• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

The Korean GDP per capita doubled during the last 10 years. As the GDP increases, Korean health behaviors such as, eating, drinking, smoking, and exercise habits changed as well. Compared to the remarkably advanced diagnostic technologies and therapeutics during the last decade, the leading causes of death in Korea scarcely changed. Among the leading causes of death, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, diabetes, liver disease and hypertension are closely related to health behaviors. Using the database of medical check-up between 2001 and 2010, the authors performed a longitudinal study for the prevalence rates and the trends of major chronic adult diseases among the 2,721 workers along with their health behavior. Among the diagnostic test items, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol and BMI levels showed steady increase and these three test items all showed linear trends (p<0.001). The average blood sugar and cholesterol levels were near worrying levels. Moreover, the average BMI of males was found to be at the overweight level, intimating the possibility reaching thee Obese Class I level soon if there are no aggressive counter measures. Fasting blood sugar and cholesterol levels were higher in a drinking group as compared to a non-drinking group, and the BMI levels were also higher in the drinking group and the smoking group as compared to the non-drinking and the non-smoking group (p<0.001). Finally, the authors believe that the fasting blood sugar, cholesterol and BMI levels should be designated as target monitoring test items in the medical check-up for Korean employees.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.769-776
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• 2003

This study has analyzed the association of physical activity and television watching time with obesity in 30-50 aged women from middle income town in Busan city area. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, including information about physical activity, TV watching time and health habit; social data regarding educational level and monthly income; family history of chronic condition. Height and weight were measured. Outcome variable was obesity, defined as a body mass index 25 kg/m$^2$ or greater. Odds ratios (OR) for obesity were estimated by multivariate logistic regression, and interpreted as a relative risk of obesity. The prevalence of obesity was 11.8%. The mean BMI of obese women was 26.9 kg/m$^2$. The OR of obesity was higher in subject of 40s than 30s. Subjects who had higher educational level presented lower OR than those of elementary or middle school education. Family income was not associated with obesity. Women having a family history of chronic condition had higher risk of obesity than those who did not have it. The OR was lower in active people at work (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.26 - 0.98) than in inactive ones, and the ORs associated with regular exercise or activity at leisure time were not statistically different. However, subjects watching TV $\geq$ 3.5 hr/day showed higher OR (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.16 - 4.74), compared with those watching TV $\geq$ 1.5 hr/day. Association of the joint classification of physical activity variables with obesity was estimated. The highest relative risk of 5.99 was in women in physically inactive at work and high category of TV watching ($\geq$ 3.5 hr/day). Even in women in active at work, the watching TV $\geq$ 3.5 hr/day made them have the high OR (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.03 - 5.77). And at each time level of TV watching, the increasing activity level at work was associated with lower OR for obesity. These findings suggest that both TV watching time and physical activity at work were related to obesity in adult female, each with independent effects on obesity. TV watching time seems to be a significant factor that could partly evaluate the energy expenditure.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.11
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• pp.215-222
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral health behaviors and periodontal diseases in adult obese people. Using the original data of the second phase of the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey, the final 4381 adults were extracted. We analyzed frequency and technical statistics and chi - square test and multiple logistic regression analysis using SPSS statistical program to confirm the association between body mass index, number of brushing, drinking, smoking and oral health status and behavior. As a result, the prevalence of periodontal disease decreased as the number of toothbrushing increased, and the prevalence of periodontal disease increased as the body mass index increased. Through this study, obesity, a global health issue, should be more concerned with oral care and develop oral health management programs.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.396-406
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to investigate Body Mass Index (BMI), the perception of weight problem and the level of self-esteem and depression in high school and college females. The convenience sample consisted of 303 high school females and 481 college females. Data were collected between November 1999 and December 1999. Subjects ranged in age from 15 years and 26 years. BMI was calculated based on the subject's self-reported body weight and height. Self-perception of having a weight problem was evaluated by a single item question. The Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were utilized to measure the level of self-esteem and depression symptoms. BMI mean scores were 19.92 and 19.83 in high school females and college females, respectively. Based on BMI, 79.2 percent of high school females and 85.2 percent of college females were in a normal weight range. Only 2.6 percent of high school females and 1.5 percent college females were obese. Both high school and college females perceived their body weight problem as moderately severe. The mean scores of depression were 20.33 in high school females and 21.69 in college females. Sixty percent of high school females were depressed and 73.4 percent of college students. There was no significant difference between two groups in BMI. However, high school females perceived their weight problem more severe than college females. College females had higher levels of self-esteem and depression than high school females. BMI and perceptions of weight problem revealed a positive relationship in both groups. Results of the study revealed that a perception of weight problem contributed significantly to predict the level of self-esteem and depression in both groups. BMI score had significant effect on only college females' self-esteem. In the study, even though the mean score of BMI was in a normal range, subjects perceived their weight problems as moderatley severe. Since the perception of a weight problem influenced the level of self-esteem and depression, health care providers need to teach them about the normal weight range in BMI criteria.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.385-393
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• 2004

This study examined the relations of educational level and life-style behaviors to the obesity. A total of 507 male adults aged 30 - 50 years completed the self-reported questionnaires. Educational level was used for measuring socioeconomic status. Activity at work, leisure-time activity and TV watching were measured for life-style behaviors related to physical activity, and some demographic and family history of disease as well. Subjects were categorized as obese when BMI was equal to or over 25kg/$m^2$, in which 19.7％ resulted obesity. Using multivariate logistic regression, the association between the measured factors and obesity was assessed. The odds ratios (OR) for risk of obesity did not differ with either age or monthly income. Subjects who completed high school (OR = 0.36; 95％ CI = 0.20 - 0.66) or university (OR = 0.34; 95％ CI = 0.16 - 0.71) had lower risk of obesity than those with education below middle school. Those with moderate activity level at work (OR = 0.41; 95％ CI = 0.24 - 0.72) showed lower risk of obesity than in inactive ones. The subjects watching TV more than 3.5 hr/day presented higher risk of obesity (OR = 2.46; 95％ CI = 1.28 - 4.74), compared with those watching TV less than 1.5 hr/day. The higher risk of obesity observed in high level of leisure time activity than in low one was considered due to that physical activity at work and leisure-time might counteract each other. Educational level and activity at work or leisure-time activity or TV watching were jointed and categorized, and then OR for obesity was estimated. The extent of obesity risk at a given level of each work activity or leisure-time activity or TV watching was different depending the educational level, which was significantly high when educational level was below middle school. Educational difference had no effect on activity level at work. However, higher educational attainment increased the leisure activity and reduced TV watching (p＜0.05), indicating that low education tended to contribute to more sedentary life-style. The findings of this study is concluded that low education was related to obesity in adult males, and its relation can partly be explained through acquiring inactive life-style behaviors. Individuals with low education might be more susceptible to the risk factors of obesity.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.727-737
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• 2011

Objective: This study aimed to analyze somatotype characteristics of the women of 20's, 30's 40's and 50's and thus to provide the basis for developing pants patterns by the age groups. Background: Despite many previous researches for the somatotype characteristics of adult women, few studies have considered age groups. Method: The data of the $5^{th}$ anthropometry by Size Korea were analyzed for the purpose. The 32 direct body measurements and the 32 indexes of 2,213 women aged 20~59 were analyzed. In order to compare somatotype characteristics among the age groups, an ANOVA and a Tukey test were used. Results: The women in 20's were the tallest among the age groups, and had the smallest waist circumference and hip circumference. Their waist breadths were also the narrowest. They had a slim and long body type but their calves were relatively thick. The 30's women were smaller, shorter with the height and length items than the 20's were. They were bigger, wider and deeper with the circumference, breadth and depth items than the 20's were and they were heavier. On the other hand, their hip circumference and crotch length were in the same group as the women in 20's. The crotch length(omphalion) of the 40's women was the longest among all the age groups and the crotch length(natural indentation) of the 40's women was in the same as the women in 50's. The women in 50's were the smallest and heaviest among all the age groups. The difference between their hip circumferences and waist circumferences was the smallest. They had an obese abdomen and sagged hips. Conclusions: The somatotype characteristics of the age groups were significantly different, and thus it is suggested to develop skirt and pants patterns for each age group. Application: The skirt and pants patterns for the somatotype characteristics of the women by age groups will be developed through the body feature data of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.401-411
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• 2021

Diet is important for muscle health and offers a protective effects against the loss of skeletal muscle mass and physical functions with advancing age. We analyzed the relationship between diet, metabolic disease risk, and sarcopenia in Korean female adults using the 2009-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A total of 2038 adult women aged 50-64 years were classified into four groups based on the diagnosis of menopause and sarcopenia. The groups were the non-menopause and non-sarcopenia group (NMNS, n=249), the non-menopause and sarcopenia group (NMS, n=14), the menopause and non-sarcopenia group (MNS, n=1,653), and the menopause and sarcopenia group (MS, n=122). The socio-demographics, anthropometrics, blood profile, and dietary data of the subjects were collected. Those who were in both the sarcopenia groups were more obese (p<0.001), had greater waist circumferences (p<0.001), higher body mass index (p<0.001), and higher obesity rates (p<0.001) after adjustment for covariants. Both the sarcopenia groups also had higher plasma levels of total cholesterol (p<0.001), HbA1c (p=0.001), and vitamin D (p=0.020) than both the non-sarcopenia groups. Both the sarcopenia groups demonstrated a decreased intake of calcium (p=0.05), potassium (p=0.008), and niacin (p=0.008) than both the non-sarcopenia ones. Among the four groups, the NMS group showed the highest levels of total cholesterol, obesity, and lowest intake of micronutrients such as calcium, niacin, and potassium. Thus, muscle mass maintenance through weight control and adequate nutrient intake appears to demonstrate a potential association with preventing sarcopenia in Korean middle-aged women.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.36-60
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• 2021

This study aimed to provide basic data for establishing a sizing system for menswear by investigating body size changes and body shapes in adult men in their 30s to 50s. Data on 52 different upper body categories collected from 4,314 people during the 5-7th Size Korea surveys were analyzed. The waist height, hip height, torso and arm lengths, and torso and upper limb circumferences increased while the arm joint sizes decreased. According to factor analysis, factors 1 and 2 referred to 'the horizontal size of the upper body and limbs' and the 'torso height and upper limb length', respectively, while factors 3 and 4 represented 'shoulder size' and 'upper body length' respectively. In clustering analysis, types 1 and 2 were 'short and fat' and 'tall and thin,' respectively, while types 3 and 4 represented 'tallest and chubby' and 'shortest and small' respectively. Torso length increased in the 30 to 40s in type 1 while torso circumference increased in the 30s and late 40s in type 2. In type 3, shoulders got bigger in the 30s. In type 4, torso circumference increased in the early 30s, and torso length increased in the late 40s. 'Thin' was a typical body shape in the early 30s. Among early 40s men, distribution evolved from 'small' to 'thin.' In the late 40s, while the percentage of 'small' decreased, the ratio of 'obese' increased. In the 50s, 'small' was the most common.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an abdominal obesity management program on dietary intake, stress index, and waist to hip ratio (WHR) in abdominally obese women. The subjects were 195 adult abdominally obese women (WHR ${\geq}$ 0.80) who had been participating in a nutrition education (total of nine times) and dietary habits and life style modification programs (total of six times) for 12 weeks. The abdominal obesity management program focused on the nutrition provided by breakfast, lunch, and dinner, proper dietary habits, and practices to improve life style. The subjects were divided into a WHR decrease group and a WHR increase group according to changes in the WHR. Daily nutrient intake was assessed with a 3-day food record, body measurements and blood vessel age, stress index, and a health index that were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks. After the intervention, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, and body mass index (BMI) decreased significantly in the WHR decrease group. Energy intake increased from 1486.2 kcal to 1541.4 kcal with a significant improvement in nutrient density for animal protein, total fat, animal fat, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, vitamin E, and saturated fatty acids in the WHR decrease group. Additionally, dietary diversity increased significantly in the WHR decrease group compared to that in the WHR increase group. The WHR decrease group showed a significant improvement in the stress and health indices. Changes in WHR were correlated with changes in nutrient intake (animal protein, total fat, animal fat, plant fat, fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, and folate) and medical index profiles (stress and indices) adjusted for age, birth status, baseline BMI, and baseline WHR. These results show that an abdominal obesity management program was effective not only for reducing the WHR but also to improve dietary intake and the stress index in abdominally obese women.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.396-404
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the features, risk scores and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in critically ill patients who developed deep vein thrombosis in their lower extremities. Methods: The participants in this prospective descriptive study were 175 adult patients who did not receive any prophylactic medication or mechanical therapy during their admission in the intensive care unit. Results: The mean age was 62.24 (${\pm}17.28$) years. Men made up 54.9% of the participating patients. There were significant differences in age, body mass index, and leg swelling between patients who developed deep vein thrombosis and those who did not have deep vein thrombosis. The mean risk score was 6.71(${\pm}2.94$) and they had on average 4.01(${\pm}1.35$) risk factors. In the multiple logistic regression, body mass index (odds ratio=1.14) and leg swelling (odds ratio=6.05) were significant predictors of deep vein thrombosis. Conclusion: Most critically ill patients are in the potentially high risk group for deep vein thrombosis. However, patients who are elderly, obese or have leg edema should be closely assessed and more than one type of active prophylactic intervention should be provided.