• KCID journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.3-16
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• 2010

The subject of externality of agricultural water supply has been discussed in the OECD AC ( Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Agriculture Committee) while argued between monsoon Asian developing countries and the agricultural product export nations (Australia, EU, etc). It argued that a 'positive' approach to multifunctionality views agriculture as an economic activity with multiple, interconnected outputs or effects, and a 'normative' approach interprets multifunctionality in terms of the multiple roles assigned to agriculture. and the agricultural product export nations insisted 'negative' approach to externality of agricultural water supply like causing water pollution. So, in this study, define the externalities (positive, negative and economic, environmental) in terms of the agricultural water supply and calculate benefit and cost each the externalities by cost estimation. As results, BC is calculated to 1.28 which means that it is more economical to agricultural water supply and shows that although the negative exernalities comes out while supply the agricultural water, it still more valuable to supply the agricultural water.

• Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.3049-3067
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• 2018

Although there is a growing body of research on organizational commitment profiles based on a person-centered approach, it is not widely applied to the commitment research conducted by Korean organizational scholars yet. Therefore, in this paper, we introduced the concept and analytical methods, such as cluster analysis and latent profile analysis (LPA), of the person-centered approach. In addition, we also performed both cluster analysis and LPA to identify types of organizational commitment profiles of Korean employees based on the combination of affective, continuance and normative commitment on the sample from a range of different fields in South Korea (n = 349). Both analyses extracted two comparable sets of 6 commitment profiles. These six profiles were then contrasted with employee turnover intention. Finally, implications for commitment theory, practices and future research issues were discussed.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.43-60
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• 2020

The literature on parent-child relationships in young adulthood lacks a systemic approach that considers the multifaceted nature of intergenerational relationships. In this paper, we identify the latent profiles of young Korean adults' relationships with their parents based on the six dimensions of intergenerational solidarity (structural, associational, affectual, consensual, functional, and normative solidarity) as indicators. We considered solidarity for the mother and the father separately for structural, associational, affectual, and consensual dimensions. In terms of functional and normative solidarity, we measured both upstream and downstream intergenerational support. The sample included 1,015 young adults who were 19-34 years old, never married, not in secondary school, and had both parents living. The latent profile analysis revealed four profiles: (a) independent but intimate (22.7%), (b) coresident, outwardly intimate (32.4%), (c) detached from father (6.7%), and (d) coresident, intimate (38.2%). The factors that predicted each profile included the young adults' education, income, subjective socioeconomic status, and experiencing the features of emerging adulthood along with the parents' marital status, father's employment, and overparenting. The "coresident, intimate" group reported significantly higher levels of life satisfaction and fewer depressive symptoms compared to the other three groups. The lowest levels of psychological adjustment were found in the "coresident, outwardly intimate" group and "detached from father" group.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1-28
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• 2023

Purpose Recently, organizations have been allocating significant financial resources toward the implementation of new technologies and stringent information security (IS) policies in order to enhance IS. However, the potential for IS threats from internal sources within organizations remains high. This study proposes a mechanism whereby the organization's IS environment (organizational justice) enhances employees' perception of IS value congruence and encourages their voice behavior. Furthermore, this study validates that an individual's susceptibility to interpersonal influence can reinforce the relationship between the aforementioned factors and voice behavior. Design/methodology/approach We utilized AMOS 22.0 and Process 3.1 to validate the research model and hypotheses. The data was gathered from 435 employees employed in South Korean firms that implemented IS policies in their work. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationship between organizational justice, value congruence, and voice behavior, and the interaction effect was confirmed by incorporating model 1 of Process 3.1 for the hypothesis pertaining to susceptibility to interpersonal influence. Findings The findings of this study indicate that organizational justice has a positive impact on voice behavior, which is further enhanced by value congruence. Furthermore, the influence of organizational justice and value congruence on voice behavior is moderated by susceptibility to information influence, while susceptibility to normative influence only moderates the effect of organizational justice. These results provide valuable insights for organizations in developing customized information systems strategies that effectively promote employees' voice behaviors.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.210-236
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• 2021

China's Belt and Road Initiative infrastructure connectivity and other projects are presented in much of the discourse as a grand strategy to trap developing nations in debt, to exert asymmetric power and construct a new world economic order. The asymmetric relationship between China and Myanmar might therefore be expected to generate a range of political risks for stakeholders. Myanmar itself presents a "perfect storm" of problems, with dysfunctional governance, civil conflict, under-development and growing economic dependence on China. The Kyaukphyu port project and associated Special Economic Zone in Myanmar's troubled Rakhine state is investigated as a case study of risks on the Belt and Road. While worst case fears China might seize military control of the port appear unlikely, at least in current conditions, empirical observation indicates the complexity on the ground generates an array of other risks - as well as opportunities, should conditions allow. Further, despite challenges and constrained capacity, Myanmar governments have demonstrated agency, including by re-negotiating control and costs of the Kyaukphyu project. The case underlines that conditions are more complicated than simply China's asymmetric power. A sceptical approach is taken to normative discourses in order to build inductive understanding of how stakeholders and local experts perceive dynamics underway. A political risk approach is deployed to develop a framework to identify, analyse and assess risks for actors in relation to the Kyaukphyu project. The research findings are presented on an interim basis, given current constraints on field interviews due to the current crisis.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.231-236
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• 2021

The article assesses the functioning of the DE system or a separate educational institution, where it can be carried out on the basis of developed criteria or on a regulatory basis. The assessment was carried out on the basis of a qualitative and quantitative nature by comparing the actual state of affairs with a certain "ideal" (educational standard), which must be defined and used as a kind of benchmark against which the assessment is made. Conducted an assessment based on a regulatory framework that represents an alternative approach. It has been emphasized that the exceptional difficulty in determining the ideal indicators (norms) of the activities of universities, it has been found that the normative approach, in which the activities of traditional and open universities are compared, taking into account the differences in social, cultural and economic conditions, is the most acceptable.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2023

Purpose: This research aims at determining institutional commitment impact and how it influences job satisfaction. It aims at bridging the gap in research on the study topic. Its major focus is on work content and institutional commitment as the main variables and how they impact companies and employees. Research design, data and methodology: The current research has chosen the literature content approach and it is a reporting guideline for methodical assessments. It offers a consistent approach for conducting and reporting these types of studies, which can help to improve the quality and transparency. Results: The finding of the current research has showed that workers in social companies need jobs with higher values and responsibilities, company policy, among other factors. Workers' organization commitment towards social enterprise for improving workers' job satisfaction factors will include affective commitment, continuous commitment, normative commitment, and the commitment profile of the organization. Conclusions: This research finally insists that the findings of the current research would aid in enhancing employee knowledge and understanding of work satisfaction, as well as the essence of institutional commitment. Most employees lack adequate knowledge of the implications of job satisfaction not forgetting their personal needs as indicated in the individual need model.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.211-231
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• 2011

RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA(Vertical Marketing System) developed by the Japanese Leading Manufacturers began to turn weak with the presence of the large- scaled retail enterprises since 1980’s. Therefore the alliances between major manufacturers & large distributors that were in the conflict relations for a long time began to progress. In accordance with this change in the distribution channel practice, the stance of the distribution channel theory in Japan had also changed. As the normative researcher group who had been critical to RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA and sympathetic to the task of merchant judged that it would disappear sooner or later, they considered positively the alliances between major manufacturers & large distributors which the latter were in dominant position. On the other hand, even the empirical researchers who supported the affirmative function of RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA changed their standpoint. They recognized the new channel practice, in other words the vertical alliances between the power companies, would be the frontier of research in accordance with the impetus of positivism in terms of the Marketing methodology. Thus, researchers of distribution channel theory in Japan who supported the normative approach become few and even changed to hurry to absorb in the empirical research, while moving the main focus of the research from RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA to the Alliances. In the long run, the distribution channel theory which was regarded as the leading principle of the Japanese Marketing has just made the methodological paradigm shift. The author suggests a critical viewpoint against the current Japan’s academism with the assumption that RYUTSUKEIRETSUKA has negative aspects.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.61-87
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• 2013

This study applies grounded theory to develop an emic substantive theory of regional integration in Greater East Asia. The role of norms and policies is explored through discursive content analysis of a wide theoretical sample of official elite policy statements dealing with regionalism and related policy areas. A resulting model of regional integration titled "Harmony through Holistic Engagement" is then discussed in relation to the etic consensus on the phenomenon. The study concludes that the etic consensus on the nature of regional integration in Greater East Asia greatly differs from the results of an emic approach and thus reflects a normative consensus rather than a descriptive reality.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.17
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• pp.73-79
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• 1998

This study aims to show the present status of the expressions in the contemporary architecture in Kore under its pluralistic and equivocal situation. Non-residential buildings constructed since 1960 till 1997 have been analyzed focused on the rationality romantic property and koreanity which are the expressional aspects and its expressional characteristics in contermporary architecture in Korea such as the properties of the quasi-thematic approach limitary subsistence unexisting common ownership mixed copy and normative diversity have been grasped. These results prove that the common features after Modernism such as the restoration of humanity search for the architectural forms of plural meaning the pursuit for the regionality are also applied for the expressions of the contemporary architecture in Korea, Also this study can be the attempt to clarity the identity of the contemporary architecture in Korea and where it is now.