• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2020

The compositions of the phenocrystic feldspars of the Sanbangsan trachyte range from labradorite(An_53.6) to andesine(An_35.4), and of the microphenocrysts and laths range from andesine(An_31.2) to oligoclase(An_18.7). Mantled feldspar which forms a thin rim around the phenocrysts and microphenocrysts, is anorthoclase(Or_20.5An_9.4) to sanidine(Or_49.2An_1.4). Phenocrystic plagioclase, which shows a distinct zonal structure, represents an oscillatory zoning in which the An content of the zone repeatedly increases or decreases between andesine (An_39.3) and labradorite (An_51.3) from the core toward the rim, and the rim of the phenocrysts is surrounded by alkali feldspar(Or_31.9-39.4Ab_63.2-57.0An_4.9-3.7), showing the antirapakivi texture. Microphenocryst which does not represent the antirapakivi texture, shows the normal zoning with a decreasing An content (An_36.4→An_25.6) as it moves outward from the center of a crystal. As a result of X-ray mapping of K, Ca, and Na elements for the feldspar phenocrysts representing the typical zonal structure, shows the oscillatory zoning that six zones show the distinctive compositional differences, and the rims are mantled by alkali feldspar to indicate the antirapakivi texture. The groundmass is composed of K-enriched, Ca-poor alkali feldspar. The antirapakivi texture of feldspar which appears in Sanbangsan trachyte, may have been formed in mixing systems as a result of the juxtaposition of near liquidus melt, rich in alkali feldspar components(trachytic magma), with plagioclase phenocrysts and microphenocrysts already crystallized in a more mafic system.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

The chest wall, an organ directly affected by environmental particles through respiration, consists of ribs, a pleural layer and intercostal muscles. To diagnose early and treat disease in this body part, it is important to visualize the details of the chest wall, but the structure of the pleural layer cannot be seen by chest computed tomography or ultrasound. On the other hand, optical coherence tomography (OCT), with a high spatial resolution, is suited to observe pleural-layer response to talc, one of the fine materials. However, intensity-based OCT is weak in providing information to distinguish the detailed structure of the chest wall, and cannot distinguish the reaction of the pleural layer from the change in the muscle by the talc. Polarization-sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) takes advantage of the fact that specific tissues like muscle, which have optical birefringence, change the backscattered light's polarization state. Moreover, the birefringence of muscle associated with the arrangement of myofilaments indicates the muscle's condition, by measuring retardation change. The PS-OCT image is interpreted from three major perspectives for talc-exposure chest-wall imaging: a thickened pleural layer, a separation between pleural layer and muscle, and a phase-retardation measurement around lesions. In this paper, a rabbit chest wall after talc pleurodesis is investigated by PS-OCT. The PS-OCT images visualize the pleural layer and muscle, respectively, and this system shows different birefringence of normal and damaged lesions. Also, an analyisis based on phase-retardation slope supports results from the PS-OCT image and histology.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2023

This study investigated the characteristics of fish communities and inhabiting status of the endangered species, Rhodeus pseudosericeus, in the Geumdang Stream in Korea from March to October 2021. A total of 1,698 fish in 5 families and 25 species were collected from 7 survey stations during the survey period. The dominant species was Zacco platypus (relative abundance, 46.5%), and the subdominant species was Squalidus gracilis majimae (16.7%), followed by Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (12.0%), Z. koreanus (5.7%), Pungtungia herzi (3.2%), R. pseudosericeus (2.0%), R. notatus (1.9%), and Acheilognathus rhombeus (1.8%). Nine Korean endemic species (36.0%) were collected, including R. pseudosericeus, R. uyekii, Sarcocheilichthys variegatus wakiyae, Microphysogobio yaluensis, S. gracilis majimae, Z. koreanus, Cobitis nalbanti, Iksookimia koreensis, and Odontobutis interrupta. An exotic species, Micropterus salmoides, designated as an invasive alien species (IAS), was collected downstream. The investigation of the habitat patterns of the endangered species (class II), Rhodeus pseudosericeus, showed a habitat range of about 6 to 7 km in the middle of Geumdang Stream (RP-1 to RP-4), and this species inhabited the edge with water depths of 0.3 through 1.0 m with slow water flow and many aquatic plants. According to the community analysis results, the overall dominance and evenness indexes were low, while diversity and richness indexes were high, and the cluster structure was largely divided into upstream and middle-downstream areas. The river health (fish assessment index) evaluated using fish was assessed as good (3 stations), normal (3 stations), and bad (1 station), and water quality was evaluated as good both upstream and downstream. Compared to previous studies, the number of species was relatively similar, and among the species that appeared in the past, 13 species did not appear in this survey, while 6 species appeared for the first time in this survey. Disturbance factors included river construction, many weirs, and the appearance of the ecosystem-disturbing species, M. salmoides. Since Geumdang Strem has high conservation value because it is home to many species in the Acheilognathinae subfamily, including the endangered species R. pseudosericeus, continuous attention and systematic conservation measures are required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.639-652
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• 2023

The fundamental background behind the introduction of the fishing vessel system is to allow petty small fishers to engage in pure fishery business activities with fishing vessels during normal times and engage in fishing vessel business only during specific periods (closed fishing season, etc.) thereby granting a qualification as an auxiliary tool for the economic activities of petty small fishers. In addition, fishing boats are allowed to engage in excursion ship activities using fishing vessels registered under the Fishing Vessels Act, the form of fishing vessels should also have a general and universal structure that is practically easy to engage in fishing activities in the field in accordance with the relevant regulations. However, most fishing vessel proprietors are currently focusing only on increasing income, and rather than building fishing vessels in a reasonable form suitable for the original purpose of general fishing vessels, they prefer an abnormal hull form equivalent to expediency, that is biased hull structure biased toward the fishing vessel business. As a result, it is causing serious problems in safety management as well as conflict [damaging relative equity in government support measures (tax-free oil supply, etc.), and depletion of livelihood-type fish stocks] with fishing vessel forces who consider the fishing vessel business only to be a part of the side job among all fishery business activities. Meanwhile, the most fundamental cause of this problem is that the current Fishing Management and Promotion Act, limits the concept of fishing vessels to fishing vessels registered under the Fishing Vessels Act, and applies survey standards accordingly. Accordingly, in this study, through analysis of the distribution status of fishing vessels, structural characteristics, operation status of fishing vessels, and the government's fishing promotion policies, etc., the relevant laws (regulations) have been reorganized to suit the current reality of the concept of fishing vessels to separate the current fishing vessel from fishing vessels and operate it as a fishing-only vessel.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.347-366
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• 2023

In the present study, the vegetation was classified using the phytosociological method and canonical-correlation analysis (CCA) was implemented to analyze correlation between community structure and environmental factors in the natural habitats of forest byproducts, especially medicinal plants, such as Cudrania tricuspidata, Sorbus commixta, and Hovenia dulcis, in 2021-2022 to provide primary ecological data to establish environmental conditions for wild vegetable cultivation. A total of 11 plots in five regions, 8 plots in three regions, and 17 plots in 5 regions were selected for the natural habitats of C. tricuspidata in southern Korea, S. commixta in high mountains, and H. dulcis in valleys of central Korea, respectively. The importance value in each community was respectively analyzed as follows, in C. tricuspidata community, the importance value of C. tricuspidata (61.10) was the highest, followed by Celtis sinensis, Pinus thunbergii, Neolitsea aciculata, Styrax japonica, Carpinus coreana, Quercus serrata, and Q. acutissima. In Sorbus commixta community, Q. mongolica (57.21) was the highest, followed by, S. commixta (42.58), Betula ermani, Tilia amurensis, A. pseudosieboldianum, A. tschonoskii var. rubripes, Cornus controversa, Magnolia sieboldii, and Taxus cuspidata. In H. dulcis community, H. dulcis (64.58) was the highest, followed by Zelkova serrata, Cornus controversa, A. mono, Q. serrata, C. cordata, and Juglans mandshurica. As the result of the analysis on DBH of the major species having the high importance value, in C. tricuspidata community, C. tricuspidata, C. sinensis, Neolitsea aciculata, and C. coreana show the density of normal distribution, so the dominant status of these species is likely to continue. In S. commixta community, S. commixta show the density of reverse J-shaped curve, so the dominant status of these species is likely to be stable, and Q. mongolica, B. ermani and T. amurensis, show the density of normal distribution, so the dominant status of these species is likely to continue. In H. dulcis community, C. cordata, and J. mandshurica show the density of reverse J-shaped curve, so the dominant status of these species is likely to be stable, and H. dulcis, Z. serrata, C. controversa and A. mono had a formality distribution, suggesting a continuous domination of these species over the other species for the time being. The results of CCA ordination analysis using 11 environmental factors and 30 communities of three taxa classified by TWINSPAN analysis revealed that the altitude showed the strongest correlation with the vegetation. C. tricuspidata community was distributed on the moderate and gentle northeastern slope at low altitude with the highest pH, C.E.C, Ca²⁺, and Mg² and various P₂O₅, whereas S. commixta community was distributed on the steep slope at high altitude with the highest O.M and T-N and lower P₂O₅, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, C.E.C and pH, which is the opposite tendency of the environment of C. tricuspidata community. H. dulcis community was distributed on the gentle northern slope at lower altitude with an average pH, O.M, T-N, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and C.E.C, except higher P₂O₅.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.57
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• pp.467-505
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• 2014

I am working on a series of Korean linguistic studies targeting Ganchal(old typed letters in Korea) for many years and this study is for the typology of the [Safety Expression] as the part. For this purpose, [Safety Expression] were divided into a formal types and semantic types, targeting the Chinese Ganchal and Hangul Ganchal of modern Korean Language time(16th century-19th century). Formal types can be divided based on whether Normal position or not, whether Omission or not, whether the Sending letter or not, whether the relationship of the high and the low or not. Normal position form and completion were made the first type which reveal well the typicality of the [Safety Expression]. Original position while [Own Safety] omitted as the second type, while Original position while [Opposite Safety] omitted as the third type, Original position while [Safety Expression] omitted as the fourth type. Inversion type were made as the fifth type which is the most severe solecism in [Safety Expression]. The first type is refers to Original position type that [Opposite Safety] precede the [Own Safety] and the completion type that is full of semantic element. This type can be referred to most typical and normative in that it equipped all components of [Safety Expression]. A second type is that [Safety Expression] is composed of only the [Opposite Safety]. This type is inferior to the first type in terms of set pattern, it is never outdone when it comes to the appearance frequency. Because asking [Opposite Safety] faithfully, omitting [Own Safety] dose not greatly deviate politeness and easy to write Ganchal, it is utilized. The third type is the Original position type showing the configuration of the [Opposite Safety]+Own Safety], but [Opposite Safety] is omitted. The fourth type is a Original position type showing configuration of the [Opposite Safety+Own Safety], but [Safety Expression] is omitted. This type is divided into A ; [Safety Expression] is entirely omitted and B ; such as 'saving trouble', the conventional expression, replace [Safety Expression]. The fifth type is inversion type that shown to structure of the [Own Safety+Opposite Safety], unlike the Original position type. This type is the most severe solecism type and real example is very rare. It is because let leading [Own Safety] and ask later [Opposite Safety] for face save is offend against common decency. In addition, it can be divided into the direct type that [Opposite Safety] and [Own Safety] is directly connected and indirect type that separate into the [story]. The semantic types of [Safety Expression] can be classified based on whether Sending letter or not, fast or slow, whether intimate or not, and isolation or not. For Sending letter, [Safety Expression] consists [Opposite Safety(Climate+Inquiry after health+Mental state)+Own safety(status+Inquiry after health+Mental state)]. At [Opposite safety], [Climate] could be subdivided as [Season] information and [Climate(weather)] information. Also, [Mental state] is divided as receiver's [Family Safety Mental state] and [Individual Safety Mental state]. In [Own Safety], [Status] is divided as receiver's traditional situation; [Recent condition] and receiver's ongoing situation; [Present condition]. [Inquiry after health] is also subdivided as receiver's [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety], [Safety] is as [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety]. Likewise, [Inquiry after health] or [Safety] is usually used as pairs, in dimension of [Family] and [Individual]. This phenomenon seems to have occurred from a big family system, which is defined as taking care of one's parents or grand parents. As for the Written Reply, [Safety Expression] consists [Opposite Safety (Reception+Inquiry after health+Mental state)+Own safety(status+Inquiry after health+Mental state)], and only in [Opposite safety], a difference in semantic structure happens with Sending letter. In [Opposite Safety], [Reception] is divided as [Letter] which is Ganchal that is directly received and [Message], which is news that is received indirectly from people. [Safety] is as [Family Safety] and [Individual Safety], [Mental state] also as [Family Safety Mental state] and [Individual Safety Mental state].

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.339-349
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• 1999

The dental structure substituted by restorative materials may produce discomfort resulting from hot or cold stimuli. To investigate the effects of this stimuli on the human teeth, thermal analysis was carried out by calculation of general heat conduction equation in a modeled tooth using numerical method. The method has been applied to axisymmetric and two-dimensional model, analyzing the effects of constant temperature $4^{\circ}C\;and\;60^{\circ}C$. That thermal shock was provided for 2 seconds and 4 seconds, respectively and recovered to normal condition of $20^{\circ}C$ until 10 seconds. The thermal behavior of tooth covered with a crown of gold or stainless steel was compared with that of tooth without crown. At the same time, the effects of restorative materials(amalgam, gold and zinc oxide-eugenol(ZOE)) on the temperature of PDJ(pulpo-dentinal junction) has been studied. The geometry used for thermal analysis so far has been limited to two-dimensional as well as axisymmetric tooth models. But the general restorative tooth forms a cross shaped cavity which is no longer two-dimensional and axisymmetric. Therefore, in this study, the three-dimensional model was developed to investigate the effect of shape and size of cavity. This three-dimensional model might be used for further research to investigate the effects of restorative materials and cavity design on the thermal behavior of the real shaped tooth. The results were as follows; 1. When cold temperature of $4^{\circ}C$ was applied to the surface of the restored teeth with amalgam for 2 seconds and recovered to ambient temperature of $20^{\circ}C$, the PDJ temperature decreased rapidly to $29^{\circ}C$ until 3 seconds and reached to $25^{\circ}C$ after 9 seconds. This temperature decreased rather slowly with stainless steel crown, but kept similar temperature within $1^{\circ}C$ differences. Using the gold as a restorative material, the PDJ temperature decreased very fast due to the high thermal conductivity and reached near to $25^{\circ}C$ but the temperature after 9 seconds was similar to that in the teeth without crown. The effects of coldness could be attenuated with the ZOE situated under the cavity. The low thermal conductivity caused a delay in temperature decrease and keeps $4^{\circ}C$ higher than the temperature of other conditions after 9 seconds. 2. The elapse time of cold stimuli was increased also until 4 seconds and recovered to $20^{\circ}C$ after 4 seconds to 9 seconds. The temperature after 9 seconds was about $2-3^{\circ}C$ lower than the temperature of 2 seconds stimuli, but in case of gold restoration, the high thermal conductivity of gold caused the minimum temperature of $21^{\circ}C$ after 5 seconds and got warm to $23^{\circ}C$ after 9 seconds. 3. The effects of hot stimuli was also investigated with the temperature of $60^{\circ}C$. For 2 seconds stimuli, the temperature increased to $40^{\circ}C$ from the initial temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ after 3 seconds of stimuli and decreased to $30^{\circ}C$ after 9 seconds in the teeth without crown. This temperature was sensitive to surface temperature in the teeth with gold restoration. It increased rapidly to $41^{\circ}C$ from the initial temperature of $35^{\circ}C$ after 2 seconds and decreased to $28^{\circ}C$ after 9 seconds, which showed $13^{\circ}C$ temperature variations for 9 seconds upon the surface temperature. This temperature variations were only in the range of $5^{\circ}C$ by using ZOE in the bottom of cavity and showed maximum temperature of $37^{\circ}C$ after 3 seconds of stimuli.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1975

The morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of planosols in Korea were studied in an effort to establish the suitabilition of the planosols for agricultural development. The Yeongog series which are planosols were established in Korea. Results from the Yeongog series are briefly as follows : 1. Morphologically, the surface soils are brown to dark brown friable loam and subsoils are of varied colors but mainly are dark brown, black and pale brown mottles. The texture of these horizons are silty clay loam with moderate to strong platy structure and clay cutans are on the ped faces. The consistences of these horizons are extremely compact and hard when moist and sticky, plastic when wet. The substrata show varied soil colors and loam to clay loam. 2. Physically, the clay content of the Yeongog soils is highest in the subsoils and gradually decreases below the subsoils. Water holding capacity and bulk desity is higher than in other mineral soils. 3. Chemically, the organic matter content is low and soil reaction ranges from very strongly to strongly acid. The cation exchange capacity is medium and base saturation a high. Active iron, easily reducible manganese and available silicate are high compared with normal soils. 4. In chemical composition of clay fraction of the Yeongog series, sesquioxide ratio, $Fe_2O_3$, $K_2O$ and MgO are high. The cation exchange capacity of the clay fraction is also very high. 5. The clay minerals in Yeongog series are mainly kaoline, vermiculite with Al interlayers and illite. The quarts, primary minerals are in the Yeongog soils. 6. These soils are formed in a warm, humid climate under native grasses on the terraces and rolling or hilly footslopes. In soil classification, the Yeongog soils are classified planosols with claypan. According to 7th approximation system in U.S.A., the Yeongog series are classified as Fragiudalfs because they have an argillic horizon, a hard pan and a high base saturation which is more than 35 percent and classified as Eutric Planosols by FAO/UNESCO classification system.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.37
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• pp.197-219
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• 2014

, one of the Disney's animations, hit the 10 million audience mark for the first time in the history of animations released in Korea. not only raised the fever with its theme song, 'Let it go', as well as Elsa, Anna, and Olaf's character products but caused sensations in many ways. If so, we need to think about what kind of meaning did create in Korea to be so sensational. This study examines the value that Frozen intended to deliver and the meaning it generated by using Greimas actant model and semiotic square. From the actant model analysis on Anna and Elsa from , it was identified that Anna desired to recover her relationship with Elsa and to take summer back in Arendelle. Her desires can be interpreted as her love toward Elsa and people in Arendelle. Meanwhile, Elsa always desired freedom although she confined herself because of her ability to freeze. In other words, Elsa desired to free herself from her freezing ability by finding out how to control her ability. Such desires of Anna and Elsa were achieved by their actions of true love, and the solution of all the conflicts in was an action of true love. From the semiotic square analysis on the meaning of , it was found out that created past-oriented value with which characters tried to change their abnormal lives of the present into their normal lives of the past. The characters tried to change their present lives where freezing winter comes in the middle of summer, communication between the sisters is cut off, and people try to take advantage of the abnormal state deliberately, into the past when the sisters had a good relationship and the natural season of summer in Arendelle. The past-oriented value that tried to tell us is similar to our reality. In our reality with a lot of unbelievable news and unstable circumstances, we desire to go back to the past when we were filled with affection and hope even though our lives were tough and difficult. This sentiment must have contributed to the huge success of in Korea.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2016

An ecological study on subtidal macrobenthic fauna was conducted off the Namhaedo Island, south coast of Korea from July 2012 to April 2013. A total of 247 species of macrobenthos occurred with a mean density of $1,027ind./m^2$ and a mean biomass of $148.7g/m^2$. Polychaetes was the richest and most abundant faunal group that comprised 37% in both total species number and density whereas echinoderms were biomass-dominant faunal group that accounted for 44% of the mean biomass. There was a seasonal variation in the species richness and abundance of macrobenthos with more species in winter and higher density in spring. Mean faunal density was relatively high at the stations near Namhaedo Island, but gradually decreased toward offshore stations. The most dominant species in terms of density was an amphipod species, Eriopisella sechellensis which occurred as a top ranker during three seasons except spring recorded the fourth rank. E. sechellensis showed its high density at the near shore stations of Namhaedo Island, but this species did not occur around the entrance of Gwangyang and Saryang Bays where Theora fragilis and Lumbrineris longifolia showed high densities. In particular, Tharyx sp., recorded high density between Gwangyang Bay entrance and offshore after Sea Prince oil spill, did not occur in the same area during this study period. The bottom temperature and sorting value of the surface sediments were highly correlated to the spatial distribution of macrobenthic fauna from the Bio-Env analysis. From the cluster analysis, the study area has five station groups with more similar faunal affinities from inner area toward offshore area. Based on the SIMPER analysis T. fragilis, Magelona japonica, E. sechellensis, L. longifolia and Paraprionospio cordifolia were mainly contributed to the classification of station groups. From the BPI, benthic communities in the entrance of Gwangyang Bay and Saryang Bay were considered to be in a slightly polluted condition in contrast to the normal healthy community at the offshore of Namhaedo Island. These results suggested that the benthic community of this area should be regularly monitored to assess the health status of this benthic ecosystem.