• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.285-291
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare the energy expenditure and energy intake of normal-weight and overweight Korean adults. We recruited 242 adults to determine resting energy expenditure, physical activity and energy intake. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Energy intake for consecutive two days was assessed by 24 hour recall method. Daily activity pattern for 24 hour was collected from each subject. Body weight, lean body mass and percentage body fat were measured by INBODY 3.0. The subject were divided into normal ($20\leqBMI$ ＜ 25) and overweight ($BMI \geq 25$) groups by BMI. There was no significant difference in intake of energy between two groups. Energy intake of each group was lower than the 7th Korean RDA of energy. Overweight subjects showed significantly lower REE/kg body weight. However, REE/kg lean body mass (LBM) did not differ between the two groups. Total activity energy was significantly higher in the overweight group compared to the normal group. Daily activity coefficient of overweight group in male was lower than that of normal group. Daily activity coefficient was almost same in two female groups. LBM was highly correlated with REE and total energy expenditure. We concluded that the overweight group consumed more energy than the normal group due to the heavier body weight.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.626-633
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the eating habits of obese elementary school students residing in Iksan city, in June 2006 using 1167 participants(obese: 233, normal weight: 934). The results are summarized as follows. The average age was 12 years-old in both the obese and normal weight groups. The average BMI, ideal body weight and obesity index in the obese and normal weight groups were $24.8kg/m^2$, 39.8 kg, and 32.5% and $18.2kg/m^2$, 37.7 kg and -1.4%, respectively. Regarding the number of subject who acknowledged their physical build, the obese group was highest(88.9%) in stating obese or extremely obese, while the normal group was highest(71.5%) in stating they were normal weight. For the frequency of eating breakfast, the obese group the results were: "eating it everyday"(69.1%) and $"3{\sim}4\;times/week"$ (13.7%), while in the normal weight group, the highest response was "eating it everyday"(75%) and the lowest response was "never eat it"(4.1%). In terms of having breakfast with someone, there were slight differences for eating alone between the obese group(17.4%) and normal group(12.4%) and also between the obese group(19.6%) and normal group (39.6%) for eating with parents. There were considerable gaps in the association of eating habits with weight such as having irregular meals in the obese group(52.4%) and having regular meals in the normal group(61.1%). The frequency of having snacks was different by the rate of obesity, where 65.9% of the obese group, and 57.8% of the normal group had snacks more than once. There were significant differences in the practice of controlling intake with the obese group at 77.3% and the normal group at 36.3%. There were high numbers regarding eating more than average in stressful times for both the obese group(10.3%) and normal group(7.7%). The results of this study show the prevalence of obesity in Iksan, and proper nutrition education is currently needed. Moreover, the greater the level of obesity, the higher the frequency of skipping breakfast, eating alone, and eating irregular meals, and the more experience in attempting to control weight. To resolve the problems triggered by inappropriate food habits, proper food and eating methods to control weight should be included in nutrition education programs for elementary students.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2012

Purpose: to investigate the relationship of between socioeconomic characteristics, and weight perception and lifestyle on body mass index (BMI) in Korea. Method: Participants were 2,405 people recruited from the 2007 Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Data included weight perception, BMI, and lifestyle factors and was analyzed using ${\chi}$ 2-test, logistic regression Results: Perception of weight was significantly different according to gender, age, education and residence. In the obesity group 21.6% perceived their weight as normal whereas 29.6% of the normal group perceived their weight as obese. In the obesity group, men who were over 70 years old, rural residents and only had elementary education perceived their weight range as normal. In the normal weight group, women who were urban residents and university graduates more frequently perceived their weight as obese. Logistic regression analysis of lifestyle factors, indicated that misperceived obesity was associated with walking (OR=0.703, 95% CI=0.553-0.896), weight control (OR=2.693, 95% CI=2.080-3.485), and health exam (OR=0.730, 95% CI=0.567-0.940) whereas misperceived normal weight was associated with walking (OR=0.696, 95% CI=0.497-0.975), weight control (OR=0.523, 95% CI=0.363-0.749). Conclusion: Results indicate differences in self-perceived weight and life style and provide information that can be used for health promotion program development.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare the energy expenditure of normal-weight and overweight Korean middle-aged women (40-60 yr). Middle-aged oveweight ($BMI\;{\geq}\;25$, n= 20) and normal-weight women were ($BMI\;{\leq}\;23$, n = 20) were recruited in Seoul. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, energy intake, daily activity time, and energy costs of some daily activities were measured. Energy expenditure at rest and while reading the newspaper, washing dishes, mopping the floor, and walking on a treadmill at 1.0, 2.0, 3.5mph were measured by indirect calorimeter and total daily energy expenditure was estimated by summation of energy costs of different activities. The overweight group had significantly higher values of body weight, triceps skinfold thickness, thigh circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, WTR, WHR, body surface area, percentage body fat, fat mass, fat free mass (FFM), and muscle mass compared to normal-weight group. The energy intakes of both groups were close to RDA and other nutrient intake status was also satisfactory. There were no significant differences in intakes of energy and nutrients between the two groups. Overweight subjects showed lower energy expenditure per kg body weight for reading the newspaper, washing dishes and mopping the floor, and walking on a treadmill at 2.0 and 3.5 mph, however, energy expenditure per kg FFM did not differ between the two groups. Daily energy expenditure for all activities was significantly higher in the overweight compared to the normal-weight group due to higher body weight. Both overweight and normal-weight groups showed negative energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure, and there was no significant difference in energy balance between the two roups. Total daily energy expenditure correlated highly with FFM and body surface area. The result of present study does not offer an explanation on the energy imbalance and weight gain of overweight women.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2013

We examined the perception of volume in college students with a normal weight versus those students with obesity. College students were divided into a normal weight group (<23 body mass index, n=121) and an obese group (${\geq}23$ body mass index, n=110), The perception of volume was measured under different beverage colors (colorless, black, yellow, and blue) and cup colors (colorless, black, yellow, and blue) containing the same amount of liquid (150 ml). We found that the normal weight group perceived significantly more liquid in a cup with a blue beverage versus a colorless one. The obese group perceived significantly more liquid in a cup with a yellow or blue beverage versus a colorless one. In terms of cup color, the normal weight group perceived significantly more liquid in a black color cup compared to a blue color cup. However, there were no differences in perceived volume according to the color of cup among the obese group. There were no significant differences in the perceived volume between the normal and obese group under all conditions tested. In conclusion, beverage and cup color effects volume perception in normal weight students, while only beverage color effects volume perception in obese students. Therefore, controlling, the color of beverages and cups may help to control the consumption of drinks.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.317-330
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• 2018

We develop a mathematical model for the obesity dynamics to investigate the long term obesity trend with the consideration of psychological and social factors due to the increasing prevalence of obesity around the world. Many mathematical models for obesity dynamics adopted the modeling idea of infectious disease and treated overweight and obese people infectious and spreading obesity to normal weight. However, this modeling idea is not proper in obesity modeling because obesity is not an infectious disease. In fact, weight gain and loss are related to social interactions among different weight groups not only in the direction from overweight/obese to normal weight but also the other way around. Thus, we consider these aspects in our model and implement personal weight gain feature, a psychological factor such as body image dissatisfaction, and social interactions such as positive support on weight loss and negative criticism on weight status from various weight groups. We show that the equilibrium point with no normal weight population will be unstable and that an equilibrium point with positive normal weight population should have all other components positive. We conduct computer simulations on Korean demography data with our model and demonstrate the long term obesity trend of Korean male as an example of the use of our model.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2014

The volume perception of water according to cup shape was examined in female college students divided into a normal weight group (<23 body mass index, n=51) and an overweight group (${\geq}$23 body mass index, n=48). The perceived water volume was recorded by participants after they observed the water volume in cups with different shape (highball and tumbler) and with different base height (high base and low base), which contained the same amount of water (150 ml). The normal weight group perceived a water volume of 238.5 ml (highball) and 201.6 ml (tumbler) for the high base cups. The overweight group perceived a volume of 245.6 ml (highball) and 188.8 ml (tumbler). For the low base cups, the normal weight group perceived a water volume of 207.8 ml (highball) and 104.1 ml (tumbler). The overweight group perceived a volume of 202.2 ml (highball) and 100.4 ml (tumbler). Both the normal weight and overweight groups perceived significantly more liquid in the highball cups compared to the tumbler cups. In addition, both groups perceived significantly more liquid in the high base cups compared to the low base cups. However, there were no significant differences in the estimated variance of perceived volume between the normal weight and overweight groups according to the cup shape and cup base height. In conclusion, cup shape and base height potentially affects volume perception. Therefore, modifying cup shape may be used in a weight control program to help control caloric beverage consumption.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between body mass index (BMI), satisfaction of perceived somatotype, and eating disorder of 133 female college students from Gyeong-gi province. The average weight is $55.3{\pm}8.8kg$, and the BMI is categorized into three groups: underweight, normal weight, and overweight. In terms of the satisfaction for perceived somatotype, 58.6% of the total respondents replied "unsatisfied," which consists of 14% of the underweight group, 37.6% of the normal weight group, and 6.8% of the overweight group. This reveals that the negative association between the satisfaction levels of perceived somatotype and BMI in the normal weight group is statistically significant (p<0.001). Among three eating disorder scores, the first factor, the drive for thinness, shows significant difference (p<0.005) among groups with 2.82 points in the underweight group, 3.38 points in the normal weight group, and 3.86 points in the overweight group; such result shows that there is a drive for being skinny even within the underweight group. Second, the satisfaction levels of perceived somatotype type shows significant dissatisfaction among all groups with 3.41 points in the underweight group, 4.15 points in the normal weight group and 4.73 points in the overweight group. Third, the bulimia degree reveals a significant difference within each group, 2.15 points in the underweight group, 2.33 points in the normal weight group, and 2.78 points in the overweight group. Overall, more than half of the female college students are dissatisfied with their body shapes despite the fact that they are under or within the normal weight. In addition, the drive for being skinny and dissatisfaction levels of perceived somatotypes appear to be significantly higher with higher BMI levels.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.50-61
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare the temperamental differences between the normal infants and low-birth-weight infants. The subjects of this study were 70 mothers with normal infants and 62 mothers with the low-birth-weight. Convenient sampling was done at three regions. The infant temperament scale developed by Pridham & others (1994) was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS WIN program. The results were as follows; 1) There was a significant difference in total temperament score between the low-birth-weight infants and normal infants. The scores of the low-birth-weight infants were significantly lower than those of normal infants in the subscales of amenability and persistence, activity, and reactivity. In adaptability, there was no significant difference between two groups. 2) In both groups, there were no significant difference by socio-economic status of parents, delivery type, and birth order. But, in the case of low-birth-weight infants, the temperament score of infants over 6 months was significantly higher than that of infants under 6 months. 3) In the correlation analysis among subscales of the temperament, amenability and persistence, activity, and reactivity showed the significant relationship. But adaptability showed significant correlation only with the amenability and persistence. In conclusion, temperament score of low-birth-weight infants were significantly lower than that of normal infants. It was suggested that parenting education for low-birth-weight infants would be needed to understand and impact the positive infant temperament.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.722-731
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors associated with health and diet by nutritional status. The subjects were the children aged 2 to 6. Physicians and nurses measured children's anthropometries and examined their blood and urine. Interviewers questioned children's food habits to their mothers. 24 hour recall was done for children with their mother. The nutritional status was classified to 'underweight', 'normal weight' and 'overweight' by weight for height(median±1 S.D.) of the reference population. The number of subjects in each group(under, normal, over) was 25, 130 and 49. Factors including anthropometry and hemoglobin concentration were not significantly dif ferent by the nutritional status. The birth weight of children was correlated positively to mothers' BMI. Z scores of weight for height were related to the birth weight positively by the analysis of variance. The children of the underweight group used nutritional supplements more frequently than those of normal and overweight group. The nutrient intakes of normal weight group were higher than those of low and overweight group. Particularly, the intakes of energy, carbohydrate and calcium were significantly high among the groups. In terms of number of foods, food groups and dishes consumed per day, the children of the normal weight group ate more diversely than other groups but the differences were not significant. In conclusion, the children of normal weight group had similar characteristics with other groups but had more desirable dietary intakes than other groups in this study. Because the diet of children may be different by the nutritional status, nutrition education for children should be conducted according to the characteristics of each group's diet.