• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.373-383
• /
• 2018

The spatial scan statistic is a widely used method to detect spatial clusters. The method imposes a large number of scanning windows with pre-defined shapes and varying sizes on the entire study region. The likelihood ratio test statistic comparing inside versus outside each window is then calculated and the window with the maximum value of test statistic becomes the most likely cluster. The results of cluster detection respond sensitively to the shape and the maximum size of scanning windows. The shape of scanning window has been extensively studied; however, there has been relatively little attention on the maximum scanning window size (MSWS) or maximum reported cluster size (MRCS). The Gini coefficient has recently been proposed by Han et al. (International Journal of Health Geographics, 15, 27, 2016) as a powerful tool to determine the optimal value of MRCS for the Poisson-based spatial scan statistic. In this paper, we apply the Gini coefficient to normal-based spatial scan statistics. Through a simulation study, we evaluate the performance of the proposed method. We illustrate the method using a real data example of female colorectal cancer incidence rates in South Korea for the year 2009.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.430-439
• /
• 2008

Chungpaesagan-tang (CPSGT) is most frequently used to treat ischemic brain injury in tradition Korean medicine. Clinically, cerebral ischemia is likely to be accompanied by preexisting or complicating disease. However, animal models used to examine the effects of herbal medicines on cerebral ischemia have not given this issue sufficient consideration. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of CPSGT on focal cerebral ischemia in normal and SHR rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Animals were divided into four groups: Normal (Sprague-Dawley) rats subjected to MACO (the NC+MCAO group), normal rats subjected to MCAO and then administered CPSGT (NC + MCAO + CP), SHR rats subjected to MCAO (SHR + MCAO), and SHR rats subjected to MCAO and then administered CPSGT (SHR + MCAO + CP). MCAO was performed using the intraluminal method. CPSGT was administrated orally twice (1 and 4 h) after MCAO. All animals were sacrificed at 24 h postoperatively. Brain tissues were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, to examine the effect of CPSGT on ischemic brain tissues. In addition, changes in TNF-$\alpha$ expression in ischemic areas were examined by immunostaining. CPSGT was found to significantly reduce infarction areas in normal and SHR rats and infarction volumes in SHR rats. Similarly, CPGST markedly increased neuron numbers and sizes in all treated groups, except cell sizes in SHRs. Furthermore, CPSGT reduced TNF-$\alpha$ expression in MCAO administered SHR rats. The findings of the present study suggest that CPSGT effectively ameliorates neuron damage caused by MACO-induced cerebral ischemia, and that it has a significant neuroprotective effect after cerebral ischemia in SHR.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제24권8호
• /
• pp.1155-1162
• /
• 2003

Nanocrystalline semiconductor film electrodes have been prepared by sintering three different sizes of TiO₂ nanoparticle sols on conducting indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass substrate. The electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of the prepared electrodes were comparatively investigated. The particle sizes, surface morphologies and crystallinities of the films were studied by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry and capacitance measurements in the dark implies the formation of depletion layer in the semiconductor films which was usually neglected in the previous studies and shows that flat band potential ($E_{fb}$

• KIEAE Journal
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.69-76
• /
• 2008

This is an experimental study on the maximum load value and structural behavior of reinforced concrete columns containing shells as a substitute fine aggregate of concrete, through making reinforced concrete test columns with shells. In this study, the main factors consist of the grain sizes and the percentage of substitution of shells to fine aggregate in two kinds of water cement ratio. The results of the study showed as followed. The maximum load value decreased with increased the rate of substitution about shells and as the grain size of shells became smaller, the load values of them were somewhat changed higher but it is important that we must consider absorption rate of shells sufficiently. If we have a proper water cement ratio in column productions containing the shells, we can meet the requirement of the percentage of substitution until 30%. The deflection and deformation properties of reinforced concrete columns with shells represented typical curves like that of normal reinforced concrete. But as the failture types, they are able to make some change without being out of the fundamental graph forms. After the analyzing structural behaviors and the properties of reinforced concrete test columns containing shells, the most excellent grain size of shells represented 3.0mm and less with taking uniformly, and the percentage of practicable substitution of them to fine aggregate was about 30%.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.801-804
• /
• 1994

본 실험에서 초산납 투여로 인한 실험초기에 관찰할 수 있는 신경독성은 Schwann 세포의 종창이었다. 종창의 정도를 계측하기 위해 각 실험군 rat의 좌골신경을 횡단 조직표본으로 제작하여 Schwann세포의 두께와 핵의 장경을 측정 비교하였다. 즉 제1실험군은 30일간 0.5% 초산납이 함유된 음료수를 공급하였고 제2실험군은 제1군과 동일한 처리후 일반 실험실 조건에서 30일간 회복되게 하였으며 제3군은 대조군으로 정상 사육하였다. 초산납을 투여한 제1실험에서는 Schwann세포의 두께가 대조군보다 유의한 증가치를 보였는데, 제2실험군은 대조군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. Schwann세포핵의 직경 역시 제1군이 대조군보다 증가되었으나 유의한 차이는 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.243-246
• /
• 1990

Sixteen mature sheep were fed chaffed orchardgrass hay once a day for 7 days. In 7th day, four sheep were slaughtered either prior to eating, 2, 8 or 16 hours after the commencement of eating to measure digesta pool size and particle size distribution in the reticulo-rumen. One sheep slaughtered at 8 hours after feeding had absesses at the cardia and in the lungs and could not ruminate normally. Time spent eating and rumination in the sheep on the day before slaughtering were 85 and 29 (pseudo-rumination 227) minutes a day, compared to those were 112 and 277 minutes in the other animals, respectively. Total actual chewing time in the sheep with absesses and the other animals were 98 and $373{\pm}132$ minutes, respectively. Dry matter(DM) intake in the sheep was $2.9g/kgBW^{0.75}$ which was only about 17% of that in the other animals. The pool sizes of reticulo-rumen DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were somewhat smaller in the sheep than the others. The pool sizes of large particle (>1.18mm) DM and NDF in the animal were similar with those in the other animals. Mean DM retention time in the sheep was 207.4 hours which was about 4.2 times longer than that in the other animals.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.140-148
• /
• 1999

The use of obturator is the prosthetic rehabilitation approach for restoration of the defected maxillary shape and function for the patients with palatal defect. The obturator can change the shape of vocal tract and nasality, but few reports on the effects of the change were presented. So, the authors performed the experimental study to compare the difference between the sizes of vowel triangles produced by maxillectomized patients before and after obturator-wearing and to consider how much improvement in speech intelligibility can be expected by obturator wearing. The 8 patients who were totally maxillectomized due to palatal cancer were participated as subjects. They produced 5 vowels(/a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/) before and after obturator-wearing. The formants of the vowels were analyzed by the spectrogram of CSL, and their speech intelligibility were judged by normal 8 listeners. As results, the frequency of the first and the second formant showed no significant difference between the articulation before and after wearing, but the comparison of the sizes of vowel triangles, related with the speech intelligibility, showed significant difference. The vowel triangle of the articulation after wearing was larger than that of the articulation before wearing. /i/ showed the lowest speech intelligibility score among the vowel articulation before wearing. After wearing obturators, their scores increased on the whole, especially, in /a/, but the intelligibility of /u/ decreased after wearing.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.617-627
• /
• 2021

Underwater Acoustic Channels (UAC) have inherent sparse characteristics. The traditional adaptive equalization techniques do not utilize this feature to improve the performance. In this paper we consider the Variable Adaptive Subgradient Projection (V-ASPM) method to derive a new sparse equalization algorithm based on the Minimum Symbol Error Rate (MSER) criterion. Compared with the original MSER algorithm, our proposed scheme adds sparse matrix to the iterative formula, which can assign independent step-sizes to the equalizer taps. How to obtain such proper sparse matrix is also analyzed. On this basis, the selection scheme of the sparse matrix is obtained by combining the variable step-sizes and equalizer sparsity measure. We call the new algorithm Sparse-Control Proportional-MSER (SC-PMSER) equalizer. Finally, the proposed SC-PMSER equalizer is embedded into a turbo receiver, which perform turbo decoding, Digital Phase-Locked Loop (DPLL), time-reversal receiving and multi-reception diversity. Simulation and real-field experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance in convergence speed and Bit Error Rate (BER).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.394-401
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to : (a) examine diabetic patients' sensory evaluation and food preferences, (b) analyze the portion sizes & plate wastes, (c) investigate the factors affecting plate wastes, and (d) determine the nutritional & mometary values of the plate wastes. A questionnaire for determining food preference and sensory evaluation was developed. Thirty-three diabetic patients who were hospitalized in Sanggye Paik hospital in Seoul were studied. Serving sizes and plate wastes were weighed by using an electric scale, and the CAN-Pro program was used to evaluate the nutritional value or the food consumed. The data were analyzed using the SAS package program for descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation. Using a five-point Likeu-type scale, the temperature s[ore ranged from 3.1 to 3.3 (1 : very poor, 5 : excellent), the preference store was 3.0-3.2 (1 : very dislike, 5:very like), the taste score was 2.9-3.2 (1 : very poor, 5 : excellent), and the amount of food served score was 2.8-3.0 (1 : too little, 5 : too much). Serving sizes were considered insufficient by patients because most of the DM diet was low in calories. Average plate waste for the DM diet was 26.2% of the total served, by weight, and was lower than that for patients consuming a normal diet, which was 30.3%, found in previous research. Those subjects who had been previously hospitalized and who wished to participate in a campaign for food waste reduction produced less plate waste than other groups (p<.05). Plate wastes of the DM diet were negatively correlated with taste, temperature, and preference, and were positively correlated with the amount served: however, these results were not statistically significant. It was found that diabetic patients consumed adequate levels of energy, protein, Ca, Fe, Vitamin B$_1$, Vitamin B$_2$, and niacin, but inadequate levels of Phosphorus, Vitamin A and Vitamin C. The plate wastes were calculated to be 26.2% of the total cost (￦ 3,489), which is ￦9l5. This represents a significant wastage of resources from the hospital. The results of this study could assist foodservice managers in both controlling food wastage, and improving the quality of hospital food services.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.1102-1113
• /
• 2005

The propose of this study is to develop the optimal sizing system of ready-to-wear f3r elementary school girls using a newly invented statistical technique. The body measurements was classified by the method that equalizes the distribution of the subjects using the probability density function, to theoretically systemize a method to determine a size range of ready-to-wear for elementary school girls between 6 to 12 years old. The statistical method were 1) The total of 11 height groups, which size interval from one another is 6 cm that is an average height gap between each age. 2) In order to determine an approximate figure (m ${\times}$ n) to establish the appropriate sizes far each height group that fit to the combinations of bust and hip girth, which based on their means and standard deviations on the probability density curve to produce the standard normal distribution. 3) m and n were aligned by 4cm -the grading increments used for patterns making- and determined the size ranges by confirming the approximate figures of m and n. 4) The representative values were determined by an area ratio calculated by dividing the area determined from the range of bust and hip girth with the representative value. Considering the characteristics of subjects' distribution, the area ratios was used. 5) Weight was calculated by seeking a growth exponent for each age and multiplying it by the number of girls that fit to each size range. As sections that show the highest weight are more likely sought by the consumers, these sections were determined as the optimal size standards. 6) This optimal sizing system consists of sizes determined by the optimal size standards and its sizes are marked with height, bust and hip girth.