• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2000

The caloric contribution of diets supplemented with sucrose, corn oil, or tallow with or without additional calcium was examined using female CD1 weanling mice. Mice were limit-fed a semi-purified diet alone or with added isocaloric amounts from sucrose, corn oil, or tallow for 28 days. In addition, diets with suppelmental fat contained either 0.60% or 1.5% calcium. Fecal fat and fecal soap excretions were greater (p<0.06) for mice fed tallow than for those fed corn oil. Mean metabolizable energy values for sucrose, tallow, and corn oil averaged 4.01, 7.96, and 8.94 kcal, respectively. Retention of digested energy from sucrose, tallow and corn oil averaged 13%, 10% and 21%, respectively. Hence, per gram of added nutrient, retained energy from tallow averaged 1.60 and that from corn oil averaged 4.11 times that of added sucrose. Retained energy from added corn oil was greater (p<0.01) than from added tallow. On a retained energy basis, the relative value for corn oil was greater and the relative value for tallow was less than the metabolizable energy ratio of fat to carbohydrate proposed by Atwater of 2.25.Added calcium depressed(p<0.01) digestibilities of both dry matter and energy with a greater(p<0.01) effect on tallow than on corn oil. These findings imply that the source of fat and calcium in the diet influence the avail-ability energy in diets and should be considered in feed formulations.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.71-94
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• 1987

Aiming to investigate nutrient intake and food habits influenced by smoking for female college students in Seoul, the questionnaire survey for 763 students was carried out. The results of the survey was summarized as follows: 1. 9.7% of students were found as the current smokers and 18.9% of students had experienced of smoking, however stopped smoking at present(experienced smokers) respectively. 2. In the current smokers, they started smoking with friends at the first (58.9%), alone (27.4%), and with seniors (11.0%) respectively. The psychological frustration (52.2%), curiosity (28.4%) respectively motivated smoking behavior at the beginning. The most had smoking usually at the entertaining place such as restaurant. Only 6.4% of current smokers consumed more than 10 cigarettes daily, and 55% of current smokers inhaled deeply into the lung while they smoked. Even 26% of current smokers explained their intention of not smoking after marriage, and also about 95% of current smokers explained to stop smoking in the case of pregnancy. 3. It was found as the fact that the school age, economic status, and parental smoking affected their prevalence of cigarette smoking. The higher their schoolage, the higher smoking showed; the more their money spent and the lower father smoking showed ; the more their money spent and the lower father's educational level, the higher smoking showed; the more drink, the higher smoking showed. 4. The value evaluation of cigarette smoking also affected the prevalence of cigarette smoking. Of the students recognized advantageous parts of smoking, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher. 5. Logistic regression analysis was to determine the most effective factor which determined prevalence of cigarette smoking. The most effective factor was value evaluation of cigarette smoking. The order of effective factors was health value of cigarette smoking, their drinking capacity and the value evaluation of change in body weight due to smoking and smoking's advantages. 6. Cigarette smoking showed signs of affecting to food habits. In the case of smoking, the missing rate of taking regular meals was higher, and the frequency rate of taking regular meals was lower. Also, smokers took meals less regularly. Even the smokers took less candy than non-smokers, however, smokers liked to take more coffee, alcohol, and hot tasting food than non-smokers. 7. Smoking seemed to affect the nutritional status. It was found that smokers took many kinds of nutrients insufficiently, therefore their calory intake by age was not reached to RDA.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.170-179
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• 2012

시판중인 여섯 가지 종류의 코이어 자루배지에 세 가지 전처리 방법을 실시하고, 처리 과정에서 생성되는 배액을 분석함으로써 경제적이며 간단하게 칼륨과 나트륨을 제거할 수 있는 전처리 방법을 구명하고자 2차에 걸쳐 실험을 수행했다. 1차 실험에서는 시판중인 코이어 자루 중에서 전처리가 되었고, 농가에 많이 보급된 6가지 배지를 선정하여, 7일간 물로 씻는 처리(W7S0), 물로 3일간 씻고 배양액으로 4일간 씻는 처리(W4S3), 배양액으로 7일간 씻는 처리(W0S7)의 세 가지 전처리를 했다. 2차 실험에서는 Bio Grow와 coco Mix 배지를 대상으로 1차 실험과 동일한 방법으로 재현성을 확인했다. 실험결과 pH의 안정화에 좋은 전처리 방법은 W4S3 처리와 W0S7 처리였다. EC는 세 처리 모두에서 4일차가 되면 공급 EC와 같은 1.0 이하로 안정되었다. 배액의 이온은 W7S0에서는 처리 3~4일 이후에 안정화 되지만 대부분의 이온들이 용탈되어 Ca와 Mg의 부족이 발생했고, 4일 이상을 씻는 것은 물의 낭비로 판단되었다. W0S7에서는 배지의 안정화는 W4S3 처리와 유사했으나 배양액으로 7일간 씻어주는 것은 경제적으로 손실인 것으로 사료된다. 두 가지 배지를 사용한 재현성 실험에서도 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 따라서 농가에서 사용하기에 가장 간단하고 경제적인 전처리 방법은 물로 3일간 씻어준 후 배양액으로 1일간 포수시킨 후에 정식하는 방법으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.783-787
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• 1999

To study the effects of different extrusion conditions of barley on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and nutrient excretion in feces, a total of 150 growing pigs ($Landrace{\times}Duroc{\times}Large$ White; average 24.4 kg body weight) were allotted to five treatments, in a completely randomized block design. The experimental diets were based on corn-soybean and 30% of barley was included in each diet; barley was the only extruded ingredient. The treatments were 1) no extrusion (Control); 2) extrusion at $100^{\circ}C$ without preconditioning (ENLT); 3) extrusion at $150^{\circ}C$ without preconditioning (ENHT); 4) extrusion at $100^{\circ}C$ with preconditioning (ECLT); 5) extrusion at $150^{\circ}C$ with preconditioning (ECHT). Temperature in the barrel was controlled within ${\pm}5^{\circ}C$ by feed rate with the addition of water at the rate of $3{\ell}\;per\;min$. in the extruder for each treatment. For the 6 week experimental period, extrusion of barley improved the average daily gain (ADG) and digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy in growing pigs. As compared to control, significant improvements in ADG (p<0.05) were shown in the groups of feeding extruded barley at high temperature (ENHT and ECHT). There were also significant differences in the digestibilities of DM, CP and P between extrusion temperatures. Barley extruded at high temperature gave better digestibilities of DM, CP and GE than barley extruded at low temperature. Extruded barley diet groups showed significantly (p<0.05) lower excretions of DM, nitrogen (N) and P per kg gain as compared to the ground barley group. DM, N and P excretion per kg gain were also significantly lower in pigs fed barley extruded at $150^{\circ}C$ than at $100^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, extrusion considerably improved the nutritive value of barley and it appeared that temperature is the most important variable.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1518-1523
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of various feeding regimens on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, nitrogen retention, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and feed cost in young pigs weaned at 21 days of age. One hundred twenty crossbred pigs (Landrace${\times}$Large White${\times}$Duroc, average 6.8 kg BW), weaned at 21 days of age, were allotted to 5 treatments in a 5 replicates by a randomized completely block (RCB) design. Treatments were as follow: 1) 1P (1-4 weeks: CP 23% and lysine 1.60%), 2) 2P-I (1 week: CP 23% and lysine 1.60%, 2-4 weeks: CP 21% and lysine 1.45%), 3) 2P-II (1-2 weeks: CP 23% and lysine 1.60%, 3-4 weeks: CP 21% and lysine 1.45%), 4) 2P-III (1-3 weeks: CP 23% and lysine 1.60%, 4 week: CP 21% and lysine 1.45%), 5) 3P (1 week: CP 23% and lysine 1.60%, 2-3 weeks: CP 21% and lysine 1.45%, 4 week: CP 19% and lysine 1.30%). Three different diets were formulated and supplied according to phase feeding programs. Diet 1 contains 23% crude protein and 1.60% lysine, diet 2 contains 21% crude protein and 1.45% lysine and diet 3 contains 19% crude protein and 1.30 lysine, respectively. Although there was no significant difference in growth performances, there was a beneficial effect of 3 phase feeding. The ADG was higher in 3P treatment than other treatments and it was observed clearly in late period (3-4 weeks) than in early period. Also, with increase in age, growth rate of pigs in 3P treatment was higher than that in 1P treatment approximately 37% (p=0.1379). There were no significant differences among all treatments in nutrient digestibility. The concentration of BUN was higher in pigs were fed diet containing 21% crude protein and 1.45% lysine (eg, 2P-1 and 3P) than those supplied diet containing high nutrient value at 2 week. The lowest feed cost/kg weight gain of pigs showed in 3P among treatments (p<0.05) whereas, high feed cost/kg weight gain of pigs was calculated in 1P and 2P-II treatments compared with 2P-I and 2 P-II (p<0.05), because of high milk products were used in those diet.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.188-194
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• 1995

야마자키 토마토용 배양액을 이용하여 토마토를 담액 재배할 경우, pH 7.5 정도인 수돗물을 용수로 한 배양액에 NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$를 사용하므로써 배양액의 pH를 안정시키는 동시에, 적정 식물생장을 유도할 수 있는 NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$농도를 찾고자 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 NH$_4$H$_2$PO$_4$의 농도를 증가시킴에 따라 배양액의 pH가 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, EC는 반대의 경향을 보였다. NH$_4$-N 8/3 me/$\ell$ 처리구에서는 식물체에 황화현상이 나타났다. NH$_4$-N이 4/3 me/$\ell$ 혹은 5/3 me/$\ell$인 처리구에서 pH와 EC를 안정적으로 유지할 수 있었다. 엽장이나 줄기직경은 NH$_4$-N 2/3 me/$\ell$처리구에서 큰 값을 나타냈고, 과실의 당도는 NH$_4$-N 5/3 me/$\ell$ 처리구에서 가장 높았다. 이상의 결과로부터, 토마토의 담액 재배시 수확기 이전에는 NH$_4$-N을 2/3 me/$\ell$로 하고, 수확기에는 NH$_4$-N을 4/3-5/3 me/$\ell$로 하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 1999

본 연구는 인공조림된 잣나무임분과 일본잎갈나무임분을 대상으로 1997년 6월에 요소 (N: $150kg\;ha^{-1}$)를 시용하고 1년간의 토양 및 토양수중 양분함량 변화를 조사하였다. 토양 pH는 시용 후 잣나무임분에서는 급격한 감소경향을, 일본잎갈나무임분에서는 완만한 증가경향을 보였으나 시간이 경과함에 따라 시용 전 농도수준으로 회복되고 있었으며, 전탄소, 전질소는 시용 후 증가 경향을 보이다. 일정한 값을 나타내고 있었다. 치환성 Ca, Mg는 시용 후 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 치환성 K는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 일본잎갈나무의 토양수의 pH를 제외하고는 양임분 모두 토양수의 pH와 시용 후 감소하는 양이온중 Ca, $NH_4-N$, 음이온중 $NO_3-N$, $SO_4-S$, Cl 농도는 초기간계에서 증가하였으나, K, Mg, 농도는 시용 후 1~2개월 후부터 증가하기 시작하여 4개월 후에 최고 농도치를 나타내고 있었다. 시용 후 급격히 증가한 토양수중 각 용존원소 농도가시용 전과 같은 수준의 농도로 회복되는데에는 Ca, $NH_4-N$, $SO_4-S$, Cl에서 약 1개월, $NO_3-N$, K, Mg에서는 6~12개월로 용존원소에 따라 그 경향을 달리하고 있다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2007

본 연구는 산림부산물과 국내 유기농부산물의 사료가치와 유기흑염소 생산에 기초적인 자료를 얻고자 산지 초지유형에 따른 흑염소의 사료 섭취량, 소화율 및 질소 축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 공시축은 한국재래흑염소이었으며, 사양 시험에서는 흑염소 40두를 4처리구(개량목초구, 유기목초구, 산야초구, 수엽류구)로 나누어 처리구당 10두씩, 소화율 시험에서는 처리구당 3두씩 완전임의 배치하여 시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 사양시험기간 동안의 총증체량과 일당증체량은 개량목초구, 유기목초구, 산야초구, 수엽류구 순으로 낮아졌다(p<0.05). 건물섭취량, 가소화 건물섭취량, 건물소화율 및 질소축적율은 개량목초구가 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 산림 부산물을 조사료원으로 이용하고 국내 유기농부산물을 보충사료로 급여하여 방목사육된 유기흑염소는 다소 생산성이 낮으나 안정성이 높기 때문에 육용보다는 약용형태의 소비가 바람직하다고 사료되며, 낮은 생산성을 높이기 위해선 보충사료에 추가적인 영양소 공급이 반드시 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of farming methods on mass balance from paddy rice. The experiment fields were established at Chunpo-myeon, Iksan-si in the Saemangeum watershed. Experiment was performed during the growing season to assess water and mass balances of the study field in 2013. The three different farming practices were applied: conventional (TR-A), drainage outlet heighten (TR-B) and slow release fertilizer use (TR-C). Drainage amount from TR-B was reduced by 28.5 % compared to the TR-A, while the amount from TR-C was similar to that of TR-A. Overall, nutrient concentration of paddy water were similar among the treatments except for T-P. Mean T-P concentration from TR-C was lower than that from TR-A (p-value<0.05). As the results of mass balance, TR-B appeared to reduce nutrient surface loss, substantially by 30.9 % and 40.8 % for T-N and T-P an compared to TR-A. TR-C treatment also demonstrated nutrient load reduction by 38.2 % and 40.1 % for T-N and T-P. The study results showed that water and fertilizer treatments are effective in surface load reduction respectively from paddy fields, and, long-term monitoring and evaluation is needed to confirm the reduction.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2013

대륙주변해인 동해의 일차생산력은 조사하기 쉬운 듯하지만 해황의 역동적 변동성 때문에 현장 관측으로 파악하기 매우 어렵다. 이 연구에서는 난수역의 평균적인(총)일차생산 배경값을 생지화학적 가설에 기반하여 추정하였다. 계산에 사용된 비혼합-부상 가설은 일단 일차생산이 오로지 대한해협을 통해 수송된 영양염에 의해서만 일어난다고 가정했을 경우로서, 결과($209\;gC\;m^{-2}\;y^{-1}$)는 발표된 위성기반 순일차생산력과 대등한 것으로 나타났다. 그런데 일차생산이 100% 신생산에 의존한다고 가정했었기 때문에 이 구속을 풀어 신생산지표를 0.6이라 가정하면 일차생산력은 40% 가량 높아진다. 결과는 오로지 대한해협을 통해 유입되는 영양염만으로도 기존에 알려진 일차생산을 지지하고도 남음을 말해준다. 그런데 배경값을 구하기 위해 배제시켰던 여러 가지 변동 요인들, 예컨대 용승, 지하수 유입, 대기 유입, 해양 투기, 태풍 등 배경에 더 해지는 교란은 모두 일차생산을 추가로 부양하는 요인이고, 여기에 아직 정량화 되지 못한 초미소남세균의 광합성에 대한 기여까지 고려하게 되면 실제 일차생산력은 배경값의 두 배 이상도 가능할 것으로 추정된다. 이 경우에 일차생산력은 신생산지표가 0.6으로 알려진 페루 용승역과 비등한 규모가 된다.