• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 1996

This study aimed at the effect of carbohydrate level on serum glucose and lipid in Korean female 300 NIDDM patients. Mostly NIDDM appears in 50-64 years. As carbohydrate level increased, nutrient intakes increased. Most carbohydrate intakes were polysaccharides. High carbohydrate diets made blood glucose level increased. But high carbohydrate-fiber diets result lowering effect on serum LDL /HDL-cholesterol ratio and triacylglycerides. In conclusion, NIDDM patients need regular exercise and total energy intake balance. High carbohydrate-fiber diets are recommendable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.698-707
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• 2006

Precise and correct assessment of nutrient intake using appropriate dietary intake method is necessary to improve the nutritional status of the target people group. It is more likely so in elderly people since their dietary habits and inadequate nutrient intakes are of special concern even worse in rural areas. Two popular methods of gathering dietary intake are 24-hour recall and food frequency method (or food frequency questionnaire). In the present study, we conducted both 24-hour recall and food frequency method on 120 rural elderly people $(aged\;65{\sim}74\;years)$, 62 male and 58 female. The dietary intakes were analyzed and the correlation of the dietary intake between 24-hour recall and food frequency method to determine the reliability between two methods. Also each nutrient intake was compared to recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or nutrient reference value (NRV) as appropriate. Even correlation did not show significance between the two methods except for dietary fiber intake (0.65 at p<0.01) and energy-yielding nutrients which mostly showed similar results with nutrient intake level. These support the possible reliability between 24-hours record and food frequency method that is also shown on the cases of most mineral and vitamin intakes. Thus, the food frequency method used in this study for the assessment of nutrient intakes of the elderly people would be reliable for the assessment of the nutrient intake along with the 24-hour recall. Also, the present study results suggested that rural female elderly people would be under optimal nutriture status due to the lower food intake measured by 24-hour recall. The optimal food frequency method would be considered to be developed for the precise nutrient assessment.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2004

This study was designed to identify how the incidence and severity of premenstrual. syndrome (PMS) correlate with the nutrient intakes and exercise habit of women. The subjects of this study were 299 women residing in Busan metropolitan city. Each subject was asked to complete a menstrual discomfort questionnaire (MDQ) for PMS and nutrient intakes. PMS symptom scores of women in their twenties ranked in order of severity were: behavioral change (2.45), followed by pain (2.36) and water retention (2.28), negative effects (2.20), autonomic reaction (1.91), arousal (1.87), decreased concentration (1.76) and decreased control (1.74). For Women in their thirties, the symptom of pain was the most dominant (2.93) followed by autonomic reaction (2.69) and behavioral change (2.54), and for those in their forties, negative effect (3.06) was highest, followed by pain (2.97) and autonomic reaction (2.86). The overall symptoms of PMS significantly increased with age (20': 2.07 points, 30': 2.34 points, 40': 2.47 points). There was no correlation of the BMI of the subjects with the symptoms of PMS, but there was a significant negative correlation between the symptoms of PMS and exercise frequency for women in their thirties and forties. Subjects in their twenties exhibited a significant negative correlation for PMS symptoms with the intake of carbohydrate (p < 0.05), calcium (p < 0.05) and vitamin E (p < 0.05). For subjects in their thirties, PMS symptoms were negatively correlated with the intake of calcium (p < 0.05) and vitamin C (p < 0.05); and in women in their forties, calcium (p < 0.01) and carbohydrate (p < 0.05) intakes were negatively correlated with PMS symptoms. This suggests that PMS represents the clinical manifestation of a nutrient deficiency state, especially calcium. Therefore, we concluded that nutrient supplementation and exercise management are likely to be of benefit in relieving PMS symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1649-1657
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the body mass index (BMI), dietary intake attitudes, and nutrient intake status according to sugar-containing food intake frequency of 409 college students in Gyeonggi-do. Subjects were categorized into three groups according to sugar-containing food intake frequency: rare intake group (n=113), average intake group (n=195), and frequent intake group (n=101). The average height and weight (P<0.001) of each group were $163.8{\pm}0.11cm$ and $52.9{\pm}8.6kg$, $164.4{\pm}0.1cm$ and $56.2{\pm}6.4kg$, and $167.9{\pm}0.1cm$ and $68.0{\pm}15.7kg$, respectively. The average BMIs of the groups were $19.6{\pm}2.3$, $20.7{\pm}0.8$, and $24.0{\pm}2.7$, respectively (P<0.001). Dietary intake attitude scores of the groups were $30.73{\pm}5.68$, $30.11{\pm}5.51$, and $28.00{\pm}5.31$, respectively (P<0.001). As a result of nutrient intake status, daily averages of energy and carbohydrate intake of the frequent intake group were significantly higher than those of the rare intake group (P<0.05). On the other hand, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, and vitamin C intakes of the rare intake group were significantly higher than those of the frequent intake group (P<0.05). Using multiple regression analysis, we found that BMI was the most significant variable affecting sugar-containing food intake. Therefore, nutrition education is necessary to improve nutrient intake while considering sugar intake for maintenance of healthy weight.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2002

A survey was performed to 238 male young men who were living alone (104 persons) or living with roommates (134 persons). Their average age was 22.6 years old, height 171.8cm, and weight 65.6kg. Their daily calcium intake level was averaged 271.9 $\pm$ 169.1mg, which was 38.8% of Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDA). Comparing calcium intake of each mealtime, breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks were composed of 18.6%, 30.0%, 34.0% and 17.4%, respectively. Their daily iron intake level was averaged 8.9 $\pm$ 10.8mg, which was 74.3% of Korean RDA. Comparing iron intake of each mealtime, breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks were composed of 15.4%, 33.6%, 36.3% and 14.7%, respectively. Deficiency of these minerals in young male adults were severe and the nutrient qualities were also poor and the deficiency was more profound in calcium than in iron. And we observed iron nutrition differed significantly according to their living status, such as iron intake and its %RDA were significantly worse in single living subjects than the other. However calcium did not show significant difference. It was found mineral intake, especially iron, could be improved in young men living with roommates than living alone and regular breakfast could improve calcium and iron intakes. (J Community Nutrition 4(3) : 159~5163, 2002)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare food intakes between Korean breast cancer patients and a healthy control group. We compared the intake of nutrients of 117 food items between Korean breast cancer patients (n=97) and age matched healthy controls (n=97). Nutrient intake was estimated using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The mean caloric intake of breast cancer patients and healthy controls was not significantly different. Breast cancer patients consumed significantly less fat and antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin A, retinol, ${\beta}-carotene$, vitamin C and vitamin E when compared to the control subjects. Among the food items, the intake of eggs (p<0.01), legumes (p<0.05), vegetables (p<0.05), seasonings (p<0.001), and oils and fats (p<0.01) in breast cancer patients was significantly lower than that in the controls. These results suggest that Korean breast cancer patients consumed less amount of soy and vegetables, which are rich source of antioxidant nutrients and phytosterols. Thus, dietary guidance to increase intake of these foods may be beneficial in the prevention of breast cancer.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the associations of food security with socio-demographic characteristics, nutrient intakes and mental health status among older Korean adults. Methods: This study was conducted using data from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects were 4,451 adults aged 65~98 years. Food security was measured using a self-reported question on food sufficiency of subjects' household. Based on the answers, study subjects were classified into secure, mildly insecure, moderately insecure, and severely insecure groups. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour dietary recall. Nutrient intake was assessed by dietary reference intakes (DRI). As for mental health status, the data on mental stress, depression, and suicide ideation were used. Results: Rate of food insecurity in older adults was 14.3%. Old age, being female, low education, low income level, living alone, and discomfort in daily living were more related to food insecurity. Means of nutrient intakes were significantly different according to food security status. Intakes of calcium, potassium, and vitamin $B_2$ were lower than recommended intakes in all groups. Consumption amounts of soy and soybean products, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits, vegetable oils, meats, eggs, seafood, and dairy products were lower in food insecure groups. Mental stress, depression, and suicide ideation were higher in food insecure groups independent of the gender and income level. Conclusions: These present findings suggested that food security is related to mental health as well as nutrition status in older Korean adults. A national system that include food and psychosocial support programs for the elderly should be considered in order to improve the overall health of older Korean adults.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.952-962
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• 2005

To explore the relationship between economic status and food and nutrient intake patterns, the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey result was analyzed. Dietary intake data of 6,978 Korean adults of 20 years and older who participated in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were used along with their demographic data. Economic status of the subjects was classified into the following 4 groups based on the self-reported average monthly income of household with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE) in 2001 : low < $100\%$ MLE $\leq$ middle < $200\%$ MLE $\leq$ high < $300\%$ MLE $\leq$ higher, Individuals in the higher income class had significantly higher mean intake for most of the nutrients including energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C, and a higher percentage of energy intake from fat. In addition, they consumed more animal foods including meats, eggs, fish/shellfish, milk/dairy products and fats. On the other hand, the mean intakes of individuals in the lower economic class for calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavin were lower than $75\%$ of RDAs. And, there was a predominant difference in contribution of fat to total energy intake among the groups of different economic status. These results showed that household income is an important factor influencing the food and nutrient intake patterns of the Korean adult population. Although individuals at different age classes may respond differently to a change in economic status, developing and implementing nutrition policy and intervention programs for those nutritionally vulnerable groups should consider the economic status as an important factor to customize and differentiate the content of the Program. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $952\∼962$, 2005)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.407-418
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify dietary factors related to the incidence of diabetes mellitus in Korea. The study consisted of 165 diabetic patients, male and female, aged 30 to 70 years and 198 healthy persons as controls. Diabetic patients who had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus for less than five years before the study period were recruited from eight different hospitals located in Seoul, Korea. Socioeconomic status, state of illness, physical activity, food habits and food intake were assessed. Food intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire method using a 105-food frequency questionnaire developed for diabetic patients. The stress and activity indices of diabetic patients were not significantly different from control, but alcohol consumption and smoking levels were higher in diabetics than controls. Other diseases of male diabetic patients included liver diseases, digestive system diseases, and hypertension, while those of female diabetics were hypertension, neuralgia, arthritis and digestive system diseases. These disease patterns are different from Western countries whose most common complications are hypertension and hyperlipidemia. More irregular and less varied meals were found in the diabetic group compared to the control group, suggesting that diabetic patients have generally undesirable food habits. Otherwise, food and nutrient intake of diabetics did not differ greatly from the control group. It was found that diabetic patients consumed more cereals and less fruit than the control group, and also that male diabetics consumed more alcohol. The carbohydrate : protein : fat energy distribution ratio was 61.7 : 15.8 : 22.5 in male patients and 65.1 : 14.9 : 19.7 in female patients. Discriminant analysis showed that diabetes risk factors differed with sex. In male patients, the important factors were body mass index(BMI), vitamin C intake, family diabetic history and vegetable intake, while in female patients they were BMI, cereals intake, carbohydrate intake, vitamin C intake, stress, food habits and Ca intake. These results show that excessive intake of energy and fat are not the major causal factors in Korean NIDDM. Therefore, the diabetes risk factors of Western countries may not directly apply to Koreans. Mors study is needed to clarify the risk factors of Korean NIDDM.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.577-587
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• 2013

This study aimed to elicit the variability of appetite and food intake patterns in female college students during different menstrual phases. The craving for certain foods and physiological and psychological symptoms of menstrual phase (pre- and post-menstrual) were investigated by self-administered questionnaire. Three hundred and sixty six students who were 20.9 years old and had $19.8kg/m^2$ of BMI volunteered to participate in this study. Most of the subjects (89.5%) experienced the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) such as irritation, bodily fatigue, nervosity. Symptoms such as tiredness, stomachache, changes in taste and increased appetite were pointed out to be experienced at the onset of the menstrual cycle. The variability of food intake in premenstrual phase, 11.0% of subjects had decreased food intake where as 68.8% had experienced increased intake. The postmenstrual phase, 20.1% had decreased food intake while 45.2% had experienced increased intake due to changes in the appetite. Before starting menstruation, most of the subjects craved for sweets. The group who had experienced abnormal appetite during menstrual phase was significantly high ratio in overweight and obese students (p<0.05). We also observed an association between the PMS score and the variability of eating patterns during the menstrual phase. The students who experienced changing appetite and food intake had significantly high PMS score in the premenstrual phase (p<0.01) and postmenstrual phase (p<0.05). These results suggested a need for future study related to changes in the actual nutrient intake and activity level during the menstrual phase.