• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2003

This study was intended to collect the baseline information on dietary behavior of adults to develop nutrition education program in the context of health promotion at community level. Nutrients intake of 135 housewives were assessed by 24 hour recall methods. Also food habits, nutrition knowledge and attitude were investigated by self-administered questionnaires. Our results indicated dietary intake of calcium and vitamin $B_2$ were insufficient when they were compared to Korean recommended dietary allowances(RDA). Among five food groups, intakes of milk and dairy product was inadequate as compared to the recommended amount. When we compared the fatness indices to self-evaluated meal problems, overeating and speedy eating were significantly related to fatness indices. Fatness indices such as relative body weight(RBW) and body mass index(BMI) were significantly higher in the subjects who self-evaluated their unsound food behavior as overeating. However, there were no significant differences of food habit score and nutrition knowledge among groups classified by fatness or meal problem. Body fat ratio, frequencies of night snack and skipping meal significantly increased with age. Food habit score was positively related to health-concerned attitude and active attitude toward change. We concluded that nutrition education program for housewives should include detailed strategies to modify unsound food behaviors for healthy weight.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1996

The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of obesity and factors with it Ulsan secondary school girls. A cross-sectional study involving a sample of 485 students aged 12 to 15 years was obtained form secondary schools. Obesity was determined using body mass index(BMI=wt/Ht$^2$). The findings revealed that the average BMI was 19.3, and 4.5% of girls were either overweight and obese(BMI$\geq$25). Subjects were grouped into three categories based on the BMI, sibling obesity, self-consciousness of obesity, eating patterns such as eating snack after dinner and prejudice in food selection, and food frequency score were significantly associated nth BMI, while nutrition knowledge score was not associated with BMI. The fact that several social, environmental and health factors are associated with obesity means that a multisectorial intervention program must be considered in order to decrease the problem of overweight among secondary girls. Such program should include dietary intervention to modify food habits, nutrition education through mass media, introducing information on prevention and control obesity in school curriculum, and allocating sufficient time in the school schedule for exercise activities.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.526-537
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to compare the anthropometry and nutrition knowledge, food behaviour and lifestyle of women college students with different obesity indexes. The subjects were 251 women college students who were randomly selected from Kunsan National University. The height, body weight, soft/lean mass, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and fat distribution were measured, and health-related lifestyle habits were evaluated based on questionnaires. The subjects were assigned to one of the following groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI) : underweight, normal weight and overweight. The results were as follows. Their body weight, soft/lean mass, fat mass, percentage of body fat, and fat distribution were significantly higher in the overweight subjects when compared to the underweight or normal weight subjects. Standard of living, self-recognition of health status and duration of exercise were significantly correlated with their BMIs. Self-satisfaction with body weight decreased as the BMI increased. Most subjects had poor habits such as skipping meals and lack of exercises. The overweight and the underweight groups skipped meals more frequently than the normal weight group. There were no significant differences in the scores on the nutritional knowledge and the dietary behaviour of the subjects with different BMIs. Therefore, proper nutritional education on regular meals and intervention are required if women college students are to have normal weights and healthy lifestyles. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) L: 526∼537, 2003)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity indices, nutritional knowledge, nutritional intake status, and some blood parameters in obese middle-school students. Anthropometric measurement, 24-hour recall for dietary intake, blood analysis and Questionnaire response including nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude, and self-satisfaction were conducted in 42 obese middle-school students (28 male and 14 female) participated in the nutritional camp program carried by Bucheon district public health center in Kyunggi-do. The mean age of subjects was 13.9 years. The average body weight, BMI, obesity index, WHR and percent body fat were 75.5 kg, 29.1 kg/$m^2$, 30.1, 0.89 and 33.3% in male subjects, and 67.8 kg, 27.5 kg/$m^2$, 25.3, 0.81 and 34.6% in female subjects. The average nutritional attitude, the self-satisfaction and the nutritional knowledge scores were no significant difference between male and female subjects. Average intake of energy were 85.5% of RDA in males and 98.1% of RDA in females. The percentage of energy from fat was higher in both male (29%) and female (26%) subjects than recommended level. Calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin C, niacin and folate intakes were below the RDA for them. In the results of correlation analysis, body weight, BMI and obesity index were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and cholesterol intake. There was a negative correlation between percent body fat and nutritional knowledge. Body weight was negatively related to HDL-cholesterol, whereas it has positive relation with RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit. BMI and obesity index were negatively related to HDL-cholesterol, but positively related to RBC, respectively. WHR showed positive relationship with serum GPT, glucose and MCV.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.820-833
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• 2008

The study analyzed the body shape perception, weight control attitude, nutrition knowledge, and dietary habits of 529 high school students in Jeju surveyed from January 14-18, 2008 according to students' body shape satisfaction, with the aim of providing basic nutritional education data to aid in appropriate weight control for high school students. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, T-test, Chi-square test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients, using the SPSS Win 12.0 program. The body mass index (BMI) of subjects was in the normal range. With regard to weight distribution, 59.4% of subjects showed normal weight and girls were significantly more underweight than boys. More girls considered themselves to be fatter than boys and tended to be increasingly dissatisfied with their body shape. Both boys and girls were more interested in weight control for obesity and were significantly less satisfied with their body shape. Efforts at weight control and reduction had occurred significantly more often for girls than for boys. Dietary attitude scores were significantly higher in girls than boys. BMI positively correlated to weight control concern and nutrition knowledge positively correlated to dietary attitude. BMI negatively correlated to the body shape satisfaction, which in turn negatively correlated to food ingestion disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a systematic nutrition educational program that can induce changes in dietary behavior and increase accurate perception and satisfaction of body shape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.648-658
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between eating habits and health among adolescents in Shanghai and Heze, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 on 2,089 adolescents; 1,089 students were from Shanghai and 999 students from Heze region. Eating habits, weight, height, and nutritional knowledge were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Eating habits score was classified into two categories: healthy eating habits and unhealthy eating habits, based on "Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey", for statistical data analysis. Associations between eating habits, BMI, and nutritional knowledge were examined using a general linear model with adjustment of potential confounding factors such as region, gender, age, parents' education level, and pocket money. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS (version 9.3) program. Proportions of healthy eating habits group were 90.0% for breakfast (3-7 times/wk), 29.1% for fruit (${\geq}once/d$), 12.5% for vegetable (${\geq}3times/d$), 7.3% for milk (${\geq}2times/d$), 90.0% for fast food (<3 times/wk) consumption, respectively. The average BMI score was 20.1 (Shanghai 20.5 Heze 19.6), which is in the range of normal weight. Rates of obesity and overweight were 16.5% and 8.3% in Shanghai and Heze, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between intake frequencies of breakfast, fast food, biscuits, sugar, chocolate, and BMI score. Eating habits and nutritional knowledge score showed a significant positive correlation. These results showed better eating habits regarding eating regularity and consumption of fruits and soft drinks in Chinese adolescents compared with Korean adolescents, although cultural differences were not fully considered. This study demonstrated significant associations of BMI and nutritional knowledge with dietary behavior in Chinese adolescents in two regions of China. Further studies on Chinese adolescents from other regions in China should be considered.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.982-995
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• 2002

This study was conducted to provide basic information on the nutritional status and dietary behaviors of the deaf teenagers. The subjects of this study were 87 deaf-mute high school students in Pusan and Kyung-nam area and, in comparison,90 general high school students in Ham-an area. The survey was investigated by using a self-administered questionnaire. The results were as follows: Deaf-mute group was consisted of 63.2% male and 36.8% female, and mean of height and weight of male were 171.2 cm and 61.9kg, female were 158.0cm and 51.7kg. Obesity index and body mass index (BMI) were normal range in both deaf-mute and normal groups. The average nutrition knowledge score of the deaf-mute group was 6.8 $\pm$ 1.5 out of possible 10 points, that was significantly lower than 7.3 $\pm$ 0.8 of the normal group (p<0.01). The mean of self-control and conscious control scores in the eating behaviors of the deaf-mute group were 2.6 $\pm$ 1.2 and 2.4 $\pm$ 1.3 out of possible 5 points from each item, which was significantly higher than 2.1 $\pm$ 1.3 and 1.8 $\pm$ 1.4 of the normal group (p< 0,01). Nutrients consumed below 90% of Korean RDA were energy (79.9%), Ca (71.5%) for deaf-mute male students and Ca (88.5%) for deaf-mute female students. Energy (71.4%), protein (87.8%), Ca (74.8%), vitamin B$_1$ (83.4%) intake of normal male students and energy (72.8%), Ca (71.2%), Fe (78.7%) intake of normal female students were below 90% of Korean RDA. Energy, protein, fat, vitamin B$_1$, niacin intake of deaf-mute male students were significantly higher than normal male students and all nutrients intake of deaf-mute female students were significantly higher than normal female students. By the correlation of nutrients intakes with nutrition knowledge, there was positive correlation with the intakes of Ca, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, and vitamin C in the deaf-mute group, while there was negative correlation with the nutrients intakes (except for protein and fat) in the normal group. The amount of meal, breakfast, regularity of meal time, frequency of snacks showed a positive relation to nutrient intakes in deaf-mute group and amount of meal, breakfast, regularity of meal time, frequency of overeating showed a positive relation to nutrient intakes in normal group. The nutrition knowledge had no correlation with food habits or eating behaviors in both groups.(Korean J Nutrition 35(9) : 982~995, 2002)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.292-302
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• 2004

The nutritional status of middle-aged overweight and control normal subjects were evaluated for the purpose of providing the background information of the degenerative disease control. A survey was conducted with 293 healthy subjects (121 males and 172 females) between the ages 40-64. The average BMI (body mass index) of male subjects was 24.5 $\pm2.75$, and that of females was 23.5 $\pm2.87$. The average values of WHR (waist-hip ratio) were 0.88 $\pm0.04$, for males and 0.82 $\pm0.07$, for females. The normal BMI group (BMI 18.5-22.9) comprised 28.9% of males and 47.1% of females. The percentage of overweight subjects (BMI 23-24.9) was 26.4% of males and 30.8% of females. The obese group (BMI ＞ 25) was 44.6% of males ana 22.1% of females, showing the greater rate of obese state among male subjects. The average energy intakes were 76.6 $\pm14.9$% for males and 77.8 $\pm12.6$, % for females, protein intakes were 108.0 $\pm24.6$% for males and 111.2 $\pm22.7$, % for females of the RDA levels. The average intakes of other nutrients were above the 75% of RDA levels except calcium. The average nutrient intakes of the three subgroups according to their BMI values were not different for both males and females. There were weak correlations between obesity and blood biochemical indices. There were positive correlations between BMI or WHR and hemoglobin, hematocrit, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST or ALT. There were negative correlations between BMI or WHR and HDL-cholesterol. These results suggest that the obesity rate of middle-aged is an influential factor of chronic disease. The middle-aged subjects of this study with higher educational and socioeconomic background tend to have desirable nutrition knowledge and attitude, but the application of their knowledge or attitude was relatively poor.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a nutrition and exercise education program on weight control of adult women. The subjects of this study were 28 adult women aged 20-59 years residing in the Daegu area. The nutrition-exercise educational period was 12 weeks. The collected data consisted of items on general characteristics, anthropometric data, blood biochemical values, physical strength data, dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge scores of the subjects. During the 12 weeks of weight control, body mass index(BMI), % of body fat, body fat mass and waist-hip ratio significantly decreased. The level of plasma triglyceride decreased, but not significantly. The level of total cholesterol did not change compared to baseline before the program. After the weight control program, back muscle strength, sit-ups, push-ups, and sit-and-reach tests of the subjects significantly improved. The nutrition knowledge scores of the subjects significantly increased. Therefore, these results suggest that the nutrition-exercise education program may contribute effectively to weight reduction with improvement of physical strength in adult women.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2002

This study was undertaken to compare the obesity related dietary factors among rural middle school students living in the Daegu.Kyungbuk area. Anthropometric data showed that mean height and weight were 162.7$\pm$8.6cm and 53.9$\pm$9.8kg in 220 male students and 158.4$\pm$6.2cm and 51.0$\pm$7.6kg in 210 female student. Mean BMIs for boys and girls were 19.00$\pm$2.35 and 19.30$\pm$2.45, respectively. 71.36% of male students and 71.9% of female students were underweight by the BMI index. Students who skipped the breakfast were up to 66.8%. The reasons for skipping a meal for both sexes were significantly different. Compared to males, more female respondents felt guilty and depressed related to eating. Furthermore, females were more significantly concerned about body image, diet and body weight (p<0.001), and they were not satisfied with their weight. The sources of information on obesity and diet were radio and TV in males, while females gathered information from magazines and friends. The ideal body weight of male students was heavier than the actual body weight while female students desired a thinner body shape. In conclusion, a different approach for nutrition education based on sex should be developed, and implemented fur adolescents.