• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.51-65
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• 2023

In this paper, the effect of deepness on in-plane free vibration behavior of a curved functionally graded (FG) nanobeam based on nonlocal elasticity theory has been investigated. Differential equations and boundary conditions have been developed based on Hamilton's principle. In order to figure out the size effect, nonlocal theory has been adopted. Properties of material vary in radial direction. By using Navier solution technique, the amount of natural frequencies has been obtained. Also, to take into account the deepness effect on vibrations, thickness to radius ratio has been considered. Differences percentage between results of cases in which deepness effect is included and excluded are obtained and influences of power-law exponent, nonlocal parameter and arc angle on these differences percentage are studied. Results show that arc angle and power law exponent parameters have the most influences on the amount of the differences percentage due to deepness effect. It has been observed that the inclusion of geometrical deep term and material distribution results in an increase in sensitivity of dimensionless natural frequency about variation of aforementioned parameters and a change in variation range of natural frequency. Finally, several numerical results of deep and shallow curved functionally graded nanobeams with different geometry dimensions are presented, which may serve as benchmark solutions for the future research in this field.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.364-372
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• 2023

The space reactor is the primary energy supply for future space vehicles and space stations. The radiator is one of the essential parts of a space reactor. Therefore, the research on radiators can improve the heat dissipation power, reduce the quality of radiators, and make the space reactor smaller. Based on MOOSE multi-physics numerical calculation platform, a simulation program for the combination of heat pipe and fin at the end of heat pipe radiator is developed. It is verified that the calculation result of this program is accurate and the calculation speed is fast. Analyze the heat transfer characteristics of the combination with heat pipe and fin, and obtain its internal temperature field. Based on the calculation results, the influence of structural parameters on the heat dissipation power is analyzed. The results show that when the fin width is 0.25 m, fin thickness is 0.002 m, condensing section length is 0.5425 m and heat pipe radius is 0.014 m, the power-mass ratio is the highest. When the temperature is 700K-900K, the heat dissipation power increases 41.12% for every 100K increase in the operating temperature. Smaller fin width and thinner fin thickness can improve the power-mass ratio and reduce the radiator quality.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.161-174
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• 2023

The analytical model of tornado vortices plays an essential role in tornado wind description and tornado-resistant design of civil structures. However, there is still a lack of guidance for the selection and application of tornado analytical models since they are different from each other. For single-cell tornado vortices, this study conducts a comparative study on the velocity characteristics of the analytical models based on numerically simulated tornado-like vortices (TLV). The single-cell stage TLV is first generated by Large-eddy simulations (LES). The spatial distribution of the three-dimensional mean velocity of the typical analytical tornado models is then investigated by comparison to the TLV with different swirl ratios. Finally, key parameters are given as functions of swirl ratio for the direct application of analytical tornado models to generate full-scale tornado wind field. Results show that the height of the maximum radial mean velocity is more appropriate to be defined as the boundary layer thickness of the TLV than the height of the maximum tangential mean velocity. The TLV velocity within the boundary layer can be well estimated by the analytical model. Simple fitted results show that the full-scale maximum radial and tangential mean velocity increase linearly with the swirl ratio, while the radius and height corresponding to the position of these two velocities decrease non-linearly with the swirl ratio.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2024

Owing to the high strength and abrasive characteristics of cobble-boulders, cutters are easily worn and damaged during shield tunneling, making construction inefficient. In the present work, the stress on the ripper and scraper on the cutterhead was analyzed by the PFC3D-FLAC3D coupling model of shield tunneling to get insight into the performance of the cutterhead for cutting underground cobble and boulders. The numerical calculation results revealed that the increase in trajectory radius leads to a rising stress on the cutters, and the stress on the front cutting surface is greater than that on the back of the cutters. Moreover, the correlation between cutter wear and stress is revealed based on field measurement data. The distribution of the cutter stress is consistent with the cutter wear and breakage characteristics in actual construction, in which more extensive cutter stress is exhibited, extreme cutter wear appears, and more cutter breakage occurs. Finally, the relationship between the cutterhead opening area's layout and cutter wear distribution was investigated, indicating that the cutter wear extent is the most severe in the region where the radial opening ratio dropped sharply.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.311-335
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• 2024

This work aims to show a model to estimate the minimum cost (Thickness and area of steel in X and Y directions) for design a circular isolated footing with eccentric column that considers that the surface in contact with the ground works partially under compression. The formulation is shown by integration to find the moments, the bending shears and the punching shear using the pressure volume under the footing. Some researchers show the minimum cost design for circular isolated footings for an eccentric column assuming that the contact area works completely in compression, others consider the contact surface with the ground working partially in compression for a column in the center of the base. Three numerical examples are developed to obtain the complete design, which are: Example 1 for a column in the center of the base,Example 2 for a column at a distance of 1.50 m from the center of the base in the X direction, Example 3 for a column at a distance of 1.50 m from the center of the base in both directions. Also, a comparison of the new model against the model proposed by other authors is presented. The comparison shows that the new model generates a great saving of up to 43.74% for minimum area and 48.44% for minimum cost design in a column located in the center of the base, and when the column is located at a distance of radius/2 starting from the center of the base in the X direction generates great savings of up to 45.24% for minimum area and 31.80% for minimum cost design. Therefore, it is advisable to use the model presented in this study.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.319-334
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• 2024

The current theories on the interaction between surrounding rock and support in deep-buried tunnels do not consider the form of pre-reinforcement support or the flexibility of primary support, leading to a discrepancy between theoretical solutions and practical applications. To address this gap, a comprehensive mechanical model of the tunnel with pre-reinforced rock was established in this study. The equations for internal stress, displacement, and the radius of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock were derived. By understanding the interaction mechanism between flexible support and surrounding rock, the three-dimensional construction analysis solution of the tunnel could be corrected. The validity of the proposed model was verified through numerical simulations. The results indicate that the reduction of pre-deformation significantly influences the final support pressure. The pre-reinforcement support zone primarily inhibits pre-deformation, thereby reducing the support pressure. The support pressure mainly affects the accelerated and uniform movement stage of the surrounding rock. The generation of support pressure is linked to the deformation of the surrounding rock during the accelerated movement stage. Furthermore, the strength of the pre-reinforcement zone of the surrounding rock and the strength of the shotcrete have opposite effects on the support pressure. The parameters of the pre-reinforcement zones and support materials can be optimized to achieve a balance between surrounding rock deformation, support pressure, cost, and safety. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for predicting the deformation of surrounding rock and support pressure during the dynamic construction of deep-buried weak rock tunnels. These findings can guide engineers in improving the construction process, ensuring better safety and cost-effectiveness.

• 천문학논총
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.111-143
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• 1997

We have developed a spherical FCT code in order to simulate the interaction of supernova remnants with stellar wind bubbles. We assume that the density profile of the supernova ejecta follows the Chevalier mode1(1982) where the outer portion has a power-law density distribution($\rho{\propto}\gamma^{-n}$) and the SN ejecta has a kinetic energy of $10^{51}$ ergs. The structure of wind bubble has been calculated with the stellar mass loss rate $\dot{M}=5\times10^{-6}M_{\odot}/yr$ and the wind velocity $\upsilon=2\times10^3$ km/s We have simulated seven models with different initial conditions In the first two models we computed the evolution of SNRs with n=7 and n=14 in the uniform medium The numerical results agree with the Chevalier's similarity solution at early times. When all of the power-law portion of the ejecta is swept up by the reverse shock, the evolution slowly converges to the Sedov-Taylor stage. There is not much difference between the two cases with different n's The other five models simulate SNRs produced inside wind bubbles. In model III, we consider the SN ejecta of 1.4 $M_{\odot}$ and the radius of bubble ~2.76 pc so that ratio of the mass $\alpha(=M_{W.S}/M_{ej}$ is 2. We follow the complex hydrodynamic flows produced by the interaction of SN shocks with stellar shocks and with the contact discontinuities, In the model III, the time scale for the SN shock to cross the wind shell $\tau_{cross}$ is similar to the time scale for the reverse shock to sweep the power-law density profile $\tau_{bend}$. Hence the SN shock crosses the wind shell. At late times SN shock produces another shell in the ambient medium so that we have a SNR with double shell structure. From the numerical results of the remaining models, we have found that when $\tau_{cross}/\tau_{bend}\leq2$, or equivalently when $\alpha\leq50$, the SNRs produced inside wind bubbles have double shell structure. Otherwise, either the SN shock does not cross the wind shell or even if it crosses at one time, the reverse shock reflected at the center accelerates the wind shell to merge into the SN shock Our results confirm the conclusion of Tenorio-Tagle et a1(1990).

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2010

We modified the optical system of 500 mm wide-field telescope of which point spread function showed an irregularity. The telescope has been operated for Near Earth Space Survey (NESS) located at Siding Spring Observatory (SSO) in Australia, and the optical system was brought back to Korea in January 2008. After performing a numerical simulation with the tested value of surface figure error of the primary mirror using optical design program, we found that the surface figure error of the mirror should be fabricated less than root mean square (RMS) $\lambda$/10 in order to obtain a stellar full width at half maximum (FWHM) below $28\;{\mu}m$. However, we started to figure the mirror for the target value of RMS $\lambda$/20, because system surface figure error would be increased by the error induced by the optical axis adjustment, mirror cell installation, and others. The radius of curvature of the primary mirror was 1,946 mm after the correction. Its measured surface figure error was less than RMS $\lambda$/20 on the table of polishing machine, and RMS $\lambda$/15 after installation in the primary mirror cell. A test observation performed at Daeduk Observatory at Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute by utilizing the exiting mount, and resulted in $39.8\;{\mu}m$ of stellar FWHM. It was larger than the value from numerical simulation, and showed wing-shaped stellar image. It turned out that the measured-curvature of the secondary mirror, 1,820 mm, was not the same as the designed one, 1,795.977 mm. We fabricated the secondary mirror to the designed value, and finally obtained a stellar FWHM of $27\;{\mu}m$ after re-installation of the optical system into SSO NESS Observatory in Australia.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.373-381
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• 2017

최근 경기도의 혼잡한 시간에 교통 문제를 해결하기 위해 2층 버스 서비스가 검토되고 있다. 2층 버스의 경우 높이와 폭의 비율이 일반 고속버스 보다 1.16배 이상 크며, 2층 버스의 C.G 점이 일반 버스보다 높다. 2층 버스가 고속 주행 시 강한 측면 바람 상태에서 차선 이탈과 같은 주행 안정성 문제가 특히 심각할 수 있다. 본 수치 해석 연구에서는 고속 주행 중 측면 바람 조건 및 편경사 조건에서 2층 버스의 주행 특성을 검토 하였다. 주어진 주행 조건에서 버스의 동적 안정성을 평가하기 위하여, CFD 수치 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 모델 버스의 롤링, 피칭 및 요잉모멘트를 계산하고, 도로 위 주어진 주행 조건하에서 모델 버스의 복구 각 모멘트 결과와 비교 하였다. 이 연구에서 모델 버스는 직선 도로를 따라 이동할 때 어떤 측면 바람 상태에서도 안정된 상태에 있다는 것을 알게 되었다. 그러나 버스가 측면 바람 상태에서 곡선 도로를 따라 이동 중에 측면 바람 (15m/s)에서 선회 반경이 100m 미만인 곡선 도로를 통과할 때 버스는 불안정한 조건에 동적으로 도달 할 수 있고 버스가 뒤집힐 가능성이 있다. 그러나 어떤 주행 조건에서도 모델 버스가 차선 이탈 가능성은 낮았다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2002

In this paper, the results gained by applying many impingement models to the cylinder and flat plate were analyzed in comparison with the experimental data to study a spray/wall interaction phenomena. To begin with, the behavior of spray injected normal to the wall was analysed using three different impingement models ; Naber and Reitz model(NR model), Watkins and Wang model(WW model) and Park and Watkins model(PW model) in the present calculation. The results obtained from these models were compared with experimental data of Katsura et. al. The results indicated that PW model was in better agreement with experimental data than the NR and WW model. Also f3r spray injected at 30DEG , the result of three models were compared with experimental data of Fujimoto et. al. The results showed that m model overpredicted the penetration in the radial direction because this model was based on the inviscid jet analogy. WW model did not predicted the radius and height of the wall spray effectively. It might be thought that this discrepancy was due to the lack of consideration of spray film velocity occurred at impingement site. The result of PW model agrees with the experimental data as time goes on. In particular, a height of the spray droplets was predicted more closely to the experimental data than the other two models. The results of PW model in which the spray droplets were distributed densely around the edge of droplet distribution shaped in a circle had an agreement with the experimental data of Fujimoto et. al. Therefore, it was concluded that PW model performed better than M and WW model for prediction of spray behavior. The numerical calculation using PW model performed to the cylinder similar to the real shape of DI engine. The results showed that vortex strength near the wall in the cylinder was stronger than that in the case of flat plate. Contrary to the flat plat, an existence of the side wall in the cylinder caused the tangential velocity component to be reduced and the normal velocity component to be increased. The flow tends to rotate to the inside of cylinder going upward to the right side wall of cylinder gradually as time passes. Also, the results showed that as the spray angle increases, the gas velocity distribution and the tumble flow seemed to be formed widely.