• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.493-501
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• 1995

To investigate an effect of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure, 418 adolescents living in Kangwha area were studied. Two measurements were taken on each blood pressure(diastolic, systolic) and the average of the two readings was used in the analysis. Sodium and potassium intake were estimated by the determination of those electrolytes in 24hr urine. Not only dietary factors but also physical growth factors such as weight, height, arm-circumference and skinfold-thickness were induced in the stepwise multiple regression analysis to indentify the relative importance between the factors. The variation of blood pressure both in systolic and diastolic in both sexes was inconsistent with the levels of sodium and potassium intake. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the physical growth were more influential than nutrient factor. It suggested that hypertension risk factors observed form the adults, may not be identical with that of the growing aged population. After control of the physical growth, there was no significant variation observed by the level of sodium and potassium intake on blood pressure. In summary, the results indicate that growth has been more influential than dietary factor on blood pressure for growing aged population.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.513-523
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• 2010

본 연구는 서울지역의 여자고등학생 196명을 대상으로 주중과 주말의 식품 및 영양소 섭취 실태에 따른 차이를 알아보기 위해 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 끼니별 결식률은 아침 결식률이 가장 높았으며 주중과 주말 결식률을 비교해 보면 아침과 점심의 결식률이 주중에 비하여 주말에 유의적으로 높게 나타난 반면 저녁 결식률은 주중이 주말에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. 2) 1일 평균 식품섭취량은 총 식품이 1,327.6 g, 식물성식품 800.5 g, 동물성 식품 425.8 g 이었으며, 총 식품섭취량과 식물성 식품섭취량은 주말에 비해 주중에 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 이외 감자류, 두류, 채소류, 버섯류, 해조류, 어패류, 유지류 및 양념류의 섭취량 역시 주말에 비해 주중에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였으나, 과일류와 음료섭취는 주중보다는 주말에 유의적으로 높았다. 3) 1일 총 식품섭취가짓수는 하루 평균 20.5 가지를 섭취하였고, 주중에 23.3 가지, 주말에 15.1 가지로 주말에 비해 주중에 식품섭취가짓수가 유의적으로 많았다. 다소비식품은 쌀, 우유, 돼지고기, 배추김치, 닭고기 순으로 조사되었고, 상위 2위까지는 주중과 주말에 따른 차이가 없었다. 그러나 주중에 비해 주말에 피자, 콜라, 라면과 같은 인스턴트식품이나 패스트푸드가 상위 10위 내 포함되었다. 4) 영양소섭취량은 1일 평균 에너지가 2,244.9 kcal, 단백질 89.0 g, 지방 72.6 g, 탄수화물 311.2 g을 섭취하는 것으로 조사되었다. 지방은 주중보다 주말에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하였고, 탄수화물, 섬유소, 인, 철, 나트륨, 칼륨, 비타민 A, 나이아신, 엽산 및 비타민 C 섭취는 주말에 비해 주중에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 에너지섭취량에 대한 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취비는 1일 평균 55.4% : 15.8% : 28.8% 이였고, 주중은 56.8% : 15.8% : 27.4%, 주말은 53.6% : 15.8% : 30.7% 이였다. 주중과 주말 모두 탄수화물에 대한 섭취비는 60% 이하 수준이었고, 지방은 27% 이상의 높은 수준이었으며, 탄수화물은 주중에, 지방은 주말에 유의적으로 높게 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 5) 한국인 영양섭취기준에 따른 섭취비율을 보면 에너지는 1일 평균, 주중 및 주말 모두 필요추정량의 82~89%를 섭취하였으며, 식이섬유, 칼슘, 칼륨, 비타민 C, 리보플라빈 및 엽산의 섭취량은 한국인 영양섭취기준 중 권장섭취량 및 적정섭취량의 75% 이하 수준이었다. 주말보다는 주중의 섭취비가 다소 높았으며, 식이섬유, 인, 철, 칼륨, 아연, 비타민 A, 비타민 C, 나이아신 및 엽산은 주말에 비해 주중의 섭취비율이 유의적으로 높았다. 6) 식사의 질을 평가할 수 있는 MAR을 보면 1일 평균 0.77이었고, 주중 0.84 주말 0.70으로 주중에 비해 주말에 유의적으로 낮았다. 이상의 연구 결과에서 서울지역 여자 고등학생은 주중에 비해 주말에 불규칙적인 식생활을 하는 것으로 조사되었다. 식생활의 규칙성을 평가할 수 있는 결식률도 주중보다는 주말이 더 높았고, 식사의 다양성을 평가할 수 있는 식품섭취가짓수는 주말보다 주중이 더 많아 주중과 주말의 식행동에 많은 차이가 있었다. 또한 식사의 질을 평가할 수 있는 MAR 역시 주말에는 0.70로 주중의 0.84에 비해 낮은 수준이어서 영양소섭취상태가 주중보다는 주말에 문제가 되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 식이섬유, 칼슘, 칼륨, 비타민 C, 리보플라빈, 엽산의 섭취 부족을 초래하여 급속한 성장이 이루어지는 청소년기에 성장의 불균형과 체력저하를 초래할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 청소년의 건강에 치명적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 이들을 대상으로 올바른 식습관 형성 및 균형 잡힌 영양소섭취의 중요성에 대한 영양교육이 필요하다고 본다.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.46-57
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the nutrient intake status of elderly dementia patients. We surveyed the dietary intake of 50 demented elderly patients receiving a regular diet, who were hospitalized in a geriatric hospital in Yongin, Gyeonggi-do. The average age of the subjects was $79.6{\pm}6.5$ for the males and $80.5{\pm}6.3$ for the females. The average heights were $169.5{\pm}6.0\;cm$ (males) and $154.6{\pm}5.2\;cm$ (females), and the average weights were $58.5{\pm}7.4$ (males) and $51.7{\pm}8.9\;kg$ (females). Depending on the type of dementia, the male patients showed significant differences in their intakes of vegetable protein, fiber, total iron, and non-heme iron between the Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the vascular dementia (VD) groups, and the female patients showed significant differences in their intakes of total protein, phosphorus, zinc, and vitamin $B_6$ between the two groups. The male patients showed significant differences in their intakes of animal-source calcium and carotene according to ability to self-feed. According to physical activity, the male patients showed significant differences in vegetable fat and vitamin A intake, and the females showed significant differences in their intakes of total protein, animal protein, fiber, ash, total calcium, vegetable-source calcium, animal-source calcium, phosphorous, total iron, non-heme iron, heme iron, sodium, vitamins $B_1$, $B_2$, $B_6$, niacin, vitamin C, folate, and potassium. We found that the patients consumed excessive protein, but low amounts of calcium, vitamin $B_2$, and folate. Also, the patients' physical activity abilities appeared to affect their nutrient intakes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.374-383
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• 2020

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTIVES: To describe the data-based development of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for dietary evaluation of Korean preschool children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Development of the FFQ was based on the data from 2,766 preschool children aged 1-5 years, who had completed 24-hour dietary recalls in the 2009-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We selected the food list based on the results of nutritional contribution and between-person variability for energy and 13 nutrients. We selected 88 foods with over 80% of total contribution to each nutrient and with over 80% of accumulated r² for each nutrient. A dish containing any of the 88 foods in the recipe was listed, and a total of 903 dishes were extracted. Among the 903 dishes, we selected 438 dishes contributing more than 1% of total consumption. RESULTS: FFQ included 116 dish items combined from 438 dishes based on nutrient profile and recipe. Quantities of dietary intake were assessed by nine categories of frequency and portion size option. In addition, when comparing the food portions of children with the reference portion size, subjects would be asked to select one of three response categories (less, similar, and more) and then to record the amount as a percentage for the reference portion. Percentages of coverage for energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate were 89.2%, 88.4%, 88.2%, and 89.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary intake of Korean preschool children can be assessed by this new data-based FFQ. In addition, the new instrument can be used to identify nutritional needs of target groups for planning nutrition education and strategies to improve diet. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the performance of the instrument.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.530-542
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to investigate blood profiles and nutrient intakes of groups that are different in obese levels, and to find the credible predictor of insulin resistance. The subjects were classified as normal weight (%IBW${\leq}$ 110), obese without MS and obese with MS according to IDF definition of the risk group in metabolic syndrome (MS). Subjects of this study were included 137 (59 boys, 78 girls) free living children and adolescents (mean age $12.6{\pm}3.4$ years) in Gangneung area, South Korea. %IBW of normal weight (94.9%), obese without MS (123.8%) and obese with MS (131.5%) were significantly different among groups. HOMA-IR had positive correlations with TG (r = 0.634), waist circumference (r = 0.553), atherogenic index (r = 0.513), %IBW (r = 0.453) and ALT (r = 0.360), but showed negative correlations with HDL cholesterol (r = -0.417, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR showed positive correlation with polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05). The energy intake of obese with MS was 1762 kcal/day which was not significantly different from those of normal weight and obese without MS. Total fatty acid intakes of two obese groups were significantly higher than that of normal weight. The results of this study suggest that waist circumference and ALT as well as TG, atherogenic index and weight can be credible indices to predict the insulin resistance in children and in adolescents. In addition, nutrition education and adequate diet should be provided to prevent MS in children and in adolescents.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.588-596
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• 2009

To determine the relationships between soybean food intake, dietary isoflavone intake, and osteoporosis incidence, questionnaire surveys, bone mineral density measurements, and dietary surveys by food record were performed with 19 postmenopausal women ($57.6{\pm}7.3$ yrs of age) in Daejeon city. The subjects were divided into two groups: an 'osteoporosis group' (OG, n=10) and a 'normal group' (NG, n=9). Mean age, height, and body weight were similar between the two groups but BMI was higher in OG than in NG. Mean age at menarche was not different between the two groups. However, mean number of childbirths was greater in OG than in NG and mean total period of lactation was shorter in OG. Mean exercise time per week was similar between the two groups, and mean time of sunlight exposure tended to be shorter in OG. Mean daily intake of calcium was lower in OG whereas sodium intake was higher in OG. Mean daily intakes of total soybean food (OG: $203.8{\pm}84.6\;g/d$, NG: $285.0{\pm}146.3\;g/d$) and total dietary isoflavone (OG: $29.1{\pm}14.3\;mg/d$, NG: $38.3{\pm}23.1\;mg/d$) were not different between the two groups. However, greater intakes of soybean food and dietary isoflavone were associated with higher bone mineral density, respectively. The above results indicate that osteoporosis incidence tends to be influenced by BMI, maternal factors, dietary nutrient intakes, soybean food intakes, and dietary isoflavone intakes in postmenopausal women; although no significant differences in soybean food and dietary isoflavone intake were found between the two groups. This tendency implies that greater intakes of soybean food and dietary isoflavone lead to lower incidence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.342-358
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences of food preference and nutrient intake of students between elementary school and middle school in the same area and to provide data for better school food service. The subjects were 486 students, third to sixth grade of 3 elementary schools and first to second grade of 1 middle school in Nam jeju gun, Jeju, and the survey was conducted during June 1999. Food preference was assessed using questionnaires and 24-hour food intake was assessed using dietary record method. Data of weight and height were obtained from annual physical examination conducted at schools in May 1999. All the variables were compared among 3 groups in each gender: third and fourth grade elementary school(ES3,4), fifth and sixth grade elementary school(ES5,6), and first and second grade middle school(MS1,2). The results were summarized as follows. The average height, weight and BMI for the 3th grade boys in elementary schools met the national averages, but those of the others are below the national averages. Although general pattern of food preference looked similar among groups, food preference scores were significantly different among groups in 38 kinds foods for boys, and 27 kinds of foods for girls. MS1,2 group showed significantly lower food preference scores for most of foods as compared to those of ES3,4 and ES5,6 in both genders. Students of higher grade took more starch foods such as instant noodle, stewed rice cake and snacks. Average energy intakes of all the groups except MS1,2 girls were lower than recommended dietary allowances(RDA), and average intakes of protein, vitamins B1 and C met RDA, but the other nutrients were taken less than RDA and especially the intakes of iron, calcium and vitamins B2 were poor. Most of nutrients taken by school food service meal provided a major proportion of intakes. In conclusion, students of middle school were more particular about their foods served at school food service and marked lower food preference score than elementary school children and more conscious about their weight and appearance. These points should be reflected in planning food service menu at middle school.

• 대한가정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한가정학회 1997년도 Program & Abstracts * The 7th Korea-Japan Home Economics Joint Syposium
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• pp.111-111
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• 1997

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.504-511
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• 2003

This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition education program developed for nutritionally imbalanced adolescents. A summer nutrition camp was held for 23 overweight and 16 underweight subjects. Its effectiveness with regard to was evaluated at the end of the camp and 6 months later. Nutrition knowledge, nutritional attitude, food behavior, nutrient intake, exercise habit and ideal body figures desired by the subjects. The results showed significantly higher nutrition knowledge scores at the end of the camp as compared to those obtained prior to the camp program, and these scores were maintained for at least six months. Nutrition attitude scores also improved after the education program, and these improved scores also lasted for 6 months. However, the food behavior scores measured 6 months after the education program were not significantly different from those obtained prior to the camp. Also, the exorcist habit, the ideal body figures and the body figures desired by the subjects remained unchanged. When nutrient intakes of subjects were assessed before the program and 6 months later, the mean daily vitamin C intake was significantly increased after the education program. Also, the intake of iron from plant food sources increased in the overweight subjects, while less iron from animal source were consumed by the underweight subjects. Both groups tended to consume more vegetables and fruits 6 months after the education program which may have contribute to the higher vitamin C and plant-based iron intakes. These results indicate that a 4-day nutrition education camp program sustained changes in nutrition knowledge and nutrition attitude for 6 months. The increased intake of vegetables and fruits was also achieved through this education program. However, changes in dietary behavior in adolescents may require repeated education. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 504-511, 2003)

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate factors affecting sensitivity and preference for salty tastes of Korean adult females. Sensitivity and preference for salty tastes were determined as detection threshold concentration of NaCl solution and the optimally-preferred NaCl concentration of the bean sprout soup, respectively. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain the information regarding general characteristics, self diagnosis of stress, health-related lifestyle practices, dietary habits and food preferences. Dietary intake using 24-hours recall and blood pressure were measured. Salty taste detection thresholds and optimally-preferred NaCl concentrations were 0.0197% and 0.357%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the optimally-preferred salt concentration and age, despite no significant correlation between either sensitivity or preference for salty taste and sodium intake, which was 3,605mg/day. Those who had bread or cereal with milk as breakfast instead of a traditional Korean meal and those who preferred jjigae to soup had significantly higher NaCl preferences for bean sprout soup. Going to bed after midnight and skipping meals (${\geq}3/week$) decreased salty taste sensitivity without reaching statistical significance. Self awareness of one's own health, recent weight changes, family history of hypertension, sleep quality, getting-up time, rate of eating and other food preferences did not affect either perception. Stress level, TV watching, BMI and sodium intake did not have significant correlation to sensitivity or preference. Further research including a large number of well-controlled subjects and more accurate measurement of sodium intake should be directed to find other factors affecting salt preference and sensitivity in order to decrease Na intake and related diseases.