• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 1989

수도재배지(水稻栽培地)에 생육(生育)하고 있는 벼와 주변(周邊) 잡초(雜草)들의 기공형태(氣孔形態), 크기 및 밀도(密度)를 조사(調査)하기 위해 1988년(年) 영남작물시험장(嶺南作物試驗場) 수도시험포(水稻試驗圃)에서 수도품종(水稻品種) 42종(種)과 잡초(雜草) 30종(種), 보리, 밀 및 콩 각(各) 1종(種)을 공시(供試)하여 조사(調査)하였던 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 기공(氣孔)의 모양은 초종(草種)에 따라 뚜렷한 차이(差異)를 보였는데 구형(球形)에 가까웠던 초종(草種)은 속속이풀, 가래, 소리쟁이, 마디꽃 등(等)이었고, 타원형(楕圓形)에 속(屬)하는 초종(草種)은 민바랭이, 개비름, 자귀풀, 사마귀풀, 벗풀, 물달개비, 여뀌, 여뀌바늘과 피종류(種類)였으며, 장타원형(長楕圓形)에 속(屬)하는 초종(草種)은 보리, 밀, 올챙고랭이, 올방개 및 방동사니류(類)였다. 벼품종(品種)들은 특이(特異)하게 마름모형(形)을 갖고 있었다. 2. 기공(氣孔)의 밀도(密度)와 크기도 토종간(草種間) 차이(差異)가 뚜렷 하였는데 특(特)히 광엽잡초(廣葉雜草)에 속(屬)하는 초종(草種)들에서 더욱 심하였다. 벼품종(品種)들간(間)의 차이(差異)는 잡초(雜草)에 비(比)해서는 상대적(相對的)으로 적었다. 본(本) 시험(試驗)에 사용(使用)된 모든 초종중(草種中)에서 가장 적은 수(數)의 기공(氣孔)을 가진 초종(草種)은 사마귀풀(표면(表面) 17개(個), 이면(裏面) 54개(個))과 쇠비름(표면(表面) 20개(個), 이면(裏面) 17개(個))였고, 반대(反對)로 가장 많은 기공(氣孔)을 가진 초종(草種)은 꽃여뀌 (표면(表面) 449개(個), 이면(裏面) 511개(個))였으며 기공(氣孔)크기에 있어서는 콩, 자귀풀, 여뀌바늘(이면(裏面)) 및 고들빼기(이면(裏面)) 등(等)은 대조초종(對照草種)이었던 강피보다 절반이하(折半以下)의 크기였고 반대(反對)로 기공(氣孔)의 크기가 가장 컸던 초종(草種)은 쇠비름과 사마귀풀로써 피보다 6~7배(倍) 더 큰 기공(氣孔)을 갖고 있었다. 3. 대부분(大部分)의 초종(草種)들은 잎이면(裏面)의 기공수(氣孔數)가 잎표면(表面)의 기공수(氣孔數)보다 많았는데, 특(特)히 여뀌바늘과 고들빼기는 잎이면(裏面)에 $mm^2$당(當) 300여개(餘個) 더 많이 분포(分布)하고 있었다. 그러나 잎표면(表面)에 더 많은 기공(氣孔)을 가진 초종(草種)들은 쇠비름, 소리쟁이, 마디풀, 강아지풀, 민바랭이, 돌피 등(等)과 같이 주(主)로 밭에 생육(生育)하는 $C_4$ 식물(植物)과 논에 자라는 여뀌, 밭뚝외풀과 수종(數種)의 벼품종(品種)들이었다(UPLRI-5, 풍산벼, 진흥(振興), 영덕(盈德)벼, 왜도(矮稻)-C). 4. 알방동사니, 금방동사니 및 너도방동사니는 잎표면(表面)에는 기공(氣孔)이 없고, 잎이면(裏面)에만 기공(氣孔)이 분포(分布)되어 있었고, 가래는 반대(反對)로 잎표면(表面)에만 기공(氣孔)이 분포(分布)되어 있으며, 잎이면(裏面)는 극(極)히 드물게 분포(分布)되거나 거의 퇴화(退化)되어 있었다. 5. 벼품종(品種)의 기공수(氣孔數)는 품종간(品種間)의 차이(差異)도 컸지만, 품종유형간(品種類型間) 차이(差異)도 큰 경향(傾向)을 보였는데 전체적(全體的)으로 볼 때 통일형(統一型) 품종(品種)이 가장 많은 수(數)의 기공(氣孔)을 가지고 있었고, 다음은 인도형(印度型) 품종(品種), 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種)의 순(順)이였다. 가장 적은 수(數)의 기공(氣孔)을 가졌던 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種)들도 1960년대(年代) 이후(以後)에 육성(育成), 보급(普及)된 품종(品種)들이 1960년대(年代) 이전(以前)에 재배(栽培)되었던 재래종(在來種)과 도입종(導入種)보다 많은 수(數)의 기공(氣孔)을 가졌다. 기공(氣孔)의 크기에 있어서는 1960년대(年代) 이전(以前)의 재래종(在來種)과 도입종(導入種)이 가장 큰 기공(氣孔)을 갖고 있었다. 전체(全體) 벼품종중(品種中)에서 진흥(振興)은 가장 적은 수(數)(${\fallingdotseq}$ 150개(個))의 기공(氣孔)을 갖고 있었고, 유신(維新)은 가장 많은수(數)(표면(表面) 350개(個), 이면(裏面) 449개(個))의 기공(氣孔)을 가진 품종(品種)이였으며, 이 밖에 $mm^2$당(當) 350개(個) 이상(以上) 분포(分布)된 품종(品種)들은 삼강(三剛)벼, 밀양(密陽) 23호(號), 운봉(雲峰)벼 등(等)이였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권5호
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• pp.552-554
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• 2008

Acer palmatum was selected and its responses to elevated ozone were subsequently measured during growing periods. Ozone concentration of this study was compared to the calculated AOT40 value. A. palmatum had significantly many but small stomata size to the ozone stress. The length of stomata of A. palmatum was reduced from 5.6 to $5.0{\mu}m$ to the ozone exposure. However, the number of stomata (density) was increased from 102 to 131 in the $500{\times}500{\mu}m$ leaf area.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2008

Plantlets of Alocasia amazonica regenerated under a photon flux density (PFD) of 15 or $30{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ showed better growth and development than those grown under higher PFDs. While chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased, the number of stomata increased with increasing PFD. Photoperiods also affected plantlet growth and stomatal development. Highest growth was observed for the short photoperiod (8/16 h) and for equinoctial (12/12 h) light and dark periods. Very few stomata developed in the leaves of plantlets grown under a short photoperiod (8/16 h) and the number of stomata increased with increasing light period. In conclusion, both light intensity and photoperiod independently affect growth of A. amazonica and development of stomata, depending on the intensity and duration of light treatment.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.89-99
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• 1990

Morphology, anatomy and diurnal acid fluctuations were investigated monthly for the succulent C4 dicot Portulaca grandiflora Hook. growing under natural environmental conditions. Modified Kranz-Type sturcture and typical CAM-like cells were shown in leaves and stems, respectively. Values of indices of mesophyll succulence inleaves stems were 5.62 and 16.68, respectively. The number of stomata were 1476$\textrm{cm}^{-2}$ in leaves while the stomata in stems were not observed through growing seasons from spring to summer. However, on Sep. 16, 1981 in defoliate autumn season, stomata were begun to be produced for the first time in stems and the number were increased gradually to 216$\textrm{cm}^{-2}$ on Oct. 29. This feature can be interpreted as a seasonal plant dimorphism. P. grandiflora exhibited a diurnal fluctuation of titratable acidity in leaves and stems. Seasonal amplitudes of acid fluctuation in stems were as follows: 27 $\mu$eq./g.f.wt. on Sep. 21; 57$\mu$eq/g.f.wt. on Oct. 3; 80$\mu$eq./g.f.wt. on Oct. 21. Such the results in seasonal amplitude were able to consider due to decrease of light period and cool night air temperature according to change of season. Also, the naturally defoliated stems which had already stomata exhibited usual diurnal acid fluctuation, on the other hand the treated stems which possessed artificially closed stomata showed a few of acid fluctuation. Especially, stomata in stems are developed by seasonal dimorphism and activated stomata participate in CAM behavior of stems.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제76권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 1987

강원도(江原道) 원주시(原州市) 우산동(牛山洞)에 소재(所在)한 상지대학(尙志大學) 구내(構內)에 생육중(生育中)인 8종(種)의 조경수목(造景樹木)을 대상(對象)으로 기공형질(氣孔形質)(기공형(氣孔型), 밀도(密度) 및 기공장(氣孔長))을 조사(調査)하였다. 개나리, 수수꽃다리, 느티나무 및 모과나무의 기공(氣孔)은 irregular-celled type(anomocytic)이며, 백당나무, 튜울립나무 및 목련의 기공(氣孔)은 parallel-celled type(paracytic)이었다. 개나리의 경우, 엽신장(葉伸長)에 따른 기공장(氣孔長)의 변화(變化)는 거의 없었고, 단위엽면적당(單位葉面積當) 기공수(氣孔數)는 크게 감소(減少)했으며, 개체엽당(個體葉當) 기공수(氣孔數)는 증가(增加)하였다. 주목의 경우, 침엽신장(針葉伸長)에 따라 기공장(氣孔長)은 계속 증가(增加)했으며, 단위엽면적당(單位葉面積當) 기공수(氣孔數)는 감소(減少)하였다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2016

Trichoderma species are able to persist on living sapwood and leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in an endophytic relationship. In this research, we evaluated the ability of Trichodema asperellum introduced at the incision site in the bark for side grafting with the concentration of 4 g/10 mL, 4 g/100 mL, and 4 g/1,000 mL (suspended in water) in suppressing vascular streak dieback (VSD) incidence and promoting growth of side grafts in the field. The incidence of VSD in two local clones of cacao, MCC1 and M04, without application of T. asperellum was 71.2% and 70.1% at 21 wk after grafting, respectively. However, when the two clones were treated with a concentration of 4 g/10 mL T. asperellum, the incidence was 20.6% and 21.7%, respectively, compared to 29.1% and 20.9% at 4 g/100 mL and 18.2% and 15.6% at 4 g/1,000 mL. By comparing to the control, the treatment with the same concentrations of T. asperellum listed above, the total number of stomata in MCC1 decreased by 41.9%, 30.2%, and 14.0% and in M04 by 30.5%, 21.9%, and -2.5% (exception), respectively. Otherwise, the total area of stomata opening increased by 91.4%, 99.7%, and 28.6% in MCC1 and by 203.8%, 253.5%, and 35.9% in M04, respectively. Furthermore, the number of buds and branches treated with a mixture concentration on the the two clones increased by 90.7% and 21.7%, respectively. These data showed that the application of T. asperellum to cacao scions while grafting can decrease VSD incidence in side grafts and increase growth of grafts in addition to decreasing total number of stomata, increasing total area of opened stomata, and increasing number of buds and branches.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.43-57
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• 1987

The epidermal structure and stomatal types in vegetative and reproductive organs of three species of Bryophyllum(B. crenatum, B. diagremontion, B. tubiflorum) were described. The epidermal cells were polygonal, isodiametric, and rectangular in the leaves and stems, and elongated cells in the stamens, styles, and ovaries. These cells were commonly thick, and arched or sinuous in the leaves, epiphylous bunds, petals and ovaries. They were straight in the stems, petioles, pedicels, and peduncles. In both vegetative and reproductive organs, the subsidiary cell walls were commonly thin and mostly arched in all the organs. The great majority of the mature stomata in all the organs were helicocytic type with a helix of four to six subsidiary cells. The mature stomata varied from organ to organ with regard to the number and arangement of subsidiary cells. The ontogenetic type of stomata in all the organs was mostly helico-eumesogenous type. This type was subdivided into three subtypes such as parahelico-eumesogenous, anomohelico-eumesogenous, and diahelico-eumesogenous stomata on the basis of the division angle fo the guard mother cell. Sometimes, the anisoeumesogenous type was found in various organs. This type was subdivided into three subtypes such as paraniso-eumesogenous, anomoaniso-eumesogenous, and dianisoeummesogenous stomata. The tetra-eumesogenous and duplotetra-eumesogenous types were rarely found; the former in the leaf of B. crenatum and the latter in the leaf of B. diagremontiana. Anomometric patterns in the mesogenous categorry of stomatal types was observed in a few organs of all the materials. A new stomatal type with tetra-eumesogenous stoma within a girdle of three subsidiary cells fo aniso-eumesogenous in the leaf of B. diagremontiana was firstly observed in the vascular plants. This stoma was termed the cotetra-aniso-eumesogenous type. Anormal stomata such as aborted stomata, single guard cells, stoma with a constricted part in the middle of large guard cells, and arrested stomata were found in the various organs of all the materials.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

곰솔의 지역간 잎 형태 변이를 이해하기 위하여 한반도의 해안지역 12군데에서 채집한 곰솔의 잎 해부형태를 비교 연구하였다. 곰솔 잎의 해부학적 특징은 섬유상 표피, 2-3층의 하피, 표피보다 내려앉은 기공구조, 한가지 형태로 구성된 엽육조직, 뚜렷한 유관속초 등을 가진 전형적인 바늘상 잎이다. 곰솔 잎에 있어서 수지도는 발생위치에 따라 유관속초의 외부, 중간, 내부 등 3가지 분포형태로 구분되었다. 조사된 모든 재료에서 수지도의 개수는 4개에서 12개까지 지역간 변이가 관찰되었다. 기공은 잎 전체를 통하여 기공선으로 발달하였다. 곰솔 잎 해부형태에서 관찰된 중요한 차이는 수지도의 발생위치와 전체개수 그리고 잎 표면에 나타나는 기공의 기공선 개수이었다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.79-94
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the epidermal structure, the stomatal types, the ontogeny of stomara in various parts of each organ of K. blossfeldiana, K. kewensis, and K. tometosa belonging to Kalanchoe. The epidermal cells were polygonal or isodiametric ones in the leaves, and mostly rectangular, tetragonal, and elongated ones in the leaves, and mostly rectangular, tetragonal, and elongated ones in the other organs. The candelabrum-like, triradiate stellete trichomes in the aerial parts of all organs of K. tomentosa were found. The cuticular striations and square crystals of calcium oxalate in the epidermal cells of petals of K. blossfeldiana were observed. The great majority of the mature stomata in various parts of all the organs were commonly helicocytic types. This type was subdivided into three subtypes such as parahelicocytic, anomohelicocytic, and dianisocytic stomata on the basis of the division angle of the guard mother cells. Somethies, the anisocytic type was found in most organs. This type was subdivided into three subtyes such as paranisocytic, nomoanisocytic, and dianisocytic stomata in the same way as the helicocytic type. A new stomataltype with anisocytic stoma within a girdle of four subsidiary cells of tetracytic type in the leaf of K. kewensis was firstly observed in the vascular plants. This type was termed the coaniso-tetracytic type. The anomomeristic pattern in the mesogenous category of stomatal types was found in various organs of all the material plants. Developmental mode of stomata was constant in all the parts of each organ within the same plant. The stomata was observed to be a few similar stomatal types in various parts of each organ within the same plant. The ontogeny of all the types is eumesogenous or mesogenous type. The ontogenetic type of stomata was mostly helico-eumesogenous type in all the organs of all the material plants. The mature stoma varied from organ to in regard of the number and arrangement of subsidiary cells.

• Plant Resources
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.188-194
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• 2003

Present studies were carried out to produce tetraploid plants by colchicine treatment using seeds, seedlings and shoot tips of Platycodon grandiflorum in Campanulaceae. The most successful colchicine treatment for tetraploid production in P. grandiflorum was soaking treatment using 0.01 and 0.5% colchicine solution for 1 hour and 12 hours, respectively. Morphological characteristics of both diploid and tetraploid were similar, but tetraploid plants had more leaves. Compared to diploid, tetraploid had the larger stomata, but less number of stomata. Fresh weight of tetraploids was 20∼40% heavier than that of diploid.