environment was modified with New Effective Temperature ET*. On the basis of the observation. Human thermal comfort is relieved and affected by sea breeze blowing along canals. The canals were utilized as the trail on which sea breeze blows towards the center of city. From these results, The wind trail is one of the effective passive design method from the viewpoint of urban climate.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.542-548
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore clinical practice performance according to type of practice in students in pediatric nursing and the relationship with satisfaction of clinical practice. Methods: The subjects consisted of 531 nursing students (307 at a pediatric ward and 224 at a nursery) from 5 colleges of nursing. Data collected from March to June 2012 were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, AVONA and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results: Clinical practice performance on direct nursing activity was significantly different according to the course on pediatric nursing, grade point average, and satisfaction of nursing major. Observation practice was different according to type of college, the course on pediatric nursing, grade point average, duration of practice and clinical educator in the pediatric ward. In the nursery, direct nursing activity was significantly different according to the type of college, the course on pediatric nursing, hospital type, and duration of practice. Observation practice was different according to type of college, satisfaction of a nursing major, and the clinical educator. In addition, significant correlations were found between clinical practice performance and satisfaction of clinical practice. Conclusion: Our research can assist effective pediatric nursing practice planning for nursing students.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2002

NORAD Two Line Elements (TLE) are widely used for the increasing number of small satellite mission operations and analysis. However, due to the irregular periodicity of generation of the NORAD TLE, a new TLE that is independent of NORAD is required. A TLE type Orbit Determination (TLEOD) has been developed for the generation of a new TLE. Thus, the TLEOD system can provide an Antenna Control Unit (ACU) with the orbit determination result in the type of a TLE, which provides a simple interface for the commercialized ACU system. For the TLEOD system, NORAD SGP4 was used to make a new orbit determination system. In addition, a least squares method was implemented for the TLEOD system with the GPS navigation solutions of the KOMPSAT-1. Considering both the Orbit Propagation (OP) difference and the tendency of $B^{*}$ value, the preferable span of the day in the observation data was selected to be 3 days. Through the OD with 3 days observation data, the OP difference was derived and compared with that of Mission Analysis and Planning (MAPS) for the KOMPSAT-1. It has the extent from 2 km after sit days to 4 km after seven days. This is qualified enough for the efficiency of an ACU in image reception and processing center of the KOMPSAT-2.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2006

The noise temperature of existing millimeter-wave receivers is already within two or three times quantum noise limit. One of practical ways to increase the observation speed of single dish radio telescope without longer integration time is use of multi-beam focal plane array receiver as demonstrated in several large single dish radio telescopes. In this context the TRAO (Taeduk Radio Astronomy Observatory), which operates a 143n Cassegrain radio telescope, is planning to develop a 4 x 4 beams focal plane array SIS receiver system for 86-115 GHz band. Even though millimeter-wave HEMT LNA-based receivers approach the noise temperature comparable to the SIS receiver at W-band, it is believed that the receiver based on SIS mixer seems to offer a bit more advantages. The critical part of the multi-beam array receiver will be sideband separating SIS mixers. Employing such a type of SIS mixer makes it possible to simplify the quasi-optics of receiver. Otherwise, an SSB filter should be used in front of the mixer or some sophisticated post-processing of observation data is needed. In this paper we will present a preliminary design concept and components needed for the development of a new 3 mm band multi-beam focal plane array receiver.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.15-22
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• 2017

The microstructure observation of seed surface structure is needed for protocols of breaking dormancy of seeds with physical dormancy. The seeds of Rubus species are surrounded by a thick, hard endocarp; together, the seed and endocarp make up the stone. We evaluate stone characteristics of 18 species of Rubus through optical microscopic observation, and correlate different stone characteristics with endocarp thickness. As a result of stone size comparison, Rubus species were classified as big stones group including R. parvifolius and R. idaeus, small stones group including R. longisepalus var. longisepalus, R. corchorifolius and R. hirsutus, and middle stones group including rest of the species. The result of this study revealed that stone size and the endocarp thickness in Rubus species was various characteristics in each species. Furthermore stone size and stone weight were also well correlated endocarp thickness and result indicated that heavy stones had harder endocarp than lighter one. Thus from the result of this study it can be presumed that only one stone characteristic approach may be sufficient to estimate other characteristics in Rubus.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.191-199
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• 2009

Recently general hospitals in Korea are focusing on healing environment which care for patients on the side of spirit and psychology without medical treatment. For the reason, architects are planning a public space on a large scale in which can be held cultural performances and artistic events. Those of social activities can be effective healing environment according to the "Anthroposophical medicine" studied by Rudolf Steiner. To the patient, Social healing environment is relation with normal life and back to the life. The case of a large-scale public space on hospital in foreign country shows the effect of healing environment through social community. So it is valuated as a social healing environment and community space. Even though the large-scale public space has been being increased in our circumstance, there is no evaluation of use on it. So there is no idea how people are satisfied with public space to stay and form a concourse by themselves. The purpose of this study is to find out the desire of people, who use the large-scale public space by analysis of observation research and interview in the general hospitals. And finally this study suggests the factors which can realize social healing environment on the planning of public space in hospital architecture.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.117-123
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to examine the current interior conditions of kindergarten and to suggest the interior planning guidelines. Data were collected through questionniare survey including observations and interviews. The sample consisted of 262 kindergarten teachers in Pusav. The data were analyzed by using SPSS-PC. The major findings were as follows: (1) Interior finishes should be chosen based on children's behavioral and developmental characteristics. (2) Considering children's safety and teachers' easy access and observation, classrooms and teachers' room should be located at the first floor, and the public spaces such as playroom and assembly room should be located at the top floor because of noise and circulation problem. (3) The size fo the classroom should be increased based on children's age. (4) The teachers were generally satisfied with location, color, and finishes of each room. There was a significant difference between satisfaction of overall characteristics of rooms and theclasses that teachers are in charge of. (5) Children's developmental characteristics can be an important factor when designing a space for childrev. Even though there were some limitations on this study, the findings can be utilized as a basis for generating interior environmental recommendations for planning a better quality of kindergartev.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 2010

This paper deals with a new method of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) recovery when a UAV fails to get a global positioning system (GPS) signal at an unprepared site. The proposed method is based on the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm. It is a process by which a vehicle can build a map of an unknown environment and simultaneously use this map to determine its position. Extensive research on SLAM algorithms proves that the error in the map reaches a lower limit, which is a function of the error that existed when the first observation was made. For this reason, the proposed method can help an inertial navigation system to prevent its error of divergence with regard to the vehicle position. In other words, it is possible that a UAV can navigate with reasonable positional accuracy in an unknown environment without the aid of GPS. This is the main idea of the present paper. Especially, this paper focuses on path planning that maximizes the discussed ability of a SLAM algorithm. In this work, a SLAM algorithm based on extended Kalman filter is used. For simplicity's sake, a blimp-type of UAV model is discussed and three-dimensional pointed-shape landmarks are considered. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated by a number of simulations.