• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.135-146
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develope, based on the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) system. a set of standardized nursing interventions which had been validated. and their associated activities. for use with nursing diagnoses related to home health care for women who have had a caesarian delivery and for their newborn babies. This descriptive study for instrument development had three phases: first. selection of nursing diagnoses. second, validation of the preliminary home health care interventions. and third, application of the home care interventions. In the first phases, diagnoses from 30 nursing records of clients of the home health care agency at P. medical center who were seen between April 21 and July 30. 1998. and from 5 textbooks were examined. Ten nursing diagnoses were selected through a comparison with the NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) classification In the second phase. using the selected diagnoses. the nursing interventions were defined from the diagnoses-intervention linkage lists along with associated activities for each intervention list in NIC. To develope the preliminary interventions five-rounds of expertise tests were done. During the first four rounds. 5 experts in clinical nursing participated. and for the final content validity test of the preliminary interventions. 13 experts participated using the Fehring's Delphi technique. The expert group evaluated and defined the set of preliminary nursing interventions. In the third phases, clinical tests were held at in a home health care setting with two home health care nurses using the preliminary intervention list as a questionnaire. Thirty clients referred to the home health care agency at P. medical center between October 1998 and March 1999 were the subjects for this phase. Each of the activities were tested using dichotomous question method. The results of the study are as follows: 1. For the ten nursing diagnoses. 63 appropriate interventions were selected from 369 diagnoses interventions links in NlC., and from 1.465 associated nursing activities. From the 63 interventions. the nurses expert group developed 18 interventions and 258 activities as the preliminary intervention list through a five-round validity test 2. For the fifth content validity test using Fehring's model for determining lCV (Intervention Content Validity), a five point Likert scale was used with values converted to weights as follows: 1=0.0. 2=0.25. 3=0.50. 4=0.75. 5=1.0. Activities of less than O.50 were to be deleted. The range of ICV scores for the nursing diagnoses was 0.95-0.66. for the nursing interventions. 0.98-0.77 and for the nursing activities, 0.95-0.85. By Fehring's method. all of these were included in the preliminary intervention list. 3. Using a questionnaire format for the preliminary intervention list. clinical application tests were done. To define nursing diagnoses. home health care nurses applied each nursing diagnoses to every client. and it was found that 13 were most frequently used of 400 times diagnoses were used. Therefore. 13 nursing diagnoses were defined as validated nursing diagnoses. Ten were the same as from the nursing records and textbooks and three were new from the clinical application. The final list included 'Anxiety', 'Aspiration. risk for'. 'Infant behavior, potential for enhanced, organized'. 'Infant feeding pattern. ineffective'. 'Infection'. 'Knowledge deficit'. 'Nutrition, less than body requirements. altered', 'Pain'. 'Parenting'. 'Skin integrity. risk for. impared' and 'Risk for activity intolerance'. 'Self-esteem disturbance', 'Sleep pattern disturbance' 4. In all. there were 19 interventions. 18 preliminary nursing interventions and one more intervention added from the clinical setting. 'Body image enhancement'. For 265 associated nursing activities. clinical application tests were also done. The intervention rate of 19 interventions was from 81.6% to 100%, so all 19 interventions were in c1uded in the validated intervention set. From the 265 nursing activities. 261(98.5%) were accepted and four activities were deleted. those with an implimentation rate of less than 50%. 5. In conclusion. 13 diagnoses. 19 interventions and 261 activities were validated for the final validated nursing intervention set.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.219-225
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• 2007

동의보감에 의하면 음식과 의 ${\cdot}$ 약은 그 근원이 같다고 보고 있으며 현대 영양학에서 다루는 열량과 5대 영양소의 개념 이외에 모든 식물(食物)을 기미론(氣味論)적 방법으로 그 성질과 효능을 규명하여 약이적 특징을 중요시하였다. 또한 최근에는 식품이 갖는 주요 기능 중 생리조절 기능이나 항상성 유지에 관여하는 기능 등에 대한 연구가 진행되면서 이러한 기능을 갖는 식품은 건강증진, 질병의 예방이나 노화억제 등 인간의 건강을 증진하는데 중요한 역할을 한다고 판단하여 이런 성분들을 많이 함유하고 있는 식물자원에 관한 연구가 활발하며 우리 나라에도 한약재를 포함한 생약을 이용한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 현대 식이병이 있을 때 일반 음식의 형태로 섭취하여 질병 치료에 도움을 주고 건강을 증진시킬 수 있는 한방식사요법인 약선식에 관한 연구로서 약선의 효과를 과학적이고 객관적인 수준에서 평가해보고자 계획, 수행하였다. 이에 본 연구자들은 한약자원을 이용하여 생체의 고지혈 상태를 포함한 관상심장계 질환을 예방할 수 있는 약선차를 고안하였다. 이에 따른 연구의 일환으로 한약재를 군신좌사론(君臣佐使論)에 준하여 혼합하여 차를 고안하였고 일반 영양성분 및 안전성을 평가하였다. 분석한 결과를 토대로 본 연구에서 고안한 약선차의 식품영양학적 접근을 시도하여 활용가능성을 타진하였다. 본 연구의 조성물을 활용하여 차 형태뿐 아니라 다양한 약선식으로의 활용도 가능하리라 판단되며 이 결과는 한약자원의 식품으로서의 활용방안 및 과학화의 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것이고 또한 전 세계적으로 관심이 큰 기능성 식품의 연구 및 시장동향에 동양의 medicinal herb를 이용한 기능성 식품의 소개에 기초자료가 될 수 있으리라 사료된다.며, 종속영양 원생동물 생물량의 80% 이상을 차지하였다. Protoperidinium spp.에 의해 우점하는 종속영양 유각와편모류는 첫 번째 대증식기에 가장 우점하였으며, Gyrodinium spp.로 구성된 종속영양 무각와편모류는 두 번째 대증식기에 가장 우점 하였다. 그외 Noctiluca scintilla는 첫 번째 대증식기에 식물플랑크톤 소멸에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 식물플랑크톤의 대증식기 동안에 종속영양 원생동물 군집은 식물플랑크톤의 생물량 및 군집구 조의 변화에 빠르게 반응하였으며, 이와 같은 결과는 두 군집 사이에 잠재적인 피식-포식자의 관계가 있음을 암시한다. 따라서 조사기간 동안 종속영양 원생동물은 식물플랑크톤 대증식의 소멸과 관련된 중요한 섭식자로서, 식물플랑크톤 군집을 조절하는데 중요한 역할을 하였을 것으로 사료된다.<0.05) 질소 소화율에서는 S1구가 처리구중에서 가장 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 분변 내 휘발성 지방산 발생량에서는 분을 1일간 발효 후 측정한 결과 S1구와 S2구가 CON구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로, 비육돈 사료 내 3.32%의 호맥 사일리지의 혼합급여는 혈액 내 코티졸 함량, 도체육의 명도와 황색도, 지방산 조성 및 영양소 소화율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료되나 이에 대한 보다 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.니티와 공원과의 관계로 공원 설계와 관리에 있어서 영국에서는 커뮤니티가 직접 고객(client)으로서 역할을 하고 있었다. 한국에서도 계획 및 설계 과정에 주민을 참여시키는 경우가 있으나 의견청취 정도에 머물고 있고, 몇몇 시민단체를 중심으로 시민들이 직접 공원 관리에 참여하는 경우도 있으나 운동(movement)차원에 머물고

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2011

본 연구는 국내 일일 평균 섭취량이 많은 들깻잎을 대상으로 미생물 안전성을 평가하고 미생물에 대한 오염도를 조사하였고, 검출빈도가 높은 S. aureus와 B. cereus의 오염원을 조사하였다. 들깻잎의 미생물 오염도 조사 결과 일반세균수 수준은 4.82 log CFU/g이었다. 대장균군의 오염수준은 0.83-5.33 log CFU/g으로 농가 간 차이가 크게 나타났으며 50% 농가의 들깻잎에서 4.00 log CFU/g 이상 검출되었다. 또한 병원성미생물 분석결과, E. coli는 3%(4/114)의 들깻잎에서 1.00 log CFU/g 이하로 검출되었으며 S. aureus의 경우 검출빈도는 7.9%(9/114)였고 1.6%(2/114)의 들깻잎에서 S. aureus가 2.00 log CFU/g 이상으로 다소 높게 검출되었다. B. cereus는 0-3.81 logCFU/g 수준이었고 검출빈도는 46.5%(53/114)였으며 2곳의 농가에서 3.00 log CFU/g 이상으로 높게 검출되었다. 한편 E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp, 그리고 L. monocytogenes는 모두 검출되지 않았다. 또한 들깻잎 생산환경(토양, 수질, 작업자 및 포장대 등)에서 위생지표세균과 S. aureus와 B. cereus를 조사한 결과 일반세균수와 대장균군이 대부분의 시료에서 3.00 log $CFU/100cm^2$ 이상 검출되었고 일부 손, 수확용기 및 포장대에서 대장균군이 4.00 log $CFU/100cm^2$, hand 이상으로 높게 검출되었다. S. aureus는 관개용수, 포장대, 포장비닐, 작업자의 손과 복장에서 검출되었고 검출 수준은 0.33-1.31 log $CFU/100cm^2$이었다. B. cereus의 경우는 다양한 시료에서 빈번하게 검출되었고 특히 앞서 위생지표세균결과에서 오염도가 높았던 수확용기와 포장대에서 최고 5.50 log $CFU/100cm^2$까지 검출되었으며 수확 전 들깻잎보다 수확 후 들깻잎에서 B. cereus 수준이 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 들깻잎의 유해미생물 오염은 생산단계부터 발생되고 있으므로 이러한 유해미생물의 오염을 사전에 관리하는 GAP제도를 도입해야 할 것이다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.289-304
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• 1999

식품의 방사선조사 기법은 지난 40여년간 세계적으로 체계적인 연구가 수행되면서 그에 대한 안전성과 기술적 타당성이 입증되고 있음에도 불구하고 아직까지도 제한적으로 이용되고 있는데 이의 주된 이유는 방사선조사 식품에 대한 소비자의 수용도를 확신할 수 없기 때문이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 방사선조사 식품에 대한 올바른 정보를 소비자들에게 제공하기 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 방사선조사 식품에 대한 소비자들의 구입의도 및 구입의도에 따른 집단을 구분하는데 영향을 미치는 변수들을 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우리 나라 소비자들의 식품의 안전성 및 식품의 신선도 보존에 관한 관심도는 매우 높았다. 방부제, 잔류농약, 식중독, 식품의 변패 및 식품의 신선도 보존 등의 5가지 항목 중 식품의 변패에 대한 관심도가 특히 높게 나타났으며, 그 다음으로는 잔류농약, 식중독의 순으로 관심이 많았다. 둘째, 우리 나라 소비자들의 방사선조사 식품에 대한 인지도는 대체로 낮았으며 특히 연령이 많거나 학력이 낮은 경우 방사선조사 식품에 대해 인지도가 낮은 것으로 나타나 이들을 대상으로 한 소비자교육이 보다 활성화되어야 할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 방사선조사 식품에 대한 수용 정도에 있어서는 응답자의 1/3-4/5가 방사선조사 식품의 구입에 대한 찬성이나 반대의 의사표시를 보이는 대신에 관망적인 자세를 취하고 있었다. 방사선조사 기법이 제공하는 혜택 중에서 농약 처리 후 식품에 농약이 잔류되는 것과는 다르게 방사선조사 식품에 방사선이 잔류하지 않는 경우, 방사선조사 식품을 구입할 의도가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 즉 식품의 안전성과 관련하여 많은 소비자들이 식품에서 농약의 잔류성분에 대해 우려를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났으므로 앞으로 이를 대체할 수 있는 하나의 방법으로 식품에 방사선조사 처리 기법이 활용될 것으로 예상되며, 이를 위해서는 방사선조사 식품의 안전성이 뒷받침되어야 할 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 방사선조사 식품의 구입의도 정도에 따른 집단을 구분하는데 영향을 미치는 변수를 살펴본 판별분석의 결과, 식품의 안전성에 대한 관심도, 혁신성에 대한 자아평가, 유기농작물에 대한 지불의도, 그리고 방사선조사 식품의 인지도는 방사선조사 식품의 구입의도를 구분하는 집단을 설명하는 데 있어 대체로 영향력이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 월가계소득은 5개의 판별분석에서 한 번도 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타나서 방사선조사 식품의 수용정도를 구분하는 데 있어 영향력이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 소비자의 혁신성 정도가 방사선조사 식품의 수용도를 구분하는데 있어 중요한 변수라는 사실은 방사선조사 식품의 기법이나 그러한 식품이 갖는 혜택과 관련된 정보를 혁신적 소비자나 조기수용자에게 우선적으로 제공하는 것이 효과적임을 알려주고 있다. 최근 국제적으로 방사선조사 식품의 이용이 확대되고 있으며, 수출입 식품에 대한 방사선 처리가 증가되고 있는 국제환경 속에서 소비자들에게 방사선조사 식품에 대한 올바른 정보를 효과적으로 제공함으로써 그들의 식품구입 의사결정에 도움을 주는 것이 매우 필요하다. 더욱이 본 연구결과 우리 나라 소비자들은 방사선조사 식품에 대한 낮은 인지도를 가지고 있어 소비자로서의 알권리를 제대로 누리지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타나 앞으로 국내에서 방사선조사 식품이 상업적으로 널리 보급되기에 앞서 방사선조사 식품에 대한 소비자교육이 활발하게 이루어질 필요가 있다고 본다.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.53-66
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• 1996

Home Health Care is one part of the total health care system. It includes health care services that link the hospital to the community. While it is important for early discharge patients, home care is also important for people with chronic illnesses or handicapping conditions. In 1989 the Korean government passed a law that opened the way for formal development of home health care services beginning with education programs to certify nurses for home care, and then demonstration home care services. Part of the mandate of the demonstration projects was evaluation of home care services. This study was done in order to provide basic data that would contribute to the development of records that could be used for evaluation through a retrospective audit and to examine the care that had been given in Home Care at Wonju Christian Hospital over a twenty year period from 1974 to 1994. The purposes of the study were : to identify to characteristics of the clients who had received home care, to identify the reasons for client referrals, to identify the nursing problems of these clients, to identify the nursing care provided to these clients, and to identify differences in these areas over the twenty year period. The study was a descriptive study involving a retrospective audit of the client records. Demographic data on all clients were included : 4,171 clients from 2,564 families. Data on referrals, nursing diagnosis and nursing interventions were from even numbered records which had a patient problem list included in the record, 2,801 clients, Frequencies and ANOVA were used in the analysis. The results of the study showed that the majority of the clients were from Wonju city /county. There were more women than men related to the high number of postpartum clients(1,300). The high number of postparttum clients and newborns was also evident in the age distribution. An the number of maternal-child clients decreased over the 20 years, the mean age of the clients increased significantly. Other factors also contributed to this change ; as increasing number of clients with brain injuries or with cancer, and fewer children with burns, osteomyelitis and tuberculosis. There was a decrease in the mean number of visits and mean length of coverage, reflecting a movement towards a short term acute care model. The number of new clents dropped sharply after 1985. The reasons for this are : the development of other treatment alternatives for clients, the establishment of an active wellbaby clinic, many more options plus a decreasing number of new cases of Hansen's Disase, and insurance that allows people with burns to be kept in hospital until skin grafts are healed. Socioeconomic changes have resulted in an increase in the number of cases of cancer, stroke, head injuries following car accidents, and of diabetes. Of the 2,801 client records, 2,541(60.9%) contained a written referral but for 1,802 it contained only the medical diagnosis. The number of records with a referral requesting specific nursing care was 739(29.1%). Many family members who were identified as in need of nursing care had no written referral. Analysis of the patient problem list showed that 41.9% of the enteries were nursing diagnoses. Others incuded medical diagnosis, symptoms, and plans. The most frequently used diagnoses were alteration in nutrition, less than body requirements(115 entries), alteration in skin integrity(114), knowledge deficit(111), pain(78), self-care deficit(66), and alteration in pattern of urinary elimination(50). These are reflected in the NANDA categories for which the highest number of diagnosis was in the Exchanging pattern(446), followed by Moving(178), Feeling(136) and Knowing (115). Analysis of the frequency of interventions showed that exercise and teaching about exercise was the most frequent intervention, followed by teaching concering the need for follow-up care, checking vital signs, managing nutritional problems, managing catheters, giving emotional support, changing dressings, teaching about medication, teaching (subject not specified), teaching about diet, IM and IV medications or fluid, and skin care, in that order. Recommendations included: development of a record that would allow for efficient recording of frequently used nursing diagnoses and nursing interventions: expansion of the catchment area for Home Care at Wonju Christian Hospital ; expansion of the service to provide complication prevention, rehabilitation services, and support to increase the health maintenance /health promotion of the people being served as well as providing client dentered care ; and development of a clinical record that will allow efficient data collection from records, even though the recording is done by a variety of health care providers.

• 가정간호학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.33-45
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a basic framework and criteria for evaluation of quality care provided to patients with the attributes of disease in the home care nursing field, and to provide measurement tools for home health care in the future. The study design was a developmental study for evaluation of hospital-based HCN(home care nursing) in Korea. The study process was as follows: a home care nursing study team of College of Nursing. Yonsei University reviewed the nursing records of 47 patients who were enrolled at Yonsei University Medical Center Home Care Center in March, 1995. Twenty-five patients were insured at that time, were selected from 47 patients receiving home care service for study feasibility with six disease groups; Caesarean Section (C/S), simple nephrectomy, Liver cirrhosis(LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), Lung cancer or cerebrovascular accident(CVA). In this study, the following items were selected : First step : Preliminary study 1. Criteria and items were selected on the basis of related literature on each disease area. 2. Items were identified by home care nurses. 3. A physician in charge reviewed the criteria and content of selected items. 4. Items were revised through preliminary study offered to both HCN patients and discharged patients from the home care center. Second step : Pretest 1. To verify the content of the items, a pretest was conducted with 18 patients of which there were three patients in each of the six selected disease groups. Third step : Test of reliability and validity of tools 1. Using the collected data from 25 patients with either cis, Simple nephrectomy, LC, COPD, Lung cancer, or CVA. the final items were revised through a panel discussion among experts in medical care who were researchers, doctors, or nurses. 2. Reliability and validity of the completed tool were verified with both inpatients and HCN patients in each of field for researches. The study results are as follows: 1. Standard for discharge with HCN referral The referral standard for home care, which included criteria for discharge with HCN referral and criteria leaving the hospital were established. These were developed through content analysis from the results of an open-ended questionnaire to related doctors concerning characteristic for discharge with HCN referral for each of the disease groups. The final criteria was decided by discussion among the researchers. 2. Instrument for measurement of health statusPatient health status was measured pre and post home care by direct observation and interview with an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 61 items based on Gorden's nursing diagnosis classification. These included seven items on health knowledge and health management, eight items on nutrition and metabolism, three items on elimination, five items on activity and exercise, seven items on perception and cognition, three items on sleep and rest, three items on self-perception, three items on role and interpersonal relations, five items on sexuality and reproduction, five items on coping and stress, four items on value and religion, three items on family. and three items on facilities and environment. 3. Instrument for measurement of self-care The instrument for self-care measurement was classified with scales according to the attributes of the disease. Each scale measured understanding level and practice level by a Yes or No scale. Understanding level was measured by interview but practice level was measured by both observation and interview. Items for self-care measurement included 14 for patients with a CVA, five for women who had a cis, ten for patients with lung cancer, 12 for patients with COPD, five for patients with a simple nephrectomy, and 11 for patients with LC. 4. Record for follow-up management This included (1) OPD visit sheet, (2) ER visit form, (3) complications problem form, (4) readmission sheet. and (5) visit note for others medical centers which included visit date, reason for visit, patient name, caregivers, sex, age, time and cost required for visit, and traffic expenses, that is, there were open-end items that investigated OPD visits, emergency room visits, the problem and solution of complications, readmissions and visits to other medical institution to measure health problems and expenditures during the follow up period. 5. Instrument to measure patients satisfaction The satisfaction measurement instrument by Reisseer(1975) was referred to for the development of a tool to measure patient home care satisfaction. The instrument was an open-ended questionnaire which consisted of 11 domains; treatment, nursing care, information, time consumption, accessibility, rapidity, treatment skill, service relevance, attitude, satisfaction factors, dissatisfaction factors, overall satisfaction about nursing care, and others. In conclusion, Five evaluation instruments were developed for home care nursing. These were (1)standard for discharge with HCN referral. (2)instrument for measurement of health status, (3)instrument for measurement of self-care. (4)record for follow-up management, and (5)instrument to measure patient satisfaction. Also, the five instruments can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the service to assure quality. Further research is needed to increase the reliability and validity of instrument through a community-based HCN evaluation.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.362-371
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• 2004

유치의 치근 흡수의 시기에 대한 정보는 소아치과 또는 교정과에서 진단 및 치료 계획의 수립에 중요한 역할을 제공하며, 치아의 발육 상태는 유전, 환경, 인종, 성별, 영양, 사회 경제적 상태 및 시대 변화에 따라 영향을 받는다. 본 연구의 목적은 현대 한국 아동의 유치 치근 흡수의 평균 연령을 측정하고, 1990년대 초와 2000년대 초의 유치 치근 흡수의 평균 연령을 비교하는 것이다. 경북대학교병원 소아치과에 내원한 $1990{\sim}1992$년의 1037명(여아 528명, 남아 509명) 및 $2001{\sim}2003$년의 1065명(여아 394명, 남아 671명)의 파노라마 사진을 대상으로 하여 횡적인 방법으로 조사하였다. 상악 치아 및 하악 전치부의 상의 선예도의 문제로 하악 유견치, 하악 제 1 유구치, 하악 제 2 유구치를 대상으로 하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 유치 치근의 흡수는 2000년대 초 아동이 1990년대 초 아동에 비해 더 이른 시기에 흡수되는 경향을 보였으며 Res c 단계에서 평균 연령의 차이는 0.4년이었다. 2. Res c 단계에서 1990년대 초와 2000년대 초의 평균 연령의 차이는 여아에서 하악 유견치, 하악 제 1 유구치, 하악 제 2 유구치의 순으로 증가하였으며, 남아에서 하악 제 2 유구치. 하악 제 1 유구치, 하악 유견치의 순으로 증가하였다. 즉 평균 차이는 여아에서 나이 증가에 따라 증가하였으며, 남아에서는 나이 증가에 따라 감소하였다. 3. 1990년대 초와 2000년대 초 모두에서 여아가 남아에 비해 평균 0.3년 더 이른 시기에 흡수되는 경향을 보였다. 4. 하악 유견치의 치근 흡수의 시작은 하악 제 1 유구치 보다 늦었지만, 하악 유견치의 치근 흡수의 완료는 하악 제 1 유구치 보다 빨랐으며, 하악 유견치에서 치근 흡수에 소요된 총 기간은 가장 짧았다. 5. 치근 흡수의 속도는 흡수 말기가 초기에 비해 빠른 경향을 나타냈다. 정확한 유치 치근의 흡수시기에 대해 알기 위해서는 정기적이면서 종적인 연구가 필요하리라 생각한다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.21-36
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• 1983

It is assumed that menarche is affected not only by the biological factors such as nutrition and genetic heritage, but also it is affected by other socio-cultural environmental factors including weather, geographic location, education and level of modernization. Also recent trend of menarche in Korea indicates that a lot of discussion are being generated to the need of sex education as a part of formal school education. The purpose of this study is to develop the school health education program by determine the age of menarche, the factors relavant to time of menarche and psycho-mental state of students at the time in menarche and investigate the present state of school health education relate to menarche of adolescents. The total number of 732 girls was drown from first, second and third grades of 4 middle schools in Seoul. For the data collection the survey was conducted during the period from May 1 to May 20, 1982 by using prepared questionair. The major results are summarized as follow; 1. Mean age at menarche and the percent distribution of menarche experienced. It was observed that about 68.7% of sampled students have been experienced menarche at the time interviewed. For the each group, age at menarche is revealed that among the students about 37.8% are experienced menarche for under 12 years old group, 62.1% for 13 year-old group, 80.6％ for 14 year-old group and 95.5% for over 15 years old. In sum it was found that the mean age at menarche was 12.3 years old, ranged from age at 10 as earlist the age at 15 as latest. 2. Variables associated with age at menarche. 1) There was tendency those student who belong to upper class economic status have had menarche earlier than those student who belong to lower class. Therefore, economic status is closely related to age at menarche. 2) In time of mother's education level, it is also found that those students whose mother's education levels from high school and college are experienced menarche earlier than those students whose mother's education levels from primary school and no-education. 3) However, in connection with home discipline, there was no significant relationship between age at menarche and home disciplines which are being treated "Rigid", "Moderated ", "Indifferent". 4) Degree of communication between parents and daughter about sex matters was found to be associated each others in determination of age at menarche. 5) It was found that high association between mother's menarche age and their daughter's menarche age was observed. Mother's age at menarche earlier trend to be shown also as earlier of their daughters. 6) Those students belong to "D & E" of physical substantiality index are trend to be earlier in menarche than those students in the index "A & B". 3. Psycho-mental state at the time of menarche. Out of the total students 68.2% had at least one or more than one of subjective symptoms. Shyness was shown as most higher prevalent symptom and others are fear, emotional instability, unpleasant feeling, depression, radical behavior, inferior complex and satisfaction appeared. Very few cases are appeared be guilty and stealing feeling. 4. The present status of school health education program related to menarche. As to the source of information about menarche, teacher was a main source with average index 5.88 and the other informants were mother & family member, friends, books and magagines, movies, television, and radio. For the problem solving at menarche, mother & family members were subject to discussion with an average index 6.02 as high. The others for discuss and knowledge about menarche were books, magagine, friends, teachers, and self-learning based on own experienced. The time of learning about menarche, it was learned as highest percentage with 43.2% at a 6 grades of primary school, middle school with 34.4%, 5 grade of primary school with 18.2%, and 4 grade of primary school with 4.0% respectively.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.75-94
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• 2008

현대사회의 식생활 행태는 영양보충제와 건강보조식품의 사용 증가 및 영양소의 과다 섭취 문제에 따른 새로운 식생활 구조 변화와 건강 및 질병 양상 관리를 위해서는 새로운 개념이 도입되고 적용되기 위하여 2005년 한국인을 위한 영양섭취기준을 설정하게 되었으며 현재 새로운 개념의 영양섭취기준은 우리의 올바른 영양건강상태 관리는 물론 합리적인 식생활 관리 분야에서 적용되고 있으며 이에 따른 다양한 관련 분야의 식품, 영양학 분야에서 활용이 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국인 영양섭취기준을 중심으로 변화된 식생활 영역의 내용을 알아보고 올바른 이해를 통하여 개정된 교육과정에 준한 새 교과서에 적용할 수 있도록 방향 제시를 함으로서 새 교과서의 식생활 영역에 있어 내용의 충실함과 질적 향상을 도모하고자 하는데 목적을 가지고 있다. 한국인 영양섭취기준은 지금까지 사용된 영양권장량보다 보다 다각적인 측면에서 기준을 제공하므로 실제 적용 현장에서도 이해하는 정도와 적용 가능 여부에 대하여 어려움이 있는 실정이다. 더욱이 중학생 수준에서의 적용 수준을 결정하는 것은 어려운 일이다. 더욱이 7차 교육과정에 비해 개정 교육과정은 식생활영역의 내용의 제시 위치 및 분량 그리고 구성 요소의 근거 등에 변화가 있어 훨씬 어렵게 접근되어져야 하는 부분이다. 이는 국가의 미래를 책임질 어린이와 청소년의 학교교육에서 인간에게 가장 기본적이고 중요한 생활을 실천하는 실천 교과인 본 가정 교과의 새로운 교육 과정에 적용을 위해서는 새롭게 도입된 영양섭취 기준에 관한 올바른 이해를 통하여 실제 생활에 적용하여 실천할 수 있도록 노력해야 할 것이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.