• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.245-255
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• 2002

This study was designed to investigate body image, objective and subjective measurements of body size and shape, eating behavior, and weight control practices in 650 Korean adolescent girls; 500 of the subjects were 14 years old and enrolled in middle schools, while the remaining 150 were 17 years old and enrolled in high schools. Subjects responded anonymously to a self-administered questionnaire. The results showed that average height and weight of the subjects were 157cm and 49.5kg, respectively, while subjects ideal heights and weights averaged 164cm and 48kg, respectively. The ideal adult body heights and weights proposed by the subjects averaged 172cm and 55kg respectively. Over 50% of the subjects were dissatisfied with their body image; the degree of dissatisfaction with body image was higher in those who believed themselves to be fat. Most of the subjects wanted to lose weight and had tried to lose weight. Self-reported weight control practice methods included reducing food intake (31.9%), skipping meals (29.6%), exercise (25.8%), using slimming machines (6.9%), and using diet pills (5.1%). The heavier the subjects weight was, the greater the difference between the subjective and objective evaluations of body size. The body image scores of subjects who perceived themselves as fat were significantly lower than those of subjects who perceived themselves as normal or underweight. The difference between subjective and objective evaluations of body size, and the degree of obesity, were significantly higher in those subjects who had experience of weight control than those who had no experience of weight control. These results suggest that nutrition and health education programs for adolescent girls should be researched and implemented in order to establish a more realistic body image, positive habits in weight control, and healthful eating habits.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.447-453
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between objective oral health status determined by dentists, self-perceived subjective oral health status, and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) in the elderly. The related factors affecting OHRQoL in the elderly were also surveyed. Four hundred and thirty elderly individuals who visited the three public health centers and four dental clinics in Busan were selected by convenience sampling. Twelve dental hygienists investigated the subjective oral health status and OHRQoL using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and twentyone dentists examined the objective oral health status, including healthy remaining teeth, treated remaining teeth, functional remaining teeth, missing teeth, and non-treated missing teeth. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 12.0. OHRQoL was higher when oral and periodontal status was perceived as healthy, when there was no toothache, no interference in mastication, and when study subjects had the ability of food softening. It was also higher when study subjects had ${\geq}20$ remaining teeth and <9 missing teeth, and were wearing denture. The related factors affecting OHRQoL of the elderly were the type of medical insurance, toothache, ability of food softening, perception of periodontal status, and the number of healthy remaining teeth. There was a significant relationship between the subjective-objective oral health status and OHRQoL in the elderly. A continuous oral health care system aimed at retaining ${\geq}20$ healthy remaining teeth is needed to improve oral health and OHRQoL for the elderly, especially for the elderly receiving medical aid.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.363-374
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing subjective happiness index of health behavior, self esteem and major satisfaction by nursing students. Findings revealed that; 1) Pearson's correlation revealed a significant association among health behavior, self esteem, major satisfaction and happiness index ; 2) hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed self esteem and major satisfaction significantly influenced happiness index in nursing students. These findings can be utilized to development of strategies for increasing happiness index of nursing students.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.868-877
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• 1996

This study was done to analyze research trends and to suggest future perspectives for nursing research on fatigue. The author reviewed 31 Korean and foreign research papers which have been published in the literature since 1970. An analysis of the study focused on the type of research subjects, type of study design. measurement instrument, and its correlated parameters. The results of the study are summarized as follows : First, within all of the studies analayzed, 14 studies were publised in Korea and 17 were published abroad. The number of studies done abroad have been increasing rapidly since 1991. Second, an analysis of the research design of the studies showed, eight studies each, Korean and foreign used survey design. Two Korean studies and seven foreign studies used a correlational design. Four comparative studies were done in Korea, but only two experimetal studies were performed abroad. Therefore, it was found that the trend of the study design used is survey design and there are more correlational studies done abroad than in Korea. Third, the type of the study subjects ; 11 Korean and three foreign studies dealt with healthy people. In addition, three Korean and 14 foreign studies investigated patients with various illnesses. It was found that patients with various illnesses were studied more frequently in foreign studies than in Korean studies. Fourth, the measurement tool used in the Korean studies ; 13 studies used a testible tool to assess patients' subjective symtoms or complaints of fatigue. The most commonly used tool used in 10 studies, was the Fatigue Self-Perception Scale, which was designed by the Labor and Health Institute of Japan. The Visual Analogue Scale was used in two studies, and Piper Fatigue Scale, addtional with physiologic parameters, was used in one study. In the foreign studies, subjective measurement tools were used in 16 studies. A combination of a subjective measurement tool with objective parameters was used in ten studies. For the subjective measurement tool used in the foreign studies, a specific measurement tool developed by the researcher which was used in seven studies. Either Rhoten Fatigue Scale or the Visual Analog Scale were used in three studies. Additionally, in order to identify the relationship between fatigue and psychological factors, The Profile of Mood State was used in three studies. Beck Depression Inventory was used in two studies. The Self Rated Depression Scale, developed by Zung, was used in one study and other measurement tools were used to measure various psychological parameters. Rhoten fatigue Checklist was also used to observe behavior patterns. Lastly, nine studies identified correlations between fatigue and other parameters. A significant correlation was found between fatigue and psychological factors such as depression, and pain. As a result of the above findings, it can be said that research trends on fatigue are increasing internationally. The selected study designs are survey studies both in Korea and abroad. There are more correlational studies abroad than in Korea. In addition, subjective measurement tools and objective parameters are used variously and combined with each other. had, there is a significant correlation between fatigue and psychological factors such as depression, and pain. More survey and correlational studies need to be done to identify the relationship of fatigue in patients with various condition or diagnoses and to suggest a scientific basis for nursing interventions with fatigue. Also, a tool to assess patient's subjective, objective, and behavioral aspects on fatigue needs to be developed.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.243-256
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of self-care activities of stroke patients, the family burden, and the educational needs of primary caregivers. A descriptive survey research was conducted in 97 stroke patients and their respective primary caregivers. Data were collected by the interviews using a structured questionnare from July 26th to August 5th, 1999. NIH stroke status was $12.15{\pm}8.40$, the degree of self-care activities of stroke patients was $26.85{\pm}9.39$. The score of objective burden of primary caregivers was $31.24{\pm}4.81$ and subjective burden was $24.30{\pm}6.99$. The score of the educational needs was $89.78{\pm}9.99$. We present several imformations about clients from these scores as follows: The patients were convalescent and their depentant level of self- care was middle range; The objective burden was higher than the subjective burden; And the educational needs of family caregivers were very high. The Elain Mattis Educational Wants of Family Caregivers of Disabled Adults Questionnaire was used to assess the educational needs of primary caregivers of stroke patients. The results of this research are offered to help nurses understand the feelings of uncertainty about the new and unexpected role that family caregivers face and to help nurses meet the needs of families preparing to care stroke survivors at home.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.396-407
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess insomnia and the quality of sleep, investigate the concordance between objective and self-report sleep patterns, and identify physiological, psychological, and situational factors influencing insomnia and sleep quality among firefighters. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with 103 firefighters in Korea. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0. Descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, and hierarchical logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: Insomnia was found in 66 (64.1 %) of the total subjects, and the average quality of sleep (PSQI) was 5.65 (SD=2.57). Total sleep time (401.00 minutes) and sleep latency (21.60 minutes) measured using self-reported scales were longer than the ones measured using objective measurements by approximately 48.70 and 17.10 minutes, respectively. Factors related to insomnia included the role as a paramedic (OR=4.28, 95% CI: 1.02~17.92), anxiety (OR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.01~1.24), and sedentary lifestyle (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78~0.94), and factors related to sleep quality were physical illness status (OR=5.17, 95% CI: 1.53~17.51) and social support (OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.78~0.95). Conclusion: The results show a high prevalence of insomnia, poor quality of sleep and the discrepancy between objective and subjective sleep patterns among firefighters. To promote sleep quality and health, early screening and treatment of anxiety and physical illness are required. It is necessary to conduct further studies examining the relationship between physical activity level and sleep.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 2012

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the level of physical activity and to identify factors related with physical activity for the elderly with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Methods: The subjects were 154 diabetic outpatient at 3 hospitals located in J city. Data were collected from February 1 to 17 in 2012. Data were analysed using Chi-square test, ANOVA, and logistic regression by SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: Mean physical activity level per week measured by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was $2247.01{\pm}2533.73$ MET-minutes (minimally active). There were significant differences in the level of physical activity by age, spouse, education, job, admission, duration of DM, and DM therapy. There were significant differences in subjective health status, objective and subjective obesity, satisfaction with physical body, perception of aging, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and social support among the inactive, minimally active, and health enhancing physical activity groups. Factors influencing the level of health enhancing physical activity were spouse (OR=10.192), self-efficacy (OR=5.351), subjective obesity (OR=.114), and perceived barriers (OR=.069). Conclusions: The level of physical activity of elderly patients with DM was minimally inactive. Physical activity program enhancing self-efficacy and decreasing perceived barriers, as well as improving the correct perception of subjective obesity is recommended as a nursing intervention.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.256-264
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between objective obesity, subjective obesity, body attitudes and dieting among college women. Method: The convenience sample consisted of 531 women. BMI was calculated based on self-reported weight and height. Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) was used to evaluate attitude toward women's body. Result: BMI mean score was 19.75. Based on BMI, 84.2 percent of the subjects were in a normal weight range and 0.9 percent of the subjects were obese. However, 26.9 percent of the subjects evaluated themselves as obese. Forty-one percent of the subjects were on a diet to reduce thier body weight. Body attitudes were associated with BMI and subjective obesity. BMI of the dieters was higher than that of the subjects who were not on a diet. Subjective obesity was associated with dieting. BAQ subscales except 'attractiveness' were associated with dieting. Conclusion: Many subjects were on a diet since they wanted to be thinner. Body attitudes were associated with dieting. Therefore, proper education is needed in weight management for young adult women.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.791-798
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate degree of national exam's stress, symptom of temporomanibular disorder(TMD) in allied health students and relationship between of them. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 305 students of dental hygiene and physical therapy in Chungbuk and Gyeongnam in December 2015. Except incomplete questionnaire, 260 data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. The study instruments consisted of subjective symptom of temporomandibular disorder, bad habit of mouth and degree of national exam's stress. Results: National exam stress was higher in female and subjective unhealthy students(p<0.05). High group and usual group on national exams's stress showed high subjective symptom(p<0.05). National exam's stress were related to subjective symptom of TMD and bad habit of mouth(p<0.05, p<0.01). Subjective symptom of TMD were related to bad habits of mouth(p<0.01). Conclusion: The degree of stress, TMD and bad habits of mouth on national exam test was high. therefore, it is important to manage the national exam's stress and to develop program in order to reduce the national exam's stress in allied health students.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.429-445
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• 2000

This study was analyzed for the relationship between the self-differentiation of the university students and Kinetic Family Drawings that was responded their mental aspect. Results of this study were following. First, the level of self-differentiation by sex, age, region and grade was significantly different. Second, Kinetic Family Drawings respondent characteristics by their sex, age, region, grade and sibling order was significantly different. Third, in the relationship between the self-differentiation of the university students and Kinetic Family Braving respondent characteristics, when the group had less conflict and more interaction among family members, they could separate their subjective and objective tension and they could attach to their parents. In the case that crisis was occurred in their family, they had less possibility to represent dysfunctional communication style or regressive behaviors.